विष

See also: वृष

Hindi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *wisós

Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás

Sanskrit वि॒ष (viṣá)bor.

Hindi विष (viṣ)

Borrowed from Sanskrit वि॒ष (viṣá).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʋɪʂ/, [ʋɪʃ]

Noun

विष • (viṣ) m (Urdu spelling وش)

1. poison, venom

   मनुष्य के लिए, संखिया प्राण-घातक विष है।

   manuṣya ke lie, saṅkhiyā prāṇ-ghātak viṣ hai.

   For humans, arsenic is a deadly poison.

   छुआछूत हमारा समाज का विष है।

   chuāchūt hamārā samāj kā viṣ hai.

   Untouchability is a poison of our society.

Declension

Declension of विष (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	विष viṣ	विष viṣ
oblique	विष viṣ	विषों viṣõ
vocative	विष viṣ	विषो viṣo

Synonyms

• ज़हर (zahar), बिस (bis), गरल (garal)

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “विष”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
• Platts, John T. (1884) “विष”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Marathi

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *wisós

Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás

Sanskrit वि॒ष (viṣá)bor.

Marathi विष (viṣ)

Borrowed from Sanskrit वि॒ष (viṣá).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋiʂ/, [ʋiːʂ]

Noun

विष • (viṣ) n

1. poison, venom

Declension

Declension of विष (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	विष viṣ
direct plural	विषे, विषं viṣe, viṣa
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	विष viṣ		विषे, विषं viṣe, viṣa
oblique सामान्यरूप	विषा viṣā		विषां- viṣān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	विषाला viṣālā		विषांना viṣānnā
ergative	विषाने, विषानं viṣāne, viṣāna		विषांनी viṣānnī
instrumental	विषाशी viṣāśī		विषांशी viṣānśī
locative सप्तमी	विषात viṣāt		विषांत viṣāt
vocative संबोधन	विषा viṣā		विषांनो viṣānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of विष (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	विषाचा viṣāċā	विषाचे viṣāċe	विषाची viṣācī	विषाच्या viṣācā	विषाचे, विषाचं viṣāċe, viṣāċa	विषाची viṣācī	विषाच्या viṣācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	विषांचा viṣānċā	विषांचे viṣānċe	विषांची viṣāñcī	विषांच्या viṣāncā	विषांचे, विषांचं viṣānċe, viṣānċa	विषांची viṣāñcī	विषांच्या viṣāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

• विषबाधा (viṣbādhā, “poisoning”)
• विषाणू (viṣāṇū, “virus”)
• विषारी (viṣārī, “toxic”)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ৱিষ (Assamese script)
• ᬯᬶᬱ (Balinese script)
• বিষ (Bengali script)
• 𑰪𑰰𑰬 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀯𑀺𑀱 (Brahmi script)
• ဝိၑ (Burmese script)
• વિષ (Gujarati script)
• ਵਿਸ਼ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌵𑌿𑌷 (Grantha script)
• ꦮꦶꦰ (Javanese script)
• 𑂫𑂱𑂭 (Kaithi script)
• ವಿಷ (Kannada script)
• វិឞ (Khmer script)
• ວິຩ (Lao script)
• വിഷ (Malayalam script)
• ᠸᡳᢢᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘪𑘱𑘬 (Modi script)
• ᠸᠢᢔᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧊𑧒𑧌 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐰𑐶𑐲 (Newa script)
• ଵିଷ (Odia script)
• ꢮꢶꢰ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆮𑆴𑆰 (Sharada script)
• 𑖪𑖰𑖬 (Siddham script)
• විෂ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩾𑩑𑪀 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚦𑚮 (Takri script)
• விஷ (Tamil script)
• విష (Telugu script)
• วิษ (Thai script)
• ཝི་ཥ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒫𑒱𑒭 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨭𑨁𑨯 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *wisós

Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás

Sanskrit वि॒ष (viṣá)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *wiṣás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison”). Cognate with Latin vīrus, Ancient Greek ἰός (iós), Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬱𐬀 (vīša), Tocharian B wase, Middle Persian 𐭥(𐭩)𐭱 (ʿ(y)š /⁠wiš⁠/, “poison”), Middle Irish fí.

Traditionally derived from the root विष् (viṣ, “to consume”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ʋi.ʂɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ʋi.ʂɐ/

Noun

वि॒ष • (viṣá) stem, n or m

1. poison, venom, bane
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of विष

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	विषम् (viṣám)	विषे (viṣé)	विषाणि (viṣā́ṇi) विषा¹ (viṣā́¹)
accusative	विषम् (viṣám)	विषे (viṣé)	विषाणि (viṣā́ṇi) विषा¹ (viṣā́¹)
instrumental	विषेण (viṣéṇa)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषैः (viṣaíḥ) विषेभिः¹ (viṣébhiḥ¹)
dative	विषाय (viṣā́ya)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषेभ्यः (viṣébhyaḥ)
ablative	विषात् (viṣā́t)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषेभ्यः (viṣébhyaḥ)
genitive	विषस्य (viṣásya)	विषयोः (viṣáyoḥ)	विषाणाम् (viṣā́ṇām)
locative	विषे (viṣé)	विषयोः (viṣáyoḥ)	विषेषु (viṣéṣu)
vocative	विष (víṣa)	विषे (víṣe)	विषाणि (víṣāṇi) विषा¹ (víṣā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Masculine a-stem declension of विष

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	विषः (viṣáḥ)	विषौ (viṣaú) विषा¹ (viṣā́¹)	विषाः (viṣā́ḥ) विषासः¹ (viṣā́saḥ¹)
accusative	विषम् (viṣám)	विषौ (viṣaú) विषा¹ (viṣā́¹)	विषान् (viṣā́n)
instrumental	विषेण (viṣéṇa)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषैः (viṣaíḥ) विषेभिः¹ (viṣébhiḥ¹)
dative	विषाय (viṣā́ya)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषेभ्यः (viṣébhyaḥ)
ablative	विषात् (viṣā́t)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषेभ्यः (viṣébhyaḥ)
genitive	विषस्य (viṣásya)	विषयोः (viṣáyoḥ)	विषाणाम् (viṣā́ṇām)
locative	विषे (viṣé)	विषयोः (viṣáyoḥ)	विषेषु (viṣéṣu)
vocative	विष (víṣa)	विषौ (víṣau) विषा¹ (víṣā¹)	विषाः (víṣāḥ) विषासः¹ (víṣāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Kalasha: biṣ
• Pali: visa
• Prakrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀲 (visa) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

• → Braj: विख (vikh)
• → Gujarati: વિષ (viṣ)
• → Hindi: विष (viṣ), विख (vikh)
• → Kannada: ವಿಷ (viṣa)
• → Khmer: ពិស (pɨh)
• → Malay: bisa
  • > Indonesian: bisa (inherited)
• → Malayalam: വിഷം (viṣaṁ)
• → Marathi: विष (viṣ)
• → Middle Gujarati: विष
  • Gujarati: વિખ (vikh), વખ (vakh)
• → Old Javanese: wiṣa, biṣa, bisa
  • > Javanese: ꦮꦶꦱ (wisa) (inherited)
  • > Javanese: ꦧꦶꦱ (bisa), ꦲꦶꦱ (isa) (inherited)
    • → Peranakan Indonesian: iso
    • → Malay: bisa
      • > Indonesian: bisa (inherited)
• → Marwari: विख (vikh)
• → Tamil: விடம் (viṭam), விஷம் (viṣam), விசம் (vicam)
• → Telugu: విషము (viṣamu)
• → Thai: พิษ (pít)

Adjective

वि॒ष • (viṣá) stem

1. poisonous
   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of विष

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	विषः (viṣáḥ)	विषौ (viṣaú) विषा¹ (viṣā́¹)	विषाः (viṣā́ḥ) विषासः¹ (viṣā́saḥ¹)
accusative	विषम् (viṣám)	विषौ (viṣaú) विषा¹ (viṣā́¹)	विषान् (viṣā́n)
instrumental	विषेण (viṣéṇa)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषैः (viṣaíḥ) विषेभिः¹ (viṣébhiḥ¹)
dative	विषाय (viṣā́ya)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषेभ्यः (viṣébhyaḥ)
ablative	विषात् (viṣā́t)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषेभ्यः (viṣébhyaḥ)
genitive	विषस्य (viṣásya)	विषयोः (viṣáyoḥ)	विषाणाम् (viṣā́ṇām)
locative	विषे (viṣé)	विषयोः (viṣáyoḥ)	विषेषु (viṣéṣu)
vocative	विष (víṣa)	विषौ (víṣau) विषा¹ (víṣā¹)	विषाः (víṣāḥ) विषासः¹ (víṣāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of विषा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	विषा (viṣā́)	विषे (viṣé)	विषाः (viṣā́ḥ)
accusative	विषाम् (viṣā́m)	विषे (viṣé)	विषाः (viṣā́ḥ)
instrumental	विषया (viṣáyā) विषा¹ (viṣā́¹)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषाभिः (viṣā́bhiḥ)
dative	विषायै (viṣā́yai)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषाभ्यः (viṣā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	विषायाः (viṣā́yāḥ) विषायै² (viṣā́yai²)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषाभ्यः (viṣā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	विषायाः (viṣā́yāḥ) विषायै² (viṣā́yai²)	विषयोः (viṣáyoḥ)	विषाणाम् (viṣā́ṇām)
locative	विषायाम् (viṣā́yām)	विषयोः (viṣáyoḥ)	विषासु (viṣā́su)
vocative	विषे (víṣe)	विषे (víṣe)	विषाः (víṣāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of विष

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	विषम् (viṣám)	विषे (viṣé)	विषाणि (viṣā́ṇi) विषा¹ (viṣā́¹)
accusative	विषम् (viṣám)	विषे (viṣé)	विषाणि (viṣā́ṇi) विषा¹ (viṣā́¹)
instrumental	विषेण (viṣéṇa)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषैः (viṣaíḥ) विषेभिः¹ (viṣébhiḥ¹)
dative	विषाय (viṣā́ya)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषेभ्यः (viṣébhyaḥ)
ablative	विषात् (viṣā́t)	विषाभ्याम् (viṣā́bhyām)	विषेभ्यः (viṣébhyaḥ)
genitive	विषस्य (viṣásya)	विषयोः (viṣáyoḥ)	विषाणाम् (viṣā́ṇām)
locative	विषे (viṣé)	विषयोः (viṣáyoḥ)	विषेषु (viṣéṣu)
vocative	विष (víṣa)	विषे (víṣe)	विषाणि (víṣāṇi) विषा¹ (víṣā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Etymology 2

From the root विष् (viṣ).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ʋí.ʂɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ʋi.ʂɐ/

Noun

विष • (víṣa) stem, m

1. servant, attendant
2. name of a साध्य (sādhya)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of विष

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	विषः (víṣaḥ)	विषौ (víṣau) विषा¹ (víṣā¹)	विषाः (víṣāḥ) विषासः¹ (víṣāsaḥ¹)
accusative	विषम् (víṣam)	विषौ (víṣau) विषा¹ (víṣā¹)	विषान् (víṣān)
instrumental	विषेण (víṣeṇa)	विषाभ्याम् (víṣābhyām)	विषैः (víṣaiḥ) विषेभिः¹ (víṣebhiḥ¹)
dative	विषाय (víṣāya)	विषाभ्याम् (víṣābhyām)	विषेभ्यः (víṣebhyaḥ)
ablative	विषात् (víṣāt)	विषाभ्याम् (víṣābhyām)	विषेभ्यः (víṣebhyaḥ)
genitive	विषस्य (víṣasya)	विषयोः (víṣayoḥ)	विषाणाम् (víṣāṇām)
locative	विषे (víṣe)	विषयोः (víṣayoḥ)	विषेषु (víṣeṣu)
vocative	विष (víṣa)	विषौ (víṣau) विषा¹ (víṣā¹)	विषाः (víṣāḥ) विषासः¹ (víṣāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899) “विष”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0995/2.