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丸

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 九 and 丮
丸 U+4E38, 丸
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E38
← 丷
[U+4E37] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 丹 →
[U+4E39]

丸 U+2F801, 丸
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F801
← 丽
[U+2F800] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 乁 →
[U+2F802]

Translingual

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Stroke order
3 strokes

Han character

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丸 (Kangxi radical 3, 丶+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 大弓戈 (KNI), four-corner 50017, composition ⿻九丶(GJKV) or ⿵九丶(HT))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 80, character 15
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 94
  • Dae Jaweon: page 162, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 42, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+4E38

Chinese

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trad. 丸
simp. # 丸
alternative forms 𠁽

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 丸
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
s06805
Transcribed ancient scripts
L31714
L31715
L06169
L06170
L06171
L06172
L06173
L06174
L06175
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (丸) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
骫 *qʷralʔ
丸 *ɡʷaːn
紈 *ɡʷaːn
芄 *ɡʷaːn
汍 *ɡʷaːn
肒 *ɡʷaːns

Ideogram (指事), differentiated form of 夗 (OC *qonʔ), which was originally the same character.

Shuowen suggests that it is an ideogram (指事) from flipped 仄 (“to tilt”) – something that can be tilted and turned; something round.

Unrelated to the right component of characters like 執 and 孰, which comes from 丮 (a kneeling person with stretched arms to indicate "to hold").

Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “any relation to 圓?”)

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • îⁿ - vernacular;
  • oân - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 丸
Mandarin Beijing /uan³⁵/
Harbin /uan²⁴/
Tianjin /van⁴⁵/
Jinan /vã⁴²/
Qingdao /vã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /uan⁴²/
Xi'an /uã²⁴/
Xining /uã²⁴/
Yinchuan /van⁵³/
Lanzhou /vɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /van⁵¹/
Wuhan /uan²¹³/ 藥～子
/yɛn²¹³/ 肉～子
Chengdu /uan³¹/
Guiyang /uan²¹/
Kunming /uã̠³¹/
Nanjing /uaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /ʊ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /væ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /uɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /væ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦuø²³/
Suzhou /ɦuø¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦuõ²¹³/
Wenzhou /jy³¹/
Hui Shexian /uɛ⁴⁴/
Tunxi /uːən⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /yẽ¹³/
Xiangtan /yẽ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /yɵn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ian¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʒen¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jyn³⁵/
Nanning /yn²¹/
Hong Kong /jyn³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /uan³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /uoŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /yiŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /ĩ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /zuaŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 丸
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 桓 (62)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡官切
Baxter hwan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦuɑn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦʷɑn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦwan/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuɑn/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuɑn/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣuɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wun4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 丸 丸
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wán wán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwan › ‹ hwan ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ʷˁar/ /*ɦʷˁar/ (< *[ɢ]ʷˁar)
English pellet; ball 烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 丸
Reading # 1/1
No. 12608
Phonetic
component 		丸
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		桓
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡʷaːn/

Definitions

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丸

  1. small round object; ball; pellet
    肉丸  ―  ròuwán  ―  meatball
    彈丸／弹丸  ―  dànwán  ―  pellet
  2. (medicine) pill; bolus
    丸劑／丸剂  ―  wánjì  ―  medical pill
  3. Classifier for pills of Chinese medicine.
    每次服三丸  ―  měicì fú sān wán  ―  take three pills each time
  4. (obsolete) egg (of a bird)
  5. (obsolete) to roll into a ball
  6. a surname, Wan

Compounds

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Descendants

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  • → Vietnamese: viên

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 丸
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwan ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɦʷˁar/ (< *[ɢ]ʷˁar)
English 烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

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丸

  1. Used in 烏丸／乌丸.

Japanese

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Kanji

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丸

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. circle
  2. round
  3. whole
  4. pill

Readings

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(Can we verify(+) this pronunciation?)

Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
丸
まる
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

⟨maro2⟩ → */marə/ → /maru/

Shift from Old Japanese 丸 (maro, see below).[1]

Alternative forms

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  • (round object, soft-shell turtle, wholeness): 円

Pronunciation

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  • Pitch accent for prefix unknown.

Noun

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丸(まる) • (maru) 

  1. any round object:
    1. a circle
    2. a sphere, ball
    3. (by extension) any non-perfectly round objects, such as an oval
    4. the "○" symbol, equivalent to a check mark in some other languages
    5. (by extension) something correct, good, or right
  2. (colloquial) money
    Synonym: 金銭 (kinsen)
  3. enclosure inside a castle's walls
  4. (colloquial) the 。 mark, or 句点 (kuten, “full stop, period”)
  5. (colloquial) the ゜ mark, or 半濁点 (handakuten, “semi-voicing mark”)
  6. the circular outline of a Japanese crest
  7. (Kansai) a soft-shell turtle
    Synonym: 鼈 (suppon)
  8. term relating to completeness:
    1. fullness, wholeness
    2. meeting specific conditions
  9. a Japanese unit of weight
    1 maru is equal to 50 斤 (kin), approximately 30 kilograms
  10. a Japanese unit of counting washi
  11. a day where prices are doubled in a red-light district
Derived terms
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Prefix

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丸(まる) • (maru-) 

  1. whole, complete
Derived terms
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Suffix

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丸(まる) • (-maru) 

  1. suffix for ship names

Proper noun

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丸(まる) • (Maru) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
丸
まる
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Suffix

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丸(まる) • (-maru) 

  1. Alternative spelling of 麻呂 (maru): attaches to names of persons or objects expressing dearness

Pronoun

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丸(まる) • (maru) 

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) Alternative spelling of 麻呂 (maru): first-person singular, I, me

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
丸
まろ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

⟨maro2⟩ → */marə/ → /maro/

From Old Japanese. Appears to be the older form.

Adjective

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丸(まろ) • (maro) †-nari

  1. round
  2. plump and thick
  3. all, whole
    Synonym: 全部 (zenbu)

Noun

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丸(まろ) • (maro) 

  1. a round object
  2. all, whole
  3. coins, money
    Synonym: 銭 (zeni)
Derived terms
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Proper noun

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丸(まろ) • (Maro) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
丸
がん
Grade: 2
on'yomi

/ɡwan/ → /ɡan/

From Middle Chinese 丸 (MC hwan).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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丸(がん) • (gan) ←ぐわん (gwan)?

  1. round; circular

Noun

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丸(がん) • (gan) ←ぐわん (gwan)?

  1. a meatball, fishball
  2. a pill
    Synonym: 丸薬 (gan'yaku)
Derived terms
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Proper noun

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丸(がん) • (Gan) ←ぐわん (Gwan)?

  1. a surname

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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丸 (eumhun 둥글 환 (dunggeul hwan))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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丸: Hán Nôm readings: hoàn, hòn, giúp, xắp, xóp, viên

Noun

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(classifier 丸 (viên)) 丸

  1. chữ Hán form of hoàn (“(medicine) a pellet, round tablet”).

Verb

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丸

  1. chữ Nôm form of viên (“to round off; to make round; to ball up”)

Classifier

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丸

  1. chữ Nôm form of viên (“indicates small, solid things”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of hòn
    1. used for small, solid, and roundish objects
    2. used for standalone mountains and islands

References

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