背

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See also: 揹
背 U+80CC, 背
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80CC
← 胋
[U+80CB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 胍 →
[U+80CD]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes
Stroke order
背-order.gif

Han character[edit]

背 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 中心月 (LPB), four-corner 11227, composition ⿱北月(GJK) or ⿱北⺼(HT))

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 977, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29363
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1429, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2058, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+80CC

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 背
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
背-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (北) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
背 *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs
鄁 *bɯːɡs
偝 *bɯːɡs
邶 *bɯːɡs
苝 *bɯːɡs
北 *pɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs): phonetic 北 (OC *pɯːɡ) + semantic 月 (“meat”). Semantic 肉 was added to be distinguished from the derived meaning of 北 (“north”).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”).

Two pronunciations were distinguished in Middle Chinese: puʌiH (“back”), buʌiH (“to turn one's back to; to betray”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

trad. 背
simp. # 背

Note:
  • bui3 - “back; to betray; to violate”;
  • bui6 - “to recite; unlucky; out of touch”.
  • Hakka
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • pōe - literary;
    • pēr/pē - vernacular.
    Note: bu3 - alternative pronunciation when meaning "backside" (e.g. 手背, 刀背).
    Note:
    • 2pe - noun (“back”);
    • 3be - verb (“to betray; to recite”).
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 背 背
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 並 (3) 幫 (1)
    Final (韻) 灰 (42) 灰 (42)
    Tone (調) Departing (H) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed Closed
    Division (等) I I
    Fanqie 蒲昧切 補妹切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/buʌiH/ /puʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/buoiH/ /puoiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/buɒiH/ /puɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/bwəjH/ /pwəjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/buᴀiH/ /puᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/buɒiH/ /puɒiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/bʱuɑ̆iH/ /puɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		bèi bèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		bui6 bui3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 背 背
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		bèi bèi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ bwojH › ‹ pwojH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*m-pˁək-s/ /*pˁək-s/
    English turn the back on the back

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 背 背
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 408 409
    Phonetic
    component         		北 北
    Rime
    group         		代 代
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		背 佩
    Old
    Chinese         		/*pɯːɡs/ /*bɯːɡs/

    Definitions[edit]

    背

    1. (anatomy) back
      捶背  ―  chuíbèi  ―  to give a back massage
      馬背 / 马背  ―  mǎbèi  ―  horseback
    2. back; backside; reverse side
      手背  ―  shǒubèi  ―  back of the hand
      紙背 / 纸背  ―  zhǐbèi  ―  back of a piece of paper
    3. to leave; to abandon
      背井離鄉 / 背井离乡  ―  bèijǐnglíxiāng  ―  to leave one's native place and move elsewhere
    4. to back onto
      背著太陽坐 / 背着太阳坐  ―  bèi zhe tàiyáng zuò  ―  to sit with one's back to the sun
      背山面海  ―  bèi shān miàn hǎi  ―  backing on to a mountain and facing the sea
    5. to betray
    6. to do something behind one's back; to hide something from someone
      男朋友背著我和其他女生聊天。 [MSC, trad.]
      男朋友背着我和其他女生聊天。 [MSC, simp.]
      Nánpéngyǒu bèi zhe wǒ hé qítā nǚshēng liáotiān. [Pinyin]
      My boyfriend chats with other girls behind my back.
    7. to deviate; to go contrary to; to violate
      背約 / 背约  ―  bèiyuē  ―  to break one’s promise
      背著良心說話 / 背着良心说话  ―  bèi zhe liángxīn shuōhuà  ―  to speak against one's conscience
    8. to memorize; to recite
      這篇文章寫得多棒啊，背下來。 [MSC, trad.]
      这篇文章写得多棒啊，背下来。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè piān wénzhāng xiěde duō bàng a, bèi xiàlái. [Pinyin]
      How excellently written is this article! Memorize it.
      你背唐詩背了多少首？ [MSC, trad.]
      你背唐诗背了多少首？ [MSC, simp.]
      Nǐ bèi Tángshī bèi le duōshǎo shǒu? [Pinyin]
      How many Tang poems have you memorized?
    9. unlucky; out of luck
    10. hard of hearing
      耳朵有點兒背 / 耳朵有点儿背  ―  ěrduo yǒudiǎnr bèi  ―  to be a bit hard of hearing
    11. remote; out-of-the-way
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 背 (“back (of the body)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 背
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 背, 背部, 背脊, 脊背, 後背
    Mandarin Beijing 後脊樑, 脊樑
    Taiwan 背
    Ulanhot 背
    Tongliao 背
    Chifeng 背
    Bayanhot 背, 脊背, 脊樑
    Hulunbuir (Hailar) 背
    Harbin 背, 後背, 後脊樑, 脊樑
    Muping 脊樑桿子, 脊樑, 脊樑蓋子
    Jinan 脊樑
    Luoyang 脊樑
    Wanrong 脊背
    Zhengzhou 脊樑
    Xi'an 脊背
    Yinchuan 脊樑
    Lanzhou 脊背
    Xining 脊背
    Ürümqi 脊背, 脊樑
    Wuhan 背心, 背
    Chengdu 背
    Guiyang 背
    Liuzhou 背, 脊樑
    Xuzhou 後筋股, 筋股, 後脊樑股, 脊樑股
    Yangzhou 脊背, 脊樑, 背
    Nanjing 脊背, 脊背心
    Hefei 脊背, 背, 後背心
    Yanping 背子
    Cantonese Guangzhou 背脊, 背脢
    Hong Kong 背脊
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 背脊, 背樑, 背裡
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 背裡脊
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 背脊
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 背脢
    Yangjiang 背脊
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 背脊
    Gan Nanchang 背脊
    Lichuan 背脊
    Pingxiang 背脊, 背
    Hakka Meixian 背囊, 背脊
    Xingning 背囊
    Huidong (Daling) 背囊脊
    Wuhua (Shuizhai) 背囊
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 背囊
    Wuhua (Changbu) 背囊
    Wuhua (Mianyang) 背囊
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 背脊
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 背囊
    Jiexi 背囊
    Luhe 背囊
    Changting 背脊, 背
    Wuping 背脊, 背囊
    Wuping (Pingyu) 背囊
    Liancheng 背脊
    Ninghua 背脊
    Yudu 背
    Ruijin 背脊
    Shicheng 背脊
    Shangyou 背
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 背囊
    Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian) 背囊
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu) 背囊
    Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu) 背囊
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping) 背囊
    Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an) 背脊𩩍
    Hong Kong 背囊
    Sabah (Longchuan) 背囊, 背
    Senai (Huiyang) 背囊
    Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 背囊
    Singkawang 背囊
    Huizhou Jixi 背脊
    Jin Taiyuan 脊背
    Xinzhou 脊背
    Taibus (Baochang) 背
    Linhe 脊背
    Jining 脊背
    Hohhot 脊背
    Baotou 脊背
    Dongsheng 脊背
    Haibowan 脊背
    Min Bei Jian'ou 背脊, 背脊𩩍
    Min Dong Fuzhou 𩩍, 𩩍脊骨
    Min Nan Xiamen 胛脊, 胛脊𩩍, 巴脊
    Quanzhou 胛脊, 巴脊
    Yongchun 巴脊
    Zhangzhou 胛脊, 胛脊𩩍, 巴脊
    Zhangzhou (Longhai) 胛脊𩩍
    Zhangzhou (Changtai) 胛脊
    Zhao'an 胛脊𩩍
    Taipei 胛脊𩩍
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 巴脊
    Kaohsiung 胛脊𩩍
    Yilan 胛脊𩩍
    Changhua (Lukang) 胛脊𩩍
    Taichung 胛脊𩩍
    Tainan 胛脊𩩍
    Hsinchu 胛脊𩩍
    Kinmen 胛脊𩩍
    Penghu (Magong) 胛脊𩩍
    Penang (Hokkien) 胛脊, 胛脊後
    Manila (Hokkien) 巴脊, 後壁
    Chaozhou 胛脊
    Jieyang 胛脊
    Haifeng 巴脊
    Bangkok (Teochew) 胛脊
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 胛脊
    Leizhou 胛脊
    Haikou 胛脊
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 背脊, 背脢
    Wu Shanghai 背脊, 背脊骨
    Shanghai (Chongming) 背肌
    Suzhou 背心, 背
    Danyang 背背
    Hangzhou 背脊
    Ningbo 背脊心, 背脊登, 背脊胴, 背脊
    Wenzhou 背脊身, 背骶身, 後半身
    Jinhua 背脊
    Xiang Changsha 背脊, 背心, 背
    Loudi 背, 背皮
    Shuangfeng 背心, 背

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 背

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    trad. 背/揹*
    simp. 背

    Definitions[edit]

    背

    1. to carry on the back
    2. (figuratively) to carry; to bear (blame); to shoulder (responsibility)
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (to carry on the back): 馱／驮 (tuó)
    Dialectal synonyms of 背負 (“to carry on the back”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 負
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 背負
    Mandarin Beijing 背
    Taiwan 背
    Jinan 背
    Xi'an 背
    Wuhan 背, 馱
    Chengdu 背
    Yangzhou 背, 馱
    Hefei 背, 馱
    Cantonese Guangzhou 孭
    Hong Kong 孭
    Yangjiang 孭
    Gan Nanchang 馱, 背
    Hakka Meixian 背, 揹
    Jin Taiyuan 背
    Min Bei Jian'ou 騎, 邁
    Min Dong Fuzhou 邁
    Min Nan Xiamen 背, 揹, 偝
    Zhangzhou 揹, 偝
    Taipei 揹, 偝
    Chaozhou 背
    Wu Suzhou 背
    Wenzhou 背, 擐
    Xiang Changsha 背
    Shuangfeng 背

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 背

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    背

    (grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    背
    せ
    Grade: 6
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 背 – see the following entry.
    【せ】H
    [noun] one's back (part of the human body)
    [noun] one's height
    [noun] the rear of something, the area behind
    Alternative spellings
    背, 脊
    (This term, 背, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    背
    せい
    Grade: 6
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    脊

    Noun[edit]

    背(せい) • (sei) 

    1. height

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 背 (MC buʌiH, puʌiH). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄇᆡ〯 (pǒy) (Yale: pǒy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pɛ(ː)] ~ [pe̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [배(ː)/베(ː)]
      • Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    背 (eumhun 등 배 (deung bae))

    1. Hanja form? of 배 (“back”).
    2. Hanja form? of 배 (“betrayal”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    背: Hán Nôm readings: bối, bội, bổi, bồi

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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