ὅς

See also: -ος, -ός, and ὅσ'

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /hós/ → /os/ → /os/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)os/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /os/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /os/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /os/

Etymology 1

PIE word
*Hyós

From Proto-Hellenic *yós, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós, *Hyéh₂, *Hyód (“who, which”), from the relative stem *Hyo-, possibly from the anaphoric stem *(h₁)i-, *(h₁)e-. Cognates include Sanskrit यद् (yás, yā, yad), Avestan 𐬫𐬋 (yō), and Phrygian ιος (ios /⁠jos⁠/). See also οἷος (hoîos), ὅσος (hósos). Compare ἑός (heós).

Pronoun

ὅς • (hós) (feminine ἥ, neuter ὅ); first/second declension

1. (Epic, demonstrative) this
2. (relative) who, which, that

Declension

First and second declension of ὅς; ἥ; ὅ (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅ hó		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Genitive		οὗ hoû	ἧς hês	οὗ hoû		οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn		ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative		ᾧ hōî	ᾗ hēî	ᾧ hōî		οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn		οἷς hoîs	αἷς haîs	οἷς hoîs
Accusative		ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅ hó		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		οὗ ᾗ οἷ ὡς ὥς hoû hēî hoî hōs hṓs				—				—
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of ὅς; ἥ; ὅ (Epic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅ hó		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Genitive		οὗ ὅου ὅο hoû hóou hóo	ἧς ἕης hês héēs	οὗ ὅου ὅο hoû hóou hóo		οἷν οἷῐ̈ν hoî(ĭ̈)n	αἷν αἷῐ̈ν ᾗῐ̈ν haî(ĭ̈)n hēîĭ̈n	οἷν οἷῐ̈ν hoî(ĭ̈)n		ὧν hôn	ᾱ̔́ων ἕ͜ων ὧν hā́ōn hé͜ōn hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative		ᾧ hōî	ᾗ hēî	ᾧ hōî		οἷν οἷῐ̈ν hoî(ĭ̈)n	αἷν αἷῐ̈ν ᾗῐ̈ν haî(ĭ̈)n hēîĭ̈n	οἷν οἷῐ̈ν hoî(ĭ̈)n		οἷς οἷσῐ οἷσῐν hoîs hoîsĭ(n)	ᾗς ᾗσῐ ᾗσῐν αἷς hēîs hēîsĭ(n) haîs	οἷς οἷσῐ οἷσῐν hoîs hoîsĭ(n)
Accusative		ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅ hó		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		οὗ ᾗ οἷ ὡς ὥς hoû hēî hoî hōs hṓs				—				—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

• οἷος (hoîos)
• ὅτε (hóte)
• ὡς (hōs)

See also

Ancient Greek correlatives ^(edit)

type	interrogative	indefinite	demonstrative			relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
			(medial)	proximal	distal
basic	τίς	τις, ἔνιοι	†ὁ, οὗτος	ὅδε	ἐκεῖνος	ὅς	ὅστις	ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός	ἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual	πότερος	πότερος, ποτερός				ὁπότερος
quality	ποῖος	ποιός	†τοῖος, τοιοῦτος	τοιόσδε		οἷος	ὁποῖος	ὅμοιος	ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity	πόσος	ποσός	†τόσος, τοσοῦτος	τοσόσδε		ὅσος	ὁπόσος
manner	πῶς	πως	†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως	ὧδε		ὡς	ὅπως	ὁμῶς	ἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method, path, place	πῇ	πῃ	τῇ, ταύτῃ	τῇδε	ἐκείνῃ	ᾗ	ὅπῃ		ἄλλῃ
place	ποῦ, †πόθι	που, †ποθι	ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε	ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι	οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι	ὅπου, †ὁπόθι	αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ	ἄλλοθι
source	πόθεν	ποθεν, ἁμόθεν	†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν	ἐνθένδε	ἐκεῖθεν	ὅθεν	ὁπόθεν	†ὁμόθεν	ἄλλοθεν
destination	ποῖ, †πόσε	ποι	ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο	ἐκεῖσε	οἷ	ὅποι, †ὁπόσε	αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε	ἄλλοσε
time	πότε, πῆμος	ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε	τότε, τῆμος	τημόσδε		ὅτε, ἦμος	ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος	ἅμα	ἄλλοτε
exact time	πηνίκα		†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα	τηνικάδε		ἡνίκα	ὁπηνίκα	αὐτίκα
duration of time			τέως			ἕως
size, age	πηλίκος	πηλίκος	†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος	τηλικόσδε		ἡλίκος	ὁπηλίκος	ὁμῆλιξ
repetition	ποσάκις, ποσίνδα	ποσάκις	τουτάκις, τοσάκις			†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις	ὁποσάκις
multiplication	ποσαπλάσιος					ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order	πόστος	ποστός					ὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.

Ancient Greek personal pronouns

	first	second	third
singular	ἐγώ (egṓ)	σῠ́ (sŭ́)	αὐτός (autós), οὗ (hoû), ὅς (hós), ὁ (ho), οὗτος (hoûtos), ὅδε (hóde), ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos)
dual	νώ (nṓ)	σφώ (sphṓ)	αὐτώ (autṓ), σφωέ (sphōé), ὥ (hṓ), τώ (tṓ), τούτω (toútō), τώδε (tṓde), ἐκείνω (ekeínō)
plural	ἡμεῖς (hēmeîs)	ῡ̔μεῖς (hūmeîs)	αὐτοί (autoí), σφεῖς (spheîs), οἵ (hoí), οἱ (hoi), οὗτοι (hoûtoi), οἵδε (hoíde), ἐκεῖνοι (ekeînoi)

Etymology 2

PIE word
*swé

Like ἕ (hé, “him”), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun). Cognate with Sanskrit स्व (svá). See also ἑός (heós).

Determiner

ὅς • (hós) (feminine ἥ, neuter ὅν); first/second declension (third person singular possessive determiner)

1. (with noun) his, her, its
2. (as substantive, sometimes with article) his, hers
   1. (in the plural) his or her people, friends, family; his possessions

Declension

First and second declension of ὅς; ἥ; ὅν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅν hón		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Genitive		οὗ hoû	ἧς hês	οὗ hoû		οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn		ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative		ᾧ hōî	ᾗ hēî	ᾧ hōî		οἷν hoîn	αἷν haîn	οἷν hoîn		οἷς hoîs	αἷς haîs	οἷς hoîs
Accusative		ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅν hón		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Vocative		ἕ hé	ἥ hḗ	ὅν hón		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ὡς ὧς hōs hôs				—				—
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of ὅς; ἥ; ὅν (Epic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὅς hós	ἥ hḗ	ὅν hón		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Genitive		οὗ οἷο ὅο hoû hoîo hóo	ἧς hês	οὗ οἷο ὅο hoû hoîo hóo		οἷν οἷῐ̈ν hoî(ĭ̈)n	αἷν αἷῐ̈ν ᾗῐ̈ν haî(ĭ̈)n hēîĭ̈n	οἷν οἷῐ̈ν hoî(ĭ̈)n		ὧν hôn	ᾱ̔́ων ἕ͜ων ὧν hā́ōn hé͜ōn hôn	ὧν hôn
Dative		ᾧ hōî	ᾗ hēî	ᾧ hōî		οἷν οἷῐ̈ν hoî(ĭ̈)n	αἷν αἷῐ̈ν ᾗῐ̈ν haî(ĭ̈)n hēîĭ̈n	οἷν οἷῐ̈ν hoî(ĭ̈)n		οἷς οἷσῐ οἷσῐν hoîs hoîsĭ(n)	ᾗς ᾗσῐ ᾗσῐν αἷς hēîs hēîsĭ(n) haîs	οἷς οἷσῐ οἷσῐν hoîs hoîsĭ(n)
Accusative		ὅν hón	ἥν hḗn	ὅν hón		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οὕς hoús	ᾱ̔́ς hā́s	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Vocative		ἕ hé	ἥ hḗ	ὅν hón		ὥ hṓ	ᾱ̔́ hā́	ὥ hṓ		οἵ hoí	αἵ haí	ᾰ̔́ hắ
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ὡς ὧς hōs hôs				—				—
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Alternative forms

• ἑός (heós) — Epic
• ἱός (hiós) — Boeotian
• ϝός (wós) — Laconian, Doric

Further reading

• “ὅς, ἥ, ὅν”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• William Bedell Stanford (1959) [1947]. "Introduction, Grammatical Introduction". Homer: Odyssey I-XII 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education Ltd. p. lxiii, § 12.1.
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN