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念

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 唸
念 U+5FF5, 念
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FF5
← 忴
[U+5FF4] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 忶 →
[U+5FF6]
念 U+F9A3, 念
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9A3
← 廉
[U+F9A2] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 捻 →
[U+F9A4]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

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念 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓心 (OINP), four-corner 80332, composition ⿱今心)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 378, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10390
  • Dae Jaweon: page 706, character 21
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2274, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5FF5

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (今) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
貪 *kʰl'uːm
嗿 *l̥ʰuːmʔ
僋 *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms
酓 *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms
馠 *qʰɯːm
谽 *qʰɯːm
唅 *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms
含 *ɡɯːm
肣 *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
頷 *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ
筨 *ɡɯːm
梒 *ɡɯːm
鋡 *ɡɯːm
莟 *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms
琀 *ɡɯːms
浛 *ɡɯːms
盦 *qɯːm, *qaːb
韽 *qɯːm, *qrɯːms
玪 *krɯːm
妗 *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms
欦 *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm
黔 *ɡram, *ɡrɯm
鈐 *ɡram
鳹 *ɡram
雂 *ɡram, *ɡrɯm
念 *nɯːms
梣 *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm
枔 *sɢrɯm
岑 *sɡrɯm
笒 *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms
涔 *sɡrɯm
侺 *ɡjɯms
今 *krɯm
黅 *krɯm
衿 *krɯm
衾 *kʰrɯm
坅 *kʰrɯmʔ
搇 *kʰrɯms
琴 *ɡrɯm
禽 *ɡrɯm
芩 *ɡrɯm
庈 *ɡrɯm
耹 *ɡrɯm
靲 *ɡrɯm
擒 *ɡrɯm
檎 *ɡrɯm
紟 *ɡrɯms
吟 *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms
訡 *ŋɡrɯm
廞 *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ
陰 *qrɯm
𩃬 *qrɯm
飲 *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms
蔭 *qrɯms
廕 *qrɯms
矜 *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ

Zhang (2021): Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 亼 (“upside-down mouth”) + 心 (“heart”): to listen to one's heart.[1] Original character for 念 (OC *nɯːms, “to think”).

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *nɯːms): phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Etymology

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trad. 念
simp. # 念
alternative forms 𫝹

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”).

Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • niam6 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
  • liam6 - Chaozhou;
  • niang6 - Chenghai.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: niam1 / niam7
      • Sinological IPA: /niam³⁵/, /niam⁵⁵/
Note:
  • niam1 - vernacular;
  • niam7 - literary.
Note:
  • nyienn5 - vernacular;
  • nyienn4 - literary.
    Rime
    Character 念
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 泥 (8)
    Final (韻) 添 (157)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) IV
    Fanqie 奴店切
    Baxter nemH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/nemH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/nemH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/nɛmH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/nɛmH/
    Li
    Rong         		/nemH/
    Wang
    Li         		/niemH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/niemH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		niàn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		nim6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 念
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		niàn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ nemH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*nˁim-s/
    English think of

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 念
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 6588
    Phonetic
    component         		今
    Rime
    group         		侵
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		念
    Old
    Chinese         		/*nɯːms/
    Notes 或以心含會意

    Definitions

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    念

    1. to miss; to long for; to think of; to recall
    2. to consider; to contemplate
    3. alternative form of 廿 (niàn, “twenty”)
    4. to worry; to be anxious about
    5. to feel compassion for; to pity
    6. to show tender affection for
    7. to commemorate; to memorialise; to pay tribute to
    8. idea; thought
    9. to nag
    10. (Buddhism) memory
    11. a surname
    Synonyms
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    • (to miss):
    • (to consider):
    • (idea):

    Pronunciation 2

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    trad. 念/唸
    simp. 念
    Note:
    • nāng - vernacular;
    • nīng - literary.
    Note:
    • niam7 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
    • liam7 - Chaozhou;
    • niang7 - Chenghai.
      • (Leizhou)
        • Leizhou Pinyin: niam1 / niam7
        • Sinological IPA: /niam³⁵/, /niam⁵⁵/
    Note:
    • niam1 - vernacular;
    • niam7 - literary.

    Definitions

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    念

    1. to read aloud; to chant; to recite
      • 2022 October 16, “69歲習近平20大政治報告 未讀全文省略1小時”, in Central News Agency‎[1], archived from the original on 16 October 2022‎[2]:
        除了報告內容外，今年外界關注，已69歲的習近平是否會比照5年前的19大朗讀報告全文。19大的政治報告總共3萬2000多字，當時習近平以近3個小時唸完全文。
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    2. to study (at a school); to learn
    3. (Southern Min, Taiwanese Mandarin) to prattle; to talk on and on about something
    4. (Taiwanese Mandarin) to nag

    Compounds

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    References

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    1. ^ 張富海：《利用諧聲構擬上古音應該註意的幾個問題》，《出土文獻》，2021年第1期，頁134。)

    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    念

    (Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

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    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    念(ねん) • (nen) 

    1. sense
    2. feeling

    Compounds

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    Korean

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    Hanja

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    念 (eumhun 생각 념 (saenggak nyeom), word-initial (South Korea) 생각 염 (saenggak yeom))

    1. hanja form? of 념/염 (“thought”)

    Compounds

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    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    念: Hán Nôm readings: niệm, niềm, núm

    Noun

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    念

    1. chữ Nôm form of niềm (“feeling; sentiment (usually a positive one)”)

    Verb

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    念

    1. chữ Hán form of niệm
      1. (religion) to recite
        念經 (niệm kinh) ― to recite contents from a religious text
      2. (occult) to chant
        念神咒 (niệm thần chú) ― to chant a spell
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