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友

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
友 U+53CB, 友
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CB
← 及
[U+53CA] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 双 →
[U+53CC]
See also: 犮 and 发

Translingual

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Stroke order
4 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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友 (Kangxi radical 29, 又+2, 4 strokes, Cangjie input 大水 (KE), four-corner 40047, composition ⿸𠂇又)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 165, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3119
  • Dae Jaweon: page 374, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 391, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+53CB

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 友
alternative forms 㕛
𦫹
𦐮

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 友
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
絠 *kɯːʔ
醢 *qʰɯːʔ
珛 *qʰʷɯs
栯 *ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ
有 *ɢʷɯʔ
友 *ɢʷɯʔ
右 *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs
宥 *ɢʷɯs
囿 *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ
侑 *ɢʷɯs
酭 *ɢʷɯs
姷 *ɢʷɯs
又 *ɢʷɯs
佑 *ɢʷɯs
祐 *ɢʷɯs
賄 *qʰʷɯːʔ
蛕 *qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː
烠 *ɡʷɯː
倄 *ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
鮪 *ɢʷɯʔ
洧 *ɢʷɯʔ
痏 *ɢʷɯʔ
郁 *qʷɯ
戫 *qʷɯ
哊 *ɡʷɯ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) + phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs)[1]

Shuowen: two hands, therefore friendship.

Etymology

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Endoactive derivation of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “right”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Traditionally considered cognate with Tibetan གྲོགས (grogs, “friend; companion”) (STEDT). Schuessler rejects this comparison, believing that the -r- is the initial of a root instead of the g-, and thus that any Chinese cognate of the Tibetan word must also have an initial *r (which 友 does not have).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • jau5-2 - “guy; bloke”.
Note:
  • jaau5-2 - “guy; bloke”.
Rime
Character 友
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 云久切
Baxter hjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦiuX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣiəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦuwX/
Li
Rong 		/ɣiuX/
Wang
Li 		/ɣĭəuX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/i̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yǒu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jau5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 友
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yǒu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hjuwX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ʷəʔ/
English friend

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 友
Reading # 1/1
No. 15596
Phonetic
component 		又
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		有
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷɯʔ/

Definitions

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友

  1. friend; companion
    好友  ―  hǎoyǒu  ―  good friend
    波友 [Cantonese]  ―  bo1 jau5 [Jyutping]  ―  friend that someone often plays ball games with
  2. (literary) to make friends with
  3. (literary, chiefly among brothers) to love each other
  4. (in compounds) friendly
    友邦  ―  yǒubāng  ―  friendly nation
    友軍／友军  ―  yǒujūn  ―  friendly forces
    俄友  ―  éyǒu  ―  Russian supporters
  5. (Cantonese, colloquial, somewhat impolite) guy; bloke (Classifier: 條／条 c; 班 c; 丁 c; 兜 c)
    西裝友／西装友 [Cantonese]  ―  sai1 zong1 jau5-2 [Jyutping]  ―  guy in a suit
    一丁友 [Cantonese]  ―  jat1 ding1 jau5-2 [Jyutping]  ―  alone; by oneself
  6. a surname

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 朋友 (“friend”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 友, 朋, 朋友, 友人, 友生
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 朋友, 友人
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 朋友
Taiwan 朋友
Chengde 朋友
Chifeng 朋友
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 朋友
Heihe 朋友
Qiqihar 朋友
Harbin 朋友, 老鐵
Jiamusi 朋友
Baicheng 朋友
Changchun 朋友
Tonghua 朋友
Shenyang 朋友
Jinzhou 朋友
Singapore 朋友
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 朋友
Tangshan 朋友
Cangzhou 朋友
Baoding 朋友
Shijiazhuang 朋友
Lijin 朋友
Jinan 朋友
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 朋友
Dandong 朋友
Yantai 朋友
Yantai (Muping) 朋友
Qingdao 朋友
Zhucheng 朋友, 相好的
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 朋友
Lingbao 朋友
Jining 朋友
Wanrong 朋友
Linfen 朋友
Shangqiu 朋友
Yuanyang 朋友
Zhengzhou 朋友
Xinyang 朋友
Baihe 朋友
Xi'an 朋友
Baoji 朋友
Tianshui 朋友
Xining 朋友
Xuzhou 朋友, 夥計
Fuyang 朋友
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 朋友
Lanzhou 朋友
Dunhuang 朋友
Hami 朋友
Ürümqi 朋友
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 朋友
Nanchong 朋友
Dazhou 朋友, 耍得好
Hanyuan 朋友, 夥計
Xichang 朋友
Zigong 朋友
Chongqing 朋友
Wuhan 朋友
Yichang 朋友
Xiangyang 朋友, 老把
Tianmen 朋友, 老夥計
Guiyang 朋友
Zunyi 朋友
Bijie 朋友
Liping 朋友
Zhaotong 朋友
Dali 朋友
Kunming 朋友
Mengzi 朋友
Guilin 朋友
Liuzhou 朋友
Nanning (Wuming) 朋友, 老夥計
Jishou 朋友
Changde 朋友
Hanzhong 朋友
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 朋友
Yangzhou 朋友
Lianyungang 朋友
Lianshui 朋友
Nantong 朋友
Anqing 朋友
Wuhu 朋友
Hefei 朋友
Hong'an 朋友, 夥計
Cantonese Guangzhou 朋友
Hong Kong 朋友, friend, friend子
Taishan 朋友
Dongguan 朋友
Singapore (Guangfu) 朋友
Gan Nanchang 朋友
Lichuan 朋友
Hakka Meixian 朋友
Yudu 朋友
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 朋友
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 朋友
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 朋友
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 朋友
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 朋友
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 朋友
Huizhou Jixi 朋友
Shexian 朋友
Jin Taiyuan 朋友
Yangyuan 朋友, 相好的
Datong 朋友
Xinzhou 朋友, 結拜 dated
Lüliang (Lishi) 朋友, 拜識
Changzhi 朋友, 相好的
Linhe 朋友
Jining 朋友
Hohhot 朋友
Erenhot 朋友
Pingshan 朋友, 相好的
Zhangjiakou 朋友
Handan 朋友
Linzhou 朋友
Suide 朋友, 相好的
Northern Min Jian'ou 朋友, 朋友伙
Eastern Min Fuzhou 朋友
Southern Min Xiamen 朋友, 交丸 dated
Quanzhou 朋友
Jinjiang 朋友
Zhangzhou 朋友
Tainan 朋友
Penang (Hokkien) 朋友, 交丸
Singapore (Hokkien) 朋友, 交丸
Manila (Hokkien) 朋友
Singapore (Teochew) 朋友
Haikou 朋友
Singapore (Hainanese) 朋友
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 朋友
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 朋子
Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 朋
Wu Shanghai 朋友
Shanghai (Songjiang) 朋友
Shanghai (Chongming) 朋友
Suzhou 朋友
Danyang 朋友
Hangzhou 朋友
Shaoxing 朋友, 朋友家
Ningbo 朋友, 朋友家
Wenzhou 朋友家, 朋友
Jinhua 朋友
Xiang Changsha 朋友
Xiangxiang 朋友
Hengyang 朋友

Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ 季旭昇撰 『説文新証』 芸文印書館、2014年、210-211頁。
    徐超 『古漢字通解500例』 中華書局、2022年、243頁。
  • “友”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “友”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 289.

Japanese

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Kanji

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友

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. friend

Readings

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  • Go-on: う (u)
  • Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)←いう (iu, historical)
  • Kun: とも (tomo, 友, Jōyō)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
友
とも
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 友 – see the following entry.
【とも】
[noun] friend, companion, comrade, pal
[noun] member of the same category
Alternative spellings
朋, 伴, 侶
(This term, 友, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
友
ゆう
Grade: 2
kan'on

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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友(ゆう) • (Yū) ←いう (Iu)?

  1. a male given name

References

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Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 友 (MC hjuwX).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [u(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [우(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

友 (eumhun 벗 우 (beot u))

  1. hanja form? of 우 (“friend; companion”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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友: Hán Nôm readings: hữu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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