virus

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See also: Virus, vírus, vīrus, vīruss, virüs, and -virus

English

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Wikispecies has information on:

Wikispecies

The virions that carry the Marburg virus

Etymology

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From Middle English virus, from Latin vīrus (“poison, slime, venom”), via rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). First use in the computer context by David Gerrold in his 1972 book When HARLIE Was One.

Pronunciation

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  • enPR: vīʹrəs, IPA(key): /ˈvaɪɹəs/
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -aɪɹəs

Noun

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virus (countable and uncountable, plural viruses or (rare) virusses or (rare) vira or (proscribed) viri or (proscribed) virii)

  2. A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure that consists of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and that sometimes causes disease in the host organism (such agents are often classed as nonliving infectious particles and less often as microorganisms).
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:virus
    • 2001, Leslie Iversen, Drugs: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, page 64:
      Viruses are the smallest and most simplified forms of life.
    • 2013 May-June, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 193:
      Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola.
    1. A species thereof.
      Meronym: virion (individual particle)
      Some viruses, such as norovirus, cause sporadic outbreaks of gastroenteritis.
    2. (occasionally proscribed) An individual particle thereof: synonym of virion.
      Under electron microscopy, a few viruses were seen floating near the cells.
  3. (uncountable) A quantity of such infectious agents, considered en masse.
    Not much virus was detectable on a nucleic acid test; the viral load was very low.
  4. (informal, metonymically) A disease caused by such an infectious agent; a viral illness.
    He's got a virus and had to stay home from school.
  5. (archaic) Venom, as produced by a poisonous animal etc.
    • 1890, Aluísio Azevedo, The Slum:
      Brazil, that inferno where every budding flower and every buzzing bluebottle fly bears a lascivious virus.
  6. (computing) A type of malware which can covertly transmit itself between computers via networks (especially the Internet) or removable storage such as disks, often causing damage to systems and data; also computer virus.
  7. (computing, proscribed) Any type of malware.
  8. (figurative) Any malicious or dangerous entity that spreads from one place or person to another.
    • 2011, Pat Mesiti, The $1 Million Reason to Change Your Mind:
      I am tired of the mind viruses that are crippling people living in the western world — especially in my own nation. Sadly, Australia is becoming known as a nation of whingers.

Hypernyms

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Hyponyms

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Computing
Virology

Derived terms

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Virology

Descendants

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Translations

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Verb

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virus (third-person singular simple present viruses, present participle virusing, simple past and past participle virused)

  1. (nonstandard, rare) To send or infect an electronic device with a computer virus.
    I'm just going to virus anyone who tries cheating on this game.

See also

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Further reading

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Asturian

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Etymology

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From Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈbiɾus/, [ˈbi.ɾus]

Noun

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virus m (plural virus)

  1. virus

Azerbaijani

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Etymology

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Ultimately from Latin vīrus.

Noun

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virus (definite accusative virusu, plural viruslar)

  1. (medicine) virus
  2. (computing) computer virus

Declension

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    Declension of virus
singular plural
nominative virus
 viruslar
definite accusative virusu
 virusları
dative virusa
 viruslara
locative virusda
 viruslarda
ablative virusdan
 viruslardan
definite genitive virusun
 virusların
    Possessive forms of virus
nominative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusum viruslarım
sənin (“your”) virusun virusların
onun (“his/her/its”) virusu virusları
bizim (“our”) virusumuz viruslarımız
sizin (“your”) virusunuz viruslarınız
onların (“their”) virusu or virusları virusları
accusative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusumu viruslarımı
sənin (“your”) virusunu viruslarını
onun (“his/her/its”) virusunu viruslarını
bizim (“our”) virusumuzu viruslarımızı
sizin (“your”) virusunuzu viruslarınızı
onların (“their”) virusunu or viruslarını viruslarını
dative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusuma viruslarıma
sənin (“your”) virusuna viruslarına
onun (“his/her/its”) virusuna viruslarına
bizim (“our”) virusumuza viruslarımıza
sizin (“your”) virusunuza viruslarınıza
onların (“their”) virusuna or viruslarına viruslarına
locative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusumda viruslarımda
sənin (“your”) virusunda viruslarında
onun (“his/her/its”) virusunda viruslarında
bizim (“our”) virusumuzda viruslarımızda
sizin (“your”) virusunuzda viruslarınızda
onların (“their”) virusunda or viruslarında viruslarında
ablative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusumdan viruslarımdan
sənin (“your”) virusundan viruslarından
onun (“his/her/its”) virusundan viruslarından
bizim (“our”) virusumuzdan viruslarımızdan
sizin (“your”) virusunuzdan viruslarınızdan
onların (“their”) virusundan or viruslarından viruslarından
genitive
singular plural
mənim (“my”) virusumun viruslarımın
sənin (“your”) virusunun viruslarının
onun (“his/her/its”) virusunun viruslarının
bizim (“our”) virusumuzun viruslarımızın
sizin (“your”) virusunuzun viruslarınızın
onların (“their”) virusunun or viruslarının viruslarının

Further reading

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  • “virus” in Obastan.com.

Catalan

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m (invariable)

  1. virus
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Cornish

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m (plural virusys)

  1. virus

References

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  • Cornish-English Dictionary from Maga's Online Dictionary
  • Akademi Kernewek Gerlyver Kernewek (FSS) Cornish Dictionary (SWF) (in Cornish), 2018, published 2018, page 190

Crimean Tatar

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Russian вирус (virus).

Noun

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virus

  1. (virology) virus

Declension

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Declension of virus
singular plural
nominative virus viruslar
genitive virusnıñ viruslarnıñ
dative virusqa viruslarğa
accusative virusnı viruslarnı
locative virusta viruslarda
ablative virustan viruslardan

References

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Czech

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m inan

  1. (virology) virus (a submicroscopic, non-cellular structure)
  2. (computing) virus (a type of computer malware)

Declension

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Declension of virus (hard masculine inanimate foreign)
singular plural
nominative virus viry, virusy
genitive viru, virusu virů, virusů
dative viru, virusu virům, virusům
accusative virus viry, virusy
vocative vire, viruse viry, virusy
locative viru, virusu virech, virusech
instrumental virem, virusem viry, virusy
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Further reading

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  • “virus”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
  • “virus”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
  • virus in Akademický slovník cizích slov, 1995, at prirucka.ujc.cas.cz

Danish

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Etymology

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From Latin vīrus.

Noun

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virus c or n (singular definite virussen or virusset, plural indefinite virus or virusser or vira, plural definite virussene or virusserne or viraene)

  1. virus

Dutch

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Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia nl

Etymology

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From Latin vīrus. Coined in the virological sense by Martinus Beijerinck; the word had been previously used for pathogens, although not for viruses in the modern sense. The computing sense derives from English virus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈviː.rʏs/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: vi‧rus

Noun

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virus n (plural virussen, diminutive virusje n)

  1. (microbiology) virus
  2. (computer science) virus (computer virus)

Usage notes

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Like most Latin borrowings, this word kept its original Latin gender (neuter); it is one of the few Dutch words ending in -us which is not masculine; cf. also corpus and opus. Marginally, use as a masculine noun is sometimes erroneously encountered, indeed based on the ending.

Derived terms

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Finnish

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Etymology

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From Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈʋirus/, [ˈʋirus̠]
  • IPA(key): /ˈʋiːrus/, [ˈʋiːrus̠] (proscribed)
  • Rhymes: -irus
  • Syllabification(key): vi‧rus

Noun

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virus

  1. virus
  2. (computer security) virus (computer virus)

Declension

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Inflection of virus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative virus virukset
genitive viruksen virusten
viruksien
partitive virusta viruksia
illative virukseen viruksiin
singular plural
nominative virus virukset
accusative nom. virus virukset
gen. viruksen
genitive viruksen virusten
viruksien
partitive virusta viruksia
inessive viruksessa viruksissa
elative viruksesta viruksista
illative virukseen viruksiin
adessive viruksella viruksilla
ablative virukselta viruksilta
allative virukselle viruksille
essive viruksena viruksina
translative virukseksi viruksiksi
abessive viruksetta viruksitta
instructive — viruksin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of virus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative virukseni virukseni
accusative nom. virukseni virukseni
gen. virukseni
genitive virukseni virusteni
viruksieni
partitive virustani viruksiani
inessive viruksessani viruksissani
elative viruksestani viruksistani
illative virukseeni viruksiini
adessive viruksellani viruksillani
ablative virukseltani viruksiltani
allative virukselleni viruksilleni
essive viruksenani viruksinani
translative viruksekseni viruksikseni
abessive viruksettani viruksittani
instructive — —
comitative — viruksineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative viruksesi viruksesi
accusative nom. viruksesi viruksesi
gen. viruksesi
genitive viruksesi virustesi
viruksiesi
partitive virustasi viruksiasi
inessive viruksessasi viruksissasi
elative viruksestasi viruksistasi
illative virukseesi viruksiisi
adessive viruksellasi viruksillasi
ablative virukseltasi viruksiltasi
allative viruksellesi viruksillesi
essive viruksenasi viruksinasi
translative virukseksesi viruksiksesi
abessive viruksettasi viruksittasi
instructive — —
comitative — viruksinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative viruksemme viruksemme
accusative nom. viruksemme viruksemme
gen. viruksemme
genitive viruksemme virustemme
viruksiemme
partitive virustamme viruksiamme
inessive viruksessamme viruksissamme
elative viruksestamme viruksistamme
illative virukseemme viruksiimme
adessive viruksellamme viruksillamme
ablative virukseltamme viruksiltamme
allative viruksellemme viruksillemme
essive viruksenamme viruksinamme
translative virukseksemme viruksiksemme
abessive viruksettamme viruksittamme
instructive — —
comitative — viruksinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative viruksenne viruksenne
accusative nom. viruksenne viruksenne
gen. viruksenne
genitive viruksenne virustenne
viruksienne
partitive virustanne viruksianne
inessive viruksessanne viruksissanne
elative viruksestanne viruksistanne
illative virukseenne viruksiinne
adessive viruksellanne viruksillanne
ablative virukseltanne viruksiltanne
allative viruksellenne viruksillenne
essive viruksenanne viruksinanne
translative virukseksenne viruksiksenne
abessive viruksettanne viruksittanne
instructive — —
comitative — viruksinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative viruksensa viruksensa
accusative nom. viruksensa viruksensa
gen. viruksensa
genitive viruksensa virustensa
viruksiensa
partitive virustaan
virustansa 		viruksiaan
viruksiansa
inessive viruksessaan
viruksessansa 		viruksissaan
viruksissansa
elative viruksestaan
viruksestansa 		viruksistaan
viruksistansa
illative virukseensa viruksiinsa
adessive viruksellaan
viruksellansa 		viruksillaan
viruksillansa
ablative virukseltaan
virukseltansa 		viruksiltaan
viruksiltansa
allative virukselleen
viruksellensa 		viruksilleen
viruksillensa
essive viruksenaan
viruksenansa 		viruksinaan
viruksinansa
translative viruksekseen
virukseksensa 		viruksikseen
viruksiksensa
abessive viruksettaan
viruksettansa 		viruksittaan
viruksittansa
instructive — —
comitative — viruksineen
viruksinensa

Derived terms

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compounds

Further reading

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Anagrams

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French

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m (plural virus)

  1. virus

Derived terms

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Further reading

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Galician

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Latin vīrus (“poison, slime, venom”).

Noun

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virus m (invariable)

  1. virus (pathogen)
  2. computer virus

Indonesian

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Indonesian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia id

Etymology

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Borrowed from Dutch virus, from Latin vīrus (“poison, slime, venom”), via rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). Doublet of bisa.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈfi.rʊs/
  • Rhymes: -rʊs
  • Hyphenation: vi‧rus

Noun

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virus

  1. virus
    1. a submicroscopic, non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and often causes disease in the host organism; such agents are often classed as nonliving infectious particles and less often as microorganisms.
    2. (uncountable) a quantity of such infectious agents.
    3. (metonymically) a disease caused by such an infectious agent; a viral illness.
    4. (computing) a type of malware which can covertly transmit itself between computers via networks (especially the Internet) or removable storage such as disks, often causing damage to systems and data.
    5. (computing) any type of malware.

Hyponyms

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Computing
Virology

Derived terms

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Further reading

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Interlingua

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Noun

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virus (plural viruses)

  1. virus
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Italian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈvi.rus/
  • Rhymes: -irus
  • Hyphenation: vì‧rus

Noun

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virus m (invariable)

  1. (virology) virus

Further reading

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  • virus in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Ladino

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m (Latin spelling)

  1. virus
    • 2018 February 7, Dora Niyego, “El Antisemitizmo De Oy”, in Şalom‎[4]:
      El antisemitizmo es un prejudizio, komo un virus.
      Antisemitism is a prejudice, like a virus.

Latin

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Latin Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia la

Etymology

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Via rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). Cognates include Sanskrit विष (viṣá), Ancient Greek ἰός (iós, “poison”), Tocharian B wase, and Middle Irish fí. The neuter gender of this term despite its nominative singular ending in the masculine second-declension -us is possibly a relic of this term's inheritance from a neuter s-stem.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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vīrus n sg (genitive vīrī); second declension

  1. venom (a poisonous substance secreted by animals or plants)
  2. a plant- or animal-sourced substance with medicinal or magical properties
  3. a liquid element that makes something taste or smell bitter or acrid
    1. (transferred sense) bitterness, acrimony (of speech, manner or disposition)
  4. (New Latin) a virus (infectious organism)

Declension

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Second-declension noun (neuter, nominative/accusative/vocative in -us), singular only.

Case Singular
Nominative vīrus
Genitive vīrī
Dative vīrō
Accusative vīrus
Ablative vīrō
Vocative vīrus
  • There is also the heteroclitic genitive singular vīrūs.
  • When used in modern biology with the same meaning of English virus, a plural can be formed using the same suffixes of regular neuters of the 2nd declension (i.e., vīra, vīrōrum, vīrīs, vīra, vīrīs, vīra):[2]

Second-declension noun (neuter, nominative/accusative/vocative plural in -a).

Case Singular Plural
Nominative vīrus vīra
Genitive vīrī vīrōrum
Dative vīrō vīrīs
Accusative vīrus vīra
Ablative vīrō vīrīs
Vocative vīrus vīra

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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References

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  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vīrus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 682-683
  2. ^ William T. Stearn, Botanical Latin. History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary, ed. 3a (David & Charles, 1983): "Virus: virus (s.n. II), gen. sing. viri, nom. pl. vira, gen. pl. vīrorum (to be distinguished from virorum, of men)."

Further reading

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  • "virus", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • "virus". in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • virus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
  • "virus", in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly

Anagrams

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Malay

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Etymology

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From English virus, from Latin vīrus, from rhotacism from Proto-Italic *weizos.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus (plural virus-virus, informal 1st possessive virusku, 2nd possessive virusmu, 3rd possessive virusnya)

  1. virus:
    1. (biology, virology) A submicroscopic, non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat, that requires a living host cell to replicate, and often causes disease in the host organism; such agents are often classed as nonliving infectious particles and less often as microorganisms.

Northern Sami

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Noun

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virus

  1. virus

Inflection

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Odd, no gradation
Nominative virus
Genitive virusa
Singular Plural
Nominative virus virusat
Accusative virusa virusiid
Genitive virusa virusiid
Illative virusii virusiidda
Locative virusis virusiin
Comitative virusiin virusiiguin
Essive virusin
Possessive forms
Singular Dual Plural
1st person virusan viruseamẹ viruseamẹt
2nd person virusat viruseattẹ viruseattẹt
3rd person virusis viruseaskkạ viruseasẹt

Norwegian Bokmål

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Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

Etymology

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From Latin vīrus.

Noun

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virus n (definite singular viruset, indefinite plural virus, definite plural virusa or virusene)

  1. (biology, virology) virus
  2. (computing) virus (computer virus) (see datavirus)

References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia nn

Etymology

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From Latin virus.

Noun

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virus n (definite singular viruset, indefinite plural virus, definite plural virusa)

  1. (biology, virology) virus
  2. (computing) virus (computer virus) (see datavirus)

References

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Romanian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from French virus, Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈvirus/
  • Rhymes: -irus
  • Hyphenation: vi‧rus

Noun

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virus n (plural virusuri)

  1. (virology) virus (a submicroscopic, non-cellular structure)

Declension

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Declension of virus
singular plural
indefinite articulation definite articulation indefinite articulation definite articulation
nominative/accusative (un) virus virusul (niște) virusuri virusurile
genitive/dative (unui) virus virusului (unor) virusuri virusurilor
vocative virusule virusurilor

Noun

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virus m (plural viruși)

  1. (computing) virus (a type of computer malware)

Declension

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Declension of virus
singular plural
indefinite articulation definite articulation indefinite articulation definite articulation
nominative/accusative (un) virus virusul (niște) viruși virușii
genitive/dative (unui) virus virusului (unor) viruși virușilor
vocative virusule virușilor

Serbo-Croatian

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Noun

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vírus m (Cyrillic spelling ви́рус)

  1. (medicine) virus (DNA/RNA causing disease)
  2. (computing) computer virus

Declension

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Declension of virus
singular plural
nominative virus virusi
genitive virusa virusa
dative virusu virusima
accusative virus viruse
vocative viruse virusi
locative virusu virusima
instrumental virusom virusima

Spanish

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus m (plural virus)

  1. virus
  2. computer virus

Derived terms

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Further reading

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Swedish

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Swedish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia sv

Etymology

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From Latin vīrus.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus n

  1. (biology, virology) virus
  2. (computing) computer virus
    Synonyms: datavirus, datorvirus

Declension

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Declension of virus
nominative genitive
singular indefinite virus virus
definite viruset virusets
plural indefinite virus virus
definite virusen virusens

Derived terms

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See also

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References

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Tagalog

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Unadapted borrowing from English virus, from Latin vīrus. Doublet of bisa and birus. Used due to Tagalog-English code-switching (Taglish).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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virus (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜌ᜔ᜇᜓᜐ᜔ or ᜊᜒᜇᜓᜐ᜔)

  1. (biology, virology) virus
    Synonyms: birus, (neologism) haykap
  2. (computing) computer virus

Further reading

[edit]
  • “virus”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
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