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virus

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: -virus, Virus, virüs, vírus, vīrus, and vīruss

English

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Wikispecies has information on:
The virions that carry the Marburg virus

Etymology

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From Middle English virus, from Latin vīrus (“poison, slime, venom”), via rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). First use in the computer context by David Gerrold in his 1972 book When HARLIE Was One.

Pronunciation

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  • enPR: vīʹrəs, IPA(key): /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -aɪɹəs

Noun

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virus (countable and uncountable, plural viruses or (rare) virusses or (rare) vira or (proscribed) viri or (proscribed) virii)

  2. A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure that consists of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and that sometimes causes disease in the host organism (such agents are often classed as nonliving infectious particles and less often as microorganisms).
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:virus
    • 2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 64:
      Viruses are the smallest and most simplified forms of life.
    • 2013 May-June, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 193:
      Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola.
    1. A species thereof.
      Meronym: virion (individual particle)
      Some viruses, such as norovirus, cause sporadic outbreaks of gastroenteritis.
    2. (occasionally proscribed) An individual particle thereof: synonym of virion.
      Under electron microscopy, a few viruses were seen floating near the cells.
  3. (uncountable) A quantity of such infectious agents, considered en masse.
    Not much virus was detectable on a nucleic acid test; the viral load was very low.
  4. (informal, metonymic) A disease caused by such an infectious agent; a viral illness.
    He's got a virus and had to stay home from school.
  5. (archaic) Venom, as produced by a poisonous animal etc.
    • 1890, Aluísio Azevedo, The Slum:
      Brazil, that inferno where every budding flower and every buzzing bluebottle fly bears a lascivious virus.
  6. (computing) A type of malware which can covertly transmit itself between computers via networks (especially the Internet) or removable storage such as disks, often causing damage to systems and data; also computer virus.
  7. (computing, proscribed) Any type of malware.
  8. (figurative) Any malicious or dangerous entity that spreads from one place or person to another.
    • 2011, Pat Mesiti, The $1 Million Reason to Change Your Mind:
      I am tired of the mind viruses that are crippling people living in the western world — especially in my own nation. Sadly, Australia is becoming known as a nation of whingers.

Hypernyms

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Hyponyms

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Computing
Virology

Derived terms

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Virology

Descendants

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Translations

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Verb

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virus (third-person singular simple present viruses, present participle virusing, simple past and past participle virused)

  1. (nonstandard, rare) To send or infect an electronic device with a computer virus.
    I'm just going to virus anyone who tries cheating on this game.

See also

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Further reading

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Asturian

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Etymology

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From Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈbiɾus/ [ˈbi.ɾus]
  • Rhymes: -iɾus
  • Syllabification: vi‧rus

Noun

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virus m (plural virus)

  1. virus

Azerbaijani

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Etymology

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Ultimately from Latin vīrus.

Noun

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virus (definite accusative virusu, plural viruslar)

  1. (medicine) virus
  2. (computing) computer virus

Declension

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Declension of virus
singular plural
nominative virusviruslar
definite accusative virusuvirusları
dative virusaviruslara
locative virusdaviruslarda
ablative virusdanviruslardan
definite genitive virusunvirusların
Possessive forms of virus
nominative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusum viruslarım
sənin (“your”) virusun virusların
onun (“his/her/its”) virusu virusları
bizim (“our”) virusumuz viruslarımız
sizin (“your”) virusunuz viruslarınız
onların (“their”) virusu or virusları virusları
accusative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusumu viruslarımı
sənin (“your”) virusunu viruslarını
onun (“his/her/its”) virusunu viruslarını
bizim (“our”) virusumuzu viruslarımızı
sizin (“your”) virusunuzu viruslarınızı
onların (“their”) virusunu or viruslarını viruslarını
dative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusuma viruslarıma
sənin (“your”) virusuna viruslarına
onun (“his/her/its”) virusuna viruslarına
bizim (“our”) virusumuza viruslarımıza
sizin (“your”) virusunuza viruslarınıza
onların (“their”) virusuna or viruslarına viruslarına
locative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusumda viruslarımda
sənin (“your”) virusunda viruslarında
onun (“his/her/its”) virusunda viruslarında
bizim (“our”) virusumuzda viruslarımızda
sizin (“your”) virusunuzda viruslarınızda
onların (“their”) virusunda or viruslarında viruslarında
ablative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusumdan viruslarımdan
sənin (“your”) virusundan viruslarından
onun (“his/her/its”) virusundan viruslarından
bizim (“our”) virusumuzdan viruslarımızdan
sizin (“your”) virusunuzdan viruslarınızdan
onların (“their”) virusundan or viruslarından viruslarından
genitive
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusumun viruslarımın
sənin (“your”) virusunun viruslarının
onun (“his/her/its”) virusunun viruslarının
bizim (“our”) virusumuzun viruslarımızın
sizin (“your”) virusunuzun viruslarınızın
onların (“their”) virusunun or viruslarının viruslarının

Further reading

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  • “virus” in Obastan.com.

Catalan

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m (invariable)

  1. virus

Hyponyms

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Further reading

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Cornish

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English virus, from Latin vīrus, from Proto-Italic *weizos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m (plural virusys)

  1. virus

References

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  • “virus” in Cornish Dictionary / Gerlyver Kernewek, Akademi Kernewek.
  • Akademi Kernewek Gerlyver Kernewek (FSS) Cornish Dictionary (SWF) (in Cornish), 2018, published 2018, page 190

Crimean Tatar

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Russian вирус (virus).

Noun

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virus

  1. (virology) virus

Declension

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Declension of virus
singular plural
nominative virus viruslar
genitive virusnıñ viruslarnıñ
dative virusqa viruslarğa
accusative virusnı viruslarnı
locative virusta viruslarda
ablative virustan viruslardan

References

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Czech

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Czech Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia cs

Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m inan

  1. (virology) virus (a submicroscopic, non-cellular structure)
  2. (computing) virus (a type of computer malware)

Declension

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Declension of virus (hard masculine inanimate foreign)
singular plural
nominative virus viry, virusy
genitive viru, virusu virů, virusů
dative viru, virusu virům, virusům
accusative virus viry, virusy
vocative vire, viruse viry, virusy
locative viru, virusu virech, virusech
instrumental virem, virusem viry, virusy
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adjectives
nouns
verbs

Further reading

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Danish

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Etymology

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From Latin vīrus.

Noun

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virus c or n (singular definite virussen or virusset, plural indefinite virus or virusser or vira, plural definite virussene or virusserne or viraene)

  1. virus

Dutch

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Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia nl

Etymology

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From Latin vīrus. Coined in the virological sense by Martinus Beijerinck; the word had been previously used for pathogens, although not for viruses in the modern sense. The computing sense derives from English virus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈviː.rʏs/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: vi‧rus

Noun

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virus n (plural virussen, diminutive virusje n)

  1. (microbiology) virus
  2. (computer science) virus (computer virus)

Usage notes

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Like most Latin borrowings, this word kept its original Latin gender (neuter); it is one of the few Dutch words ending in -us which is not masculine; cf. also corpus and opus. Marginally, use as a masculine noun is sometimes erroneously encountered, indeed based on the ending.

Derived terms

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Finnish

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Etymology

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From Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈʋirus/, [ˈʋirus̠]
  • IPA(key): /ˈʋiːrus/, [ˈʋiːrus̠] (proscribed)
  • Rhymes: -irus
  • Syllabification(key): vi‧rus
  • Hyphenation(key): vi‧rus

Noun

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virus

  1. (medicine, countable, uncountable) virus
    Viruksen voi nähdä pyyhkäisyelektronimikroskoopilla. ― You can see a virus with a scanning electron microscope.
    Onko marjoissa norovirusta? ― Is there norovirus in berries?
  2. (computer security, countable) virus, computer virus
    Huomio! Tietokoneeseesi on tunkeutunut virus. ― Attention! A virus has invaded you computer.

Declension

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Inflection of virus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative virus virukset
genitive viruksen virusten
viruksien
partitive virusta viruksia
illative virukseen viruksiin
singular plural
nominative virus virukset
accusative nom. virus virukset
gen. viruksen
genitive viruksen virusten
viruksien
partitive virusta viruksia
inessive viruksessa viruksissa
elative viruksesta viruksista
illative virukseen viruksiin
adessive viruksella viruksilla
ablative virukselta viruksilta
allative virukselle viruksille
essive viruksena viruksina
translative virukseksi viruksiksi
abessive viruksetta viruksitta
instructive — viruksin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of virus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative virukseni virukseni
accusative nom. virukseni virukseni
gen. virukseni
genitive virukseni virusteni
viruksieni
partitive virustani viruksiani
inessive viruksessani viruksissani
elative viruksestani viruksistani
illative virukseeni viruksiini
adessive viruksellani viruksillani
ablative virukseltani viruksiltani
allative virukselleni viruksilleni
essive viruksenani viruksinani
translative viruksekseni viruksikseni
abessive viruksettani viruksittani
instructive — —
comitative — viruksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative viruksesi viruksesi
accusative nom. viruksesi viruksesi
gen. viruksesi
genitive viruksesi virustesi
viruksiesi
partitive virustasi viruksiasi
inessive viruksessasi viruksissasi
elative viruksestasi viruksistasi
illative virukseesi viruksiisi
adessive viruksellasi viruksillasi
ablative virukseltasi viruksiltasi
allative viruksellesi viruksillesi
essive viruksenasi viruksinasi
translative virukseksesi viruksiksesi
abessive viruksettasi viruksittasi
instructive — —
comitative — viruksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative viruksemme viruksemme
accusative nom. viruksemme viruksemme
gen. viruksemme
genitive viruksemme virustemme
viruksiemme
partitive virustamme viruksiamme
inessive viruksessamme viruksissamme
elative viruksestamme viruksistamme
illative virukseemme viruksiimme
adessive viruksellamme viruksillamme
ablative virukseltamme viruksiltamme
allative viruksellemme viruksillemme
essive viruksenamme viruksinamme
translative virukseksemme viruksiksemme
abessive viruksettamme viruksittamme
instructive — —
comitative — viruksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative viruksenne viruksenne
accusative nom. viruksenne viruksenne
gen. viruksenne
genitive viruksenne virustenne
viruksienne
partitive virustanne viruksianne
inessive viruksessanne viruksissanne
elative viruksestanne viruksistanne
illative virukseenne viruksiinne
adessive viruksellanne viruksillanne
ablative virukseltanne viruksiltanne
allative viruksellenne viruksillenne
essive viruksenanne viruksinanne
translative virukseksenne viruksiksenne
abessive viruksettanne viruksittanne
instructive — —
comitative — viruksinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative viruksensa viruksensa
accusative nom. viruksensa viruksensa
gen. viruksensa
genitive viruksensa virustensa
viruksiensa
partitive virustaan
virustansa 		viruksiaan
viruksiansa
inessive viruksessaan
viruksessansa 		viruksissaan
viruksissansa
elative viruksestaan
viruksestansa 		viruksistaan
viruksistansa
illative virukseensa viruksiinsa
adessive viruksellaan
viruksellansa 		viruksillaan
viruksillansa
ablative virukseltaan
virukseltansa 		viruksiltaan
viruksiltansa
allative virukselleen
viruksellensa 		viruksilleen
viruksillensa
essive viruksenaan
viruksenansa 		viruksinaan
viruksinansa
translative viruksekseen
virukseksensa 		viruksikseen
viruksiksensa
abessive viruksettaan
viruksettansa 		viruksittaan
viruksittansa
instructive — —
comitative — viruksineen
viruksinensa

Derived terms

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compounds

Further reading

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Anagrams

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French

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m (invariable)

  1. virus

Derived terms

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Further reading

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Galician

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Latin vīrus (“poison, slime, venom”).

Noun

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virus m (invariable)

  1. virus (pathogen)
  2. computer virus

Indonesian

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Indonesian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia id

Etymology

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Borrowed from Dutch virus, from Latin vīrus (“poison, slime, venom”), via rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). Doublet of bisa. The computing sense is a semantic loan from English virus.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus (plural virus-virus)

  1. virus; a type of submicroscopic infectious organism
  2. virus (in quantity)
    Synonym: (uncommon) virus utuh
  3. (metonymic) virus, viral illness
  4. (computing) virus; a type of spreading malware
  5. (computing, colloquial) virus; any type of malware
    Synonym: perangkat pembahaya
  6. (figurative) any malicious or dangerous entity that spreads from one place or person to another.

Hyponyms

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Computing
Virology

Derived terms

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  • bervirus (“viral, containing virus”)
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Further reading

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Interlingua

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Noun

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virus (plural viruses)

  1. virus
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Italian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈvi.rus/
  • Rhymes: -irus
  • Hyphenation: vì‧rus

Noun

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virus m (invariable)

  1. (virology) virus

Further reading

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  • virus in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Ladino

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m

  1. virus
    • 2018 February 7, Dora Niyego, “El Antisemitizmo De Oy”, in Şalom‎[4]:
      El antisemitizmo es un prejudizio, komo un virus.
      Antisemitism is a prejudice, like a virus.

Latin

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Latin Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia la

Etymology

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    Via rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). Cognates include Sanskrit विष (viṣá), Ancient Greek ἰός (iós, “poison”), Tocharian B wase, and Middle Irish fí. The neuter gender, despite its nominative singular ending -us being typical of the masculine second-declension, is possibly a relic of this term's inheritance from a neuter s-stem.[1]

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    vīrus n sg (genitive vīrī or vīrus); indeclinable, variously declined, second declension

    1. venom (a poisonous substance secreted by animals or plants)
      Synonym: venēnum
    2. a plant- or animal-sourced substance with medicinal or magical properties
    3. a liquid element that makes something taste or smell bitter or acrid
      1. (transferred sense) bitterness, acrimony (of speech, manner or disposition)
    4. (New Latin) a virus (infectious organism)

    Declension

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    Second-declension noun (neuter, nominative/accusative/vocative in -us) or indeclinable noun, singular only.

    singular
    nominative vīrus
    genitive vīrī
    vīrus
    dative vīrō
    vīrus
    accusative vīrus
    ablative vīrō
    vīrus
    vocative vīrus

    In New Latin, sometimes declined as a second-declension noun (neuter, nominative/accusative/vocative plural in -a).[2]

    singular plural
    nominative vīrus vīra
    genitive vīrī vīrōrum
    dative vīrō vīrīs
    accusative vīrus vīra
    ablative vīrō vīrīs
    vocative vīrus vīra

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    References

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    1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vīrus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 682-683
    2. ^ William T. Stearn, Botanical Latin. History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary, ed. 3a (David & Charles, 1983): "Virus: virus (s.n. II), gen. sing. viri, nom. pl. vira, gen. pl. vīrorum (to be distinguished from virorum, of men)."

    Further reading

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    • "virus", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • "virus". in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • "virus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
    • "virus", in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly
    • “uīrus” on page 2286 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)

    Anagrams

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    Limburgish

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    Etymology

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    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    virus n (plural virusse, diminutive viruske)

    1. (virology) virus (infectious organism)
    2. (computing) virus (infectious software)

    References

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    • “virus”, in D'n Dictionair‎[5] (overall work in English, Dutch, and Limburgish), Limburgish Academy, 2007-present

    Lithuanian

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    Pronunciation

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    Participle

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    vi̇̀rus

    1. active adverbial past half-participle of vi̇̀rti

    Malay

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    Etymology

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    From English virus, from Latin vīrus, from rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    virus (plural virus-virus)

    1. virus:
      1. (biology, virology) A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and often causes disease in the host organism; such agents are often classed as nonliving infectious particles and less often as microorganisms.

    Northern Sami

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    Etymology

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    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Pronunciation

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    This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

    Noun

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    virus

    1. virus

    Inflection

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    Odd, no gradation
    Nominative virus
    Genitive virusa
    Singular Plural
    Nominative virus virusat
    Accusative virusa virusiid
    Genitive virusa virusiid
    Illative virusii virusiidda
    Locative virusis virusiin
    Comitative virusiin virusiiguin
    Essive virusin
    Possessive forms
    Singular Dual Plural
    1st person virusan viruseamẹ viruseamẹt
    2nd person virusat viruseattẹ viruseattẹt
    3rd person virusis viruseaskkạ viruseasẹt

    Norwegian Bokmål

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    Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia no

    Etymology

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    From Latin vīrus.

    Noun

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    virus n (definite singular viruset, indefinite plural virus, definite plural virusa or virusene)

    1. (biology, virology) virus
    2. (computing) virus (computer virus) (see datavirus)

    References

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    Norwegian Nynorsk

    [edit]
    Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia nn

    Etymology

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    From Latin virus.

    Noun

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    virus n (definite singular viruset, indefinite plural virus, definite plural virusa)

    1. (biology, virology) virus
    2. (computing) virus (computer virus) (see datavirus)

    References

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    Romanian

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    Etymology

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    Borrowed from French virus, Latin vīrus.

    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /ˈvirus/
    • Rhymes: -irus
    • Hyphenation: vi‧rus

    Noun

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    virus n (plural virusuri)

    1. (virology) virus (a submicroscopic, non-cellular structure)

    Declension

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    singular plural
    indefinite definite indefinite definite
    nominative-accusative virus virusul virusuri virusurile
    genitive-dative virus virusului virusuri virusurilor
    vocative virusule virusurilor

    Noun

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    virus m (plural viruși)

    1. (computing) virus (a type of computer malware)

    Declension

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    singular plural
    indefinite definite indefinite definite
    nominative-accusative virus virusul viruși virușii
    genitive-dative virus virusului viruși virușilor
    vocative virusule virușilor

    Serbo-Croatian

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    Noun

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    vírus m inan (Cyrillic spelling ви́рус)

    1. (medicine) virus (DNA/RNA causing disease)
    2. (computing) computer virus

    Declension

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    Declension of virus
    singular plural
    nominative virus virusi
    genitive virusa virusa
    dative virusu virusima
    accusative virus viruse
    vocative viruse virusi
    locative virusu virusima
    instrumental virusom virusima

    Spanish

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    Etymology

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    Borrowed from Latin vīrus.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    virus m (plural virus)

    1. virus
      • 2023 August 22, Jamie Gumbrecht, “La FDA aprueba la primera vacuna para proteger a los recién nacidos del virus respiratorio sincitial”, in CNN en Español‎[6]:
        La Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de Estados Unidos (FDA, por sus siglas en inglés) aprobó este lunes la primera vacuna que protege a los recién nacidos del virus respiratorio sincitial, conocido como RSV (por sus siglas en inglés).
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    2. computer virus

    Derived terms

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    Further reading

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    Swedish

    [edit]
    Swedish Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia sv

    Etymology

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    From Latin vīrus.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    virus n

    1. (biology, virology) virus
    2. (computing) computer virus
      Synonyms: datavirus, datorvirus

    Declension

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    Declension of virus
    nominative genitive
    singular indefinite virus virus
    definite viruset virusets
    plural indefinite virus virus
    definite virusen virusens

    Hyponyms

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    Derived terms

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    See also

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    References

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    Tagalog

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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    Unadapted borrowing from English virus, from Latin vīrus. Doublet of bisa and birus. Used due to Tagalog-English code-switching (Taglish).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    virus (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜌ᜔ᜇᜓᜐ᜔ or ᜊᜒᜇᜓᜐ᜔)

    1. (biology, virology) virus
      Synonyms: birus, (neologism) haykap
    2. (computing) computer virus

    Further reading

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    • “virus”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=virus&oldid=88430262"