ὁ

See also: ὅ, ο, Ο, -ο, -Ο, -ό, ὀ, and Appendix:Variations of "o"

ὁ U+1F41, ὁ GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA Composition: ο [U+03BF] + ◌̔ [U+0314] ← ὀ [U+1F40] Greek Extended ὂ → [U+1F42]

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ὀ (o) — Cretan, Elean, Lesbian
• 𐠃 (o) — Cypriot

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *hó *hā́ *tó, from Proto-Indo-European *só *séh₂ *tód. There are many cognates, including Sanskrit स (sá), सा (sā́) तद् (tád), Old Church Slavonic тъ (tŭ), та (ta), то (to), and Old English sē, sēo, þæt (English the, that).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /hó/ → /ˈo/ → /ˈo/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hó/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)o/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈo/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈo/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈo/

Article

ὁ • (ho) (feminine ἡ, neuter τό); first/second declension

1. (rarely in Epic, often in later Greek) the

Usage notes

• Typically distinguished from the relative pronoun in the masculine & feminine nominative by the lack of a written accent: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), οἱ (hoi), αἱ (hai) in Attic, as opposed to ὅ (hó), ἥ (hḗ), οἵ (hoí), αἵ (haí). This distinction is purely orthographic.
• The article optionally undergoes crasis with nouns and adjectives that start with a vowel:
  • τὸ ὄνομα → τοὔνομα "the name"
  • τὰ ἐμά → τᾱ̓μά "my (affairs)"
  • τὸ ἐναντίον → τοὐναντίον "on the contrary"
  • τὸ αὐτό → ταὐτό "the same"

Declension

First and second declension of ὁ; ἡ; τό (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὁ ho	ἡ hē	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ		οἱ hoi	αἱ hai	τᾰ́ tắ
Genitive		τοῦ toû	τῆς tês	τοῦ toû		τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn		τῶν tôn	τῶν tôn	τῶν tôn
Dative		τῷ tōî	τῇ tēî	τῷ tōî		τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn		τοῖς toîs	ταῖς taîs	τοῖς toîs
Accusative		τόν tón	τήν tḗn	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ		τούς toús	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tắ
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of ὁ; ἡ; τό (Ionic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὁ ho	ἡ hē	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ		οἱ hoi	αἱ hai	τᾰ́ tắ
Genitive		τοῦ toû	τῆς tês	τοῦ toû		τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn		τῶν tôn	τέων τῶν téōn tôn	τῶν tôn
Dative		τῷ tōî	τῇ tēî	τῷ tōî		τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn		τοῖσῐ τοῖσῐν τοῖς toîsĭ(n) toîs	τῇσῐ τῇσῐν τῇς tēîsĭ(n) tēîs	τοῖσῐ τοῖσῐν τοῖς toîsĭ(n) toîs
Accusative		τόν tón	τήν tḗn	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ		τούς toús	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tắ
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. The clipped dative plural forms τοῖς (toîs) and τῇς (tēîs) occasionally occur.

First and second declension of ὁ; ᾱ̔; τό (Laconian)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὁ ho	ᾱ̔ hā	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τᾱ́ tā́	τώ tṓ		τοί toí	ταί taí	τᾰ́ tắ
Genitive		τῶ tô	τᾶς tâs	τῶ tô		τοῖν toîn	ταῖν taîn	τοῖν toîn		τῶν tôn	τᾶν tân	τῶν tôn
Dative		τῷ tōî	τᾷ tāî	τῷ tōî		τοῖν toîn	ταῖν taîn	τοῖν toîn		τοῖς toîs	ταῖς taîs	τοῖς toîs
Accusative		τόν tón	τᾱ́ν tā́n	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τᾱ́ tā́	τώ tṓ		τώς tṓs	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tắ
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Pronoun

ὁ • (ho) (feminine ἡ, neuter τό); first/second declension

1. (Epic, demonstrative pronoun)
   1. that
   2. (personal) he, she, it, they
2. (Epic, Ionic, poetic Attic) alternative form of ὅ (hó, relative pronoun)

Usage notes

• Typically distinguished from the relative pronoun in the masculine & feminine nominative by the lack of a written accent: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), οἱ (hoi), αἱ (hai) in Attic, as opposed to ὅ (hó), ἥ (hḗ), οἵ (hoí), αἵ (haí). This distinction is purely orthographic.

Declension

First and second declension of ὁ; ἡ; τό (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὁ ho	ἡ hē	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ		οἱ hoi	αἱ hai	τᾰ́ tắ
Genitive		τοῦ toû	τῆς tês	τοῦ toû		τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn		τῶν tôn	τῶν tôn	τῶν tôn
Dative		τῷ tōî	τῇ tēî	τῷ tōî		τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn		τοῖς toîs	ταῖς taîs	τοῖς toîs
Accusative		τόν tón	τήν tḗn	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ		τούς toús	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tắ
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ὡς τώς hōs tṓs				—				—
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of ὁ; ἡ; τό (Epic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὁ ho	ἡ hē	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ τᾱ́ tṓ tā́	τώ tṓ		οἱ τοί hoi toí	αἱ ταί hai taí	τᾰ́ tắ
Genitive		τοῖο τόο τοῦ toîo tóo toû	τῆς tês	τοῖο τόο τοῦ toîo tóo toû		τοῖῐ̈ν toîĭ̈n	τοῖῐ̈ν ταῖῐ̈ν toîĭ̈n taîĭ̈n	τοῖῐ̈ν toîĭ̈n		τῶν tôn	τᾱ́ων τέων τῶν tā́ōn téōn tôn	τῶν tôn
Dative		τῷ tōî	τῇ tēî	τῷ tōî		τοῖῐ̈ν toîĭ̈n	τοῖῐ̈ν ταῖῐ̈ν toîĭ̈n taîĭ̈n	τοῖῐ̈ν toîĭ̈n		τοῖσῐ τοῖσῐν τοῖς toîsĭ(n) toîs	τῇσῐ τῇσῐν τῇς ταῖς tēîsĭ(n) tēîs taîs	τοῖσῐ τοῖσῐν τοῖς toîsĭ(n) toîs
Accusative		τόν tón	τήν tḗn	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ τᾱ́ tṓ tā́	τώ tṓ		τούς toús	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tắ
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ὡς τώς hōs tṓs				—				—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

First and second declension of ὁ; ἡ; τό (Ionic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὁ ho	ἡ hē	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ		οἱ hoi	αἱ hai	τᾰ́ tắ
Genitive		τοῦ toû	τῆς tês	τοῦ toû		τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn		τῶν tôn	τέων τῶν téōn tôn	τῶν tôn
Dative		τῷ tōî	τῇ tēî	τῷ tōî		τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn	τοῖν toîn		τοῖσῐ τοῖσῐν τοῖς toîsĭ(n) toîs	τῇσῐ τῇσῐν τῇς tēîsĭ(n) tēîs	τοῖσῐ τοῖσῐν τοῖς toîsĭ(n) toîs
Accusative		τόν tón	τήν tḗn	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ	τώ tṓ		τούς toús	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tắ
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ὡς τώς hōs tṓs				—				—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution. The clipped dative plural forms τοῖς (toîs) and τῇς (tēîs) occasionally occur.

First and second declension of ὁ; ᾱ̔; τό (Laconian)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὁ ho	ᾱ̔ hā	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τᾱ́ tā́	τώ tṓ		τοί toí	ταί taí	τᾰ́ tắ
Genitive		τῶ tô	τᾶς tâs	τῶ tô		τοῖν toîn	ταῖν taîn	τοῖν toîn		τῶν tôn	τᾶν tân	τῶν tôn
Dative		τῷ tōî	τᾷ tāî	τῷ tōî		τοῖν toîn	ταῖν taîn	τοῖν toîn		τοῖς toîs	ταῖς taîs	τοῖς toîs
Accusative		τόν tón	τᾱ́ν tā́n	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τᾱ́ tā́	τώ tṓ		τώς tṓs	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tắ
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ὡς τώς hōs tṓs				—				—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

• ὅδε (hóde)

Descendants

• Greek: ο (o)
• Mariupol Greek: ту (tu) (from the neuter form)
• Tsakonian: ο (o)
• Italiot Greek: o

See also

Ancient Greek correlatives ^(edit)

type	interrogative	indefinite	demonstrative			relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
			(medial)	proximal	distal
basic	τίς	τις, ἔνιοι	†ὁ, οὗτος	ὅδε	ἐκεῖνος	ὅς	ὅστις	ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός	ἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual	πότερος	πότερος, ποτερός				ὁπότερος
quality	ποῖος	ποιός	†τοῖος, τοιοῦτος	τοιόσδε		οἷος	ὁποῖος	ὅμοιος	ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity	πόσος	ποσός	†τόσος, τοσοῦτος	τοσόσδε		ὅσος	ὁπόσος
manner	πῶς	πως	†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως	ὧδε		ὡς	ὅπως	ὁμῶς	ἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method, path, place	πῇ	πῃ	τῇ, ταύτῃ	τῇδε	ἐκείνῃ	ᾗ	ὅπῃ		ἄλλῃ
place	ποῦ, †πόθι	που, †ποθι	ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε	ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι	οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι	ὅπου, †ὁπόθι	αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ	ἄλλοθι
source	πόθεν	ποθεν, ἁμόθεν	†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν	ἐνθένδε	ἐκεῖθεν	ὅθεν	ὁπόθεν	†ὁμόθεν	ἄλλοθεν
destination	ποῖ, †πόσε	ποι	ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο	ἐκεῖσε	οἷ	ὅποι, †ὁπόσε	αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε	ἄλλοσε
time	πότε, πῆμος	ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε	τότε, τῆμος	τημόσδε		ὅτε, ἦμος	ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος	ἅμα	ἄλλοτε
exact time	πηνίκα		†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα	τηνικάδε		ἡνίκα	ὁπηνίκα	αὐτίκα
duration of time			τέως			ἕως
size, age	πηλίκος	πηλίκος	†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος	τηλικόσδε		ἡλίκος	ὁπηλίκος	ὁμῆλιξ
repetition	ποσάκις, ποσίνδα	ποσάκις	τουτάκις, τοσάκις			†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις	ὁποσάκις
multiplication	ποσαπλάσιος					ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order	πόστος	ποστός					ὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.

Ancient Greek personal pronouns

	first	second	third
singular	ἐγώ (egṓ)	σῠ́ (sŭ́)	αὐτός (autós), οὗ (hoû), ὅς (hós), ὁ (ho), ὅ (hó), οὗτος (hoûtos), ὅδε (hóde), ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos)
dual	νώ (nṓ)	σφώ (sphṓ)	αὐτώ (autṓ), σφωέ (sphōé), ὥ (hṓ), τώ (tṓ), τούτω (toútō), τώδε (tṓde), ἐκείνω (ekeínō)
plural	ἡμεῖς (hēmeîs)	ῡ̔μεῖς (hūmeîs)	αὐτοί (autoí), σφεῖς (spheîs), οἵ (hoí), οἱ (hoi), οὗτοι (hoûtoi), οἵδε (hoíde), ἐκεῖνοι (ekeînoi)

Further reading

• “ὁ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ὁ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ὁ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• G3588 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 332
• William W. Goodwin, A Greek Grammar. Revised and enlarged, Boston, 1900, p.81f.
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• ὁ, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011