背

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See also: 揹
背 U+80CC, 背
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80CC
← 胋
[U+80CB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 胍 →
[U+80CD]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes
Stroke order
背-order.gif

Han character[edit]

背 (radical 130, 肉+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 中心月 (LPB), four-corner 11227, composition ⿱北月)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 977, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29363
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1429, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2058, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+80CC

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 背
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
背-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (北) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
背 *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs
鄁 *bɯːɡs
偝 *bɯːɡs
邶 *bɯːɡs
苝 *bɯːɡs
北 *pɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs): phonetic 北 (OC *pɯːɡ) + semantic 月 (“meat”). Semantic 肉 was added to be distinguished from the derived meaning of 北 (“north”).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”).

Two pronunciations were distinguished in Middle Chinese: puʌiH (“back”), buʌiH (“to turn one's back to; to betray”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

trad. 背
simp. # 背

Note:
  • bui3 - “back; to betray; to violate”;
  • bui6 - “to recite; unlucky; out of touch”.
  • Hakka
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • pōe - literary;
    • pēr/pē - vernacular.
    Note: bu3 - alternative pronunciation when meaning "backside" (e.g. 手背, 刀背).
    Note:
    • 2pe - noun (“back”);
    • 3be - verb (“to betray; to recite”).
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 背 背
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 並 (3) 幫 (1)
    Final (韻) 灰 (42) 灰 (42)
    Tone (調) Departing (H) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed Closed
    Division (等) I I
    Fanqie 蒲昧切 補妹切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/buʌiH/ /puʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/buoiH/ /puoiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/buɒiH/ /puɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/bwəjH/ /pwəjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/buᴀiH/ /puᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/buɒiH/ /puɒiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/bʱuɑ̆iH/ /puɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		bèi bèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		bui6 bui3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 背 背
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		bèi bèi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ bwojH › ‹ pwojH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*m-pˁək-s/ /*pˁək-s/
    English turn the back on the back

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 背 背
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 408 409
    Phonetic
    component         		北 北
    Rime
    group         		代 代
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		背 佩
    Old
    Chinese         		/*pɯːɡs/ /*bɯːɡs/

    Definitions[edit]

    背

    1. to memorize
      這篇文章寫得多棒啊，背下來。 [MSC, trad.]
      这篇文章写得多棒啊，背下来。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè piān wénzhāng xiěde duō bàng a, bèi xiàlái. [Pinyin]
      How excellently written is this article! Memorize it.
    2. (anatomy) back
    3. back; backside; reverse side
    4. back of the hand
    5. to turn one's back to
    6. to abandon; to give up
    7. to betray; to be disloyal
    8. to deviate; to go contrary to; to violate
    9. unlucky; out of luck
    10. to recite
    11. hard of hearing
      耳背  ―  ěrbèi  ―  hard of hearing
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 背 (“back (of the body)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 背
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 背, 背部, 背脊, 脊背, 後背
    Mandarin Beijing 後脊樑, 脊樑
    Taiwan 背
    Ulanhot 背
    Tongliao 背
    Chifeng 背
    Bayanhot 背, 脊背, 脊樑
    Hailar 背
    Harbin 背, 後背, 後脊樑, 脊樑
    Muping 脊樑桿子, 脊樑, 脊樑蓋子
    Jinan 脊樑
    Luoyang 脊樑
    Wanrong 脊背
    Zhengzhou 脊樑
    Xi'an 脊背
    Yinchuan 脊樑
    Lanzhou 脊背
    Xining 脊背
    Ürümqi 脊背, 脊樑
    Wuhan 背心, 背
    Chengdu 背
    Guiyang 背
    Liuzhou 背, 脊樑
    Xuzhou 後筋股, 筋股, 後脊樑股, 脊樑股
    Yangzhou 脊背, 脊樑, 背
    Nanjing 脊背, 脊背心
    Hefei 脊背, 背, 後背心
    Yanping 背子
    Cantonese Guangzhou 背脊, 背脢
    Hong Kong 背脊
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 背脊, 背樑, 背裡
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 背裡脊
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 背脊
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 背脢
    Yangjiang 背脊
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 背脊
    Gan Nanchang 背脊
    Lichuan 背脊
    Pingxiang 背脊, 背
    Hakka Meixian 背囊, 背脊
    Xingning 背囊
    Huidong (Daling) 背囊脊
    Wuhua (Shuizhai) 背囊
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 背囊
    Wuhua (Changbu) 背囊
    Wuhua (Mianyang) 背囊
    Qujiang 背脊
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 背囊
    Jiexi 背囊
    Luhe 背囊
    Changting 背脊, 背
    Wuping 背脊, 背囊
    Wuping (Pingyu) 背囊
    Liancheng 背脊
    Ninghua 背脊
    Yudu 背
    Ruijin 背脊
    Shicheng 背脊
    Shangyou 背
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 背囊
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 背囊
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 背囊
    Dongshi (Dabu) 背囊
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 背囊
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 背脊𩩍
    Hong Kong 背囊
    Sabah (Longchuan) 背囊, 背
    Senai (Huiyang) 背囊
    Batu Kawa (Sungai Tapang) 背囊
    Singkawang 背囊
    Huizhou Jixi 背脊
    Jin Taiyuan 脊背
    Xinzhou 脊背
    Taibus (Baochang) 背
    Linhe 脊背
    Jining 脊背
    Hohhot 脊背
    Baotou 脊背
    Dongsheng 脊背
    Haibowan 脊背
    Min Bei Jian'ou 背脊, 背脊𩩍
    Min Dong Fuzhou 𩩍, 𩩍脊骨
    Min Nan Xiamen 胛脊, 胛脊𩩍, 巴脊
    Quanzhou 胛脊, 巴脊
    Yongchun 巴脊
    Zhangzhou 胛脊, 胛脊𩩍, 巴脊
    Longhai 胛脊𩩍
    Changtai 胛脊
    Zhao'an 胛脊𩩍
    Taipei 胛脊𩩍
    Kaohsiung 胛脊𩩍
    Tainan 胛脊𩩍
    Taichung 胛脊𩩍
    Hsinchu 胛脊𩩍
    Lukang 胛脊𩩍
    Sanxia 巴脊
    Yilan 胛脊𩩍
    Kinmen 胛脊𩩍
    Magong 胛脊𩩍
    Penang (Hokkien) 胛脊, 胛脊後
    Manila (Hokkien) 巴脊, 後壁
    Chaozhou 胛脊
    Jieyang 胛脊
    Haifeng 巴脊
    Bangkok (Teochew) 胛脊
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 胛脊
    Leizhou 胛脊
    Haikou 胛脊
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 背脊, 背脢
    Wu Shanghai 背脊, 背脊骨
    Chongming 背肌
    Suzhou 背心, 背
    Hangzhou 背脊
    Danyang 背背
    Ningbo 背脊心, 背脊登, 背脊胴, 背脊
    Wenzhou 背脊身, 背骶身, 後半身
    Jinhua 背脊
    Xiang Changsha 背脊, 背心, 背
    Shuangfeng 背心, 背
    Loudi 背, 背皮

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 背

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    trad. 背/揹*
    simp. 背

    Definitions[edit]

    背

    1. to carry on the back
    2. (figuratively) to carry; to bear (blame); to shoulder (responsibility)

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 背負 (“to carry on the back”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 負
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 背負
    Mandarin Beijing 背
    Taiwan 背
    Jinan 背
    Xi'an 背
    Wuhan 背, 馱
    Chengdu 背
    Yangzhou 背, 馱
    Hefei 背, 馱
    Cantonese Guangzhou 孭
    Hong Kong 孭
    Yangjiang 孭
    Gan Nanchang 馱, 背
    Hakka Meixian 背, 揹
    Jin Taiyuan 背
    Min Bei Jian'ou 騎, 邁
    Min Dong Fuzhou 邁
    Min Nan Xiamen 背, 揹, 偝
    Zhangzhou 揹, 偝
    Taipei 揹, 偝
    Chaozhou 背
    Wu Suzhou 背
    Wenzhou 背, 擐
    Xiang Changsha 背
    Shuangfeng 背

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 背

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    背

    (grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    背
    せ
    Grade: 6
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 背 – see the following entry.
    【せ】H
    [noun] one's back (part of the human body)
    [noun] one's height
    [noun] the rear of something, the area behind
    Alternative spellings
    背, 脊
    (This term, 背, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    背
    せい
    Grade: 6
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 背 – see the following entry.
    【せい】
    [noun] 背, 脊: height
    Alternative spellings
    背, 脊
    (This term, 背, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 背 (MC buʌiH, puʌiH). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄇᆡ〯 (Yale: pǒy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pɛ(ː)] ~ [pe̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangeul: [배(ː)/베(ː)]
      • Long vowel distinction only applies at the initial position. Most speakers no longer distinguish vowel length at any position.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    背 (eumhun 등 배 (deung bae))

    1. Hanja form? of 배 (“back”).
    2. Hanja form? of 배 (“betrayal”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    背: Hán Nôm readings: bối, bội, bổi, bồi

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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