ἰός

See also: ιός, Ίος, and -ιος

Ancient Greek

Etymology 1

From Proto-Hellenic *ihwós, a thematicization of Proto-Indo-European *(H)isu- (“arrow”). Cognates include Sanskrit इषु (íṣu, “arrow”) and Avestan 𐬌𐬱𐬎 (išu, “arrow”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /iː.ós/ → /iˈos/ → /iˈos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

1. arrow
   • c. 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.48:

     ἕζετ’ ἔπειτ’ ἀπάνευθε νεῶν, μετὰ δ’ ἰὸν ἕηκε

     hézet’ épeit’ apáneuthe neôn, metà d’ iòn héēke

     Then he sat down apart from the ships and let fly an arrow.

Declension

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tōî īōî	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Heteroclitic neuter plural:

Second declension of τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́; τῶν ῑ̓ῶν (Attic)

Case / #	Plural
Nominative	τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́ tằ īắ
Genitive	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́ tằ īắ
Vocative	ῑ̓ᾰ́ īắ
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ἰαφέτης (iaphétēs)
• ἰοβόλος (iobólos)
• ἰοδόκος (iodókos)
• ἰοτυπής (iotupḗs)
• ἰοχέαιρα (iokhéaira)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Hellenic *wihós, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). Cognates include Sanskrit विष (víṣa), Latin vīrus, Tocharian A wäs, Tocharian B wase, and Middle Irish fí.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /iː.ós/ → /iˈos/ → /iˈos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

1. poison, venom
   • :

     καὶ μὴ τυχοῦσαι πράγματος νικηφόρου, χώρᾳ μεταῦθις ἰὸς ἐκ φρονημάτων πέδοι πεσὼν ἄφερτος αἰανὴς νόσος

     kaì mḕ tukhoûsai prágmatos nikēphórou, khṓrāi metaûthis iòs ek phronēmátōn pédoi pesṑn áphertos aianḕs nósos

     And if they fail to win their cause, the venom from their resentment will fall upon the ground, an intolerable, perpetual plague afterwards in the land.

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tōî īōî	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ἰοβόλος (iobólos)
• ἰοβόρος (iobóros)
• ἰοδόκος (iodókos)
• ἰοειδής (ioeidḗs)
• ἰόεις (ióeis)
• ἰολόχευτος (iolókheutos)
• ἰομιγής (iomigḗs)
• ἰοτόκος (iotókos)
• ἰοφόρος (iophóros)
• ἰώδης (iṓdēs)

Descendants

• Greek: ιός m (iós, “venom”)

Etymology 3

Uncertain. May be of the same origin as Etymology 2.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /iː.ós/ → /iˈos/ → /iˈos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

1. rust, verdigris
   • 375 BCE, Plato, The Republic 609a:

     κακὸν ἑκάστῳ τι καὶ ἀγαθὸν λέγεις; οῖον ὀφθαλμοῖς ὀφθαλμίαν […] χαλκῷ δὲ καὶ σιδήρῳ ἰόν

     kakòn hekástōi ti kaì agathòn légeis? oîon ophthalmoîs ophthalmían […] khalkōî dè kaì sidḗrōi ión

     Do you say that there is for everything its special good and evil, as for the eyes ophthalmia […] and for bronze and iron rust?

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tōî īōî	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ἰάζω (iázō)
• ἰίζω (iízō)
• ἰόομαι (ióomai)
• ἰοποίησις (iopoíēsis)
• ἰώδης (iṓdēs)

Etymology 4

Expansion of original feminine-only pronoun ἴᾱ (íā), from *(h₁)éy.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /i.ós/ → /iˈos/ → /iˈos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /i.ós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Adjective

ῐός • (ĭós) m (feminine ῐ̓́ᾰ, neuter ῐ̓όν); first/second declension

1. selfsame; identical

Inflection

First and second declension of ῐ̓ός; ῐ̓́ᾰ; ῐ̓όν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ῐ̓ός ĭós	ῐ̓́ᾰ ĭ́ă	ῐ̓όν ĭón		ῐ̓ώ ĭṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ ĭā́	ῐ̓ώ ĭṓ		ῐ̓οί ĭoí	ῐ̓αί ĭaí	ῐ̓ᾰ́ ĭắ
Genitive		ῐ̓οῦ ĭoû	ῐ̓ᾶς ĭâs	ῐ̓οῦ ĭoû		ῐ̓οῖν ĭoîn	ῐ̓αῖν ĭaîn	ῐ̓οῖν ĭoîn		ῐ̓ῶν ĭôn	ῐ̓ῶν ĭôn	ῐ̓ῶν ĭôn
Dative		ῐ̓ῷ ĭōî	ῐ̓ᾷ ĭāî	ῐ̓ῷ ĭōî		ῐ̓οῖν ĭoîn	ῐ̓αῖν ĭaîn	ῐ̓οῖν ĭoîn		ῐ̓οῖς ĭoîs	ῐ̓αῖς ĭaîs	ῐ̓οῖς ĭoîs
Accusative		ῐ̓όν ĭón	ῐ̓́ᾰν ĭ́ăn	ῐ̓όν ĭón		ῐ̓ώ ĭṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ ĭā́	ῐ̓ώ ĭṓ		ῐ̓ούς ĭoús	ῐ̓ᾱ́ς ĭā́s	ῐ̓ᾰ́ ĭắ
Vocative		ῐ̓έ ĭé	ῐ̓́ᾰ ĭ́ă	ῐ̓όν ĭón		ῐ̓ώ ĭṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ ĭā́	ῐ̓ώ ĭṓ		ῐ̓οί ĭoí	ῐ̓αί ĭaí	ῐ̓ᾰ́ ĭắ
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ῐ̓ῶς ĭôs				ῐ̓ώτερος ĭṓteros				ῐ̓ώτᾰτος ĭṓtătos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Further reading

• “ἰός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἰός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἰός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἰός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἰός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ἰός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ἰός in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• ἰός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “ἰός”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G2447 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • arrow idem, page 42.
  • bane idem, page 61.
  • bolt idem, page 88.
  • decay idem, page 199.
  • poison idem, page 624.
  • rot idem, page 721.
  • rust idem, page 728.
  • shaft idem, page 760.
  • venom idem, page 947.