念

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See also: 唸
念 U+5FF5, 念
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FF5
← 忴
[U+5FF4] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 忶 →
[U+5FF6]
念 U+F9A3, 念
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9A3
← 廉
[U+F9A2] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 捻 →
[U+F9A4]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

念 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓心 (OINP), four-corner 80332, composition ⿱今心)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 378, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10390
  • Dae Jaweon: page 706, character 21
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2274, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5FF5

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 念
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
貪 *kʰl'uːm
嗿 *l̥ʰuːmʔ
僋 *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms
酓 *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms
馠 *qʰɯːm
谽 *qʰɯːm
唅 *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms
含 *ɡɯːm
肣 *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
頷 *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
筨 *ɡɯːm
梒 *ɡɯːm
鋡 *ɡɯːm
莟 *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms
琀 *ɡɯːms
浛 *ɡɯːms
盦 *qɯːm, *qaːb
韽 *qɯːm, *qrɯːms
玪 *krɯːm
妗 *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms
欦 *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm
黔 *ɡram, *ɡrɯm
鈐 *ɡram
鳹 *ɡram
雂 *ɡram, *ɡrɯm
念 *nɯːms
梣 *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm
枔 *sɢrɯm
岑 *sɡrɯm
笒 *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms
涔 *sɡrɯm
侺 *ɡjɯms
今 *krɯm
黅 *krɯm
衿 *krɯm
衾 *kʰrɯm
坅 *kʰrɯmʔ
搇 *kʰrɯms
琴 *ɡrɯm
禽 *ɡrɯm
芩 *ɡrɯm
庈 *ɡrɯm
耹 *ɡrɯm
靲 *ɡrɯm
擒 *ɡrɯm
檎 *ɡrɯm
紟 *ɡrɯms
吟 *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms
訡 *ŋɡrɯm
廞 *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ
陰 *qrɯm
霠
飲 *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms
蔭 *qrɯms
廕 *qrɯms
矜 *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ

Etymology[edit]

trad. 念
simp. # 念
alternative forms 𫝹

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”).

Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • niam6 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
  • liam6 - Chaozhou;
  • niang6 - Chenghai.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 念
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 泥 (8)
    Final (韻) 添 (157)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) IV
    Fanqie 奴店切
    Baxter nemH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/nemH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/nemH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/nɛmH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/nɛmH/
    Li
    Rong         		/nemH/
    Wang
    Li         		/niemH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/niemH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		niàn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		nim6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 念
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		niàn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ nemH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*nˁim-s/
    English think of

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 念
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 6588
    Phonetic
    component         		今
    Rime
    group         		侵
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		念
    Old
    Chinese         		/*nɯːms/
    Notes 或以心含會意

    Definitions[edit]

    念

    1. to miss; to long for; to think of; to recall
    2. to consider; to contemplate
    3. Alternative form of 廿 (niàn, “twenty”)
    4. to worry; to be anxious about
    5. to feel compassion for; to pity
    6. to show tender affection for
    7. to commemorate; to memorialise; to pay tribute to
    8. idea; thought
    9. to nag
    10. (Buddhism) memory
    11. a surname
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (to miss):
    • (to consider):
    • (idea):

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    trad. 念/唸
    simp. 念

    Note:
    • niam7 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
    • liam7 - Chaozhou;
    • niang7 - Chenghai.
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Definitions[edit]

    念

    1. to read aloud; to chant
      • 2022 October 16, “69歲習近平20大政治報告 未讀全文省略1小時”, in Central News Agency‎[1], archived from the original on 16 October 2022‎[2]:
        除了報告內容外，今年外界關注，已69歲的習近平是否會比照5年前的19大朗讀報告全文。19大的政治報告總共3萬2000多字，當時習近平以近3個小時唸完全文。
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    2. to study (at a school); to learn

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    念

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    念(ねん) • (nen) 

    1. sense
    2. feeling

    Compounds[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    念 (eumhun 생각 념 (saenggak nyeom), South Korea 생각 염 (saenggak yeom))

    1. Hanja form? of 념/염 (“thought”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    念: Hán Nôm readings: niệm, niềm, núm

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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