vir

See also: Appendix:Variations of "vir"

Afrikaans

Alternative forms

• ver (archaic)
• vi, vi' (Cape Afrikaans)

Etymology

From Dutch voor (“for; before”) or rather the dialectal variant veur (compare deur with Dutch door). The Afrikaans distinction between vir (“for”) and voor (“before”) may have been influenced by corresponding German für and vor.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /fər/, [fɨr]

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

vir

1. for

   Dit is vir jou! ― It is for you!

2. Used to indicate the addressee of a communicative act.

   Sy roep vir haar sussie. ― She is calling to her little sister.

   Amen, sê ek vir julle. ― Amen, I say to you.

   Die ou man het gesein vir die motorbestuurder. ― The old man signalled to the car driver.

3. Direct object marker.

   Die vrou moer vir die inbreker toe met 'n hamer. ― The woman then whacked the burglar with a hammer.

Derived terms

• virrie

Related terms

• voor

Baure

Noun

vir

1. wind

Czech

Etymology

Borrowed from modern European languages, English virus, French virus, German Virus, which are all from Latin virus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈvɪr]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

vir m inan

1. alternative form of virus

Declension

Declension of vir (hard masculine inanimate)

	singular	plural
nominative	vir	viry
genitive	viru	virů
dative	viru	virům
accusative	vir	viry
vocative	vire	viry
locative	viru	virech
instrumental	virem	viry

Derived terms

• antivir
• virový

Further reading

• “vir”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “vir”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “vir”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026

Galician

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈbiːɾ]

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *gʷm̥yéti

Proto-Italic *gʷəniō

Latin venīre

Old Galician-Portuguese vĩir

Galician vir

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese vĩir, from Latin venīre.

Verb

vir (first-person singular present veño, first-person singular preterite vin, past participle vindo or vido)
vir (first-person singular present venho, first-person singular preterite vim, past participle vindo or vido, reintegrationist norm)

1. to come

   Antonym: ir

2. (infinitive) to have just [with de (+ infinitive) ‘done something’]

   Veño de pechar Baiona
   cunha chave pequeniña,
   tamén teño de pechar
   o teu corazón, meniña (folk song)

   I just locked Baiona
   with a little key;
   I also ought to lock
   your heart, girl.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of vir (irregular)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	vir
Personal	vir	vires	vir	virmos	virdes	viren
Gerund
	vindo
Past participle
Masculine	vindo, vido			vindos, vidos
Feminine	vinda, vida			vindas, vidas
Indicative
Present	veño	vés	vén	vimos	vindes, vides	veñen
Imperfect	viña	viñas	viña	viñamos	viñades	viñan
Preterite	vin	viñeches	veu	viñemos	viñestes	viñeron
Pluperfect	viñera	viñeras	viñera	viñeramos	viñerades	viñeran
Future	virei	virás	virá	viremos	viredes	virán
Conditional	viría	virías	viría	viriamos	viriades	virían
Subjunctive
Present	veña	veñas	veña	veñamos	veñades	veñan
Imperfect	viñese	viñeses	viñese	viñésemos	viñésedes	viñesen
Future	viñer	viñeres	viñer	viñermos	viñerdes	viñeren
Imperative
Affirmative		ven	veña	veñamos	vinde, vide	veñan
Negative (non)		non veñas	non veña	non veñamos	non veñades	non veñan

    Reintegrated conjugation of vir (irregular) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	vir
Personal	vir	vires	vir	virmos	virdes	virem
Gerund
	vindo
Past participle
Masculine	vindo, vido			vindos, vidos
Feminine	vinda, vida			vindas, vidas
Indicative
Present	venho	vés, vens	vem	vimos	vindes	venhem, vêm, vém1
Imperfect	vinha	vinhas	vinha	vínhamos	vínhades, vínheis, vínhais1	vinham
Preterite	vim	vinheste, vieste, vinheche1	véu, veio	vinhemos, viemos	vinhestes, viestes	vinhérom, vieram
Pluperfect	vinhera, viera	vinheras, vieras	vinhera, viera	vinhéramos, viéramos	vinhérades, viéreis, vinhérais1	vinheram, vieram
Future	virei	virás	virá	viremos	viredes, vireis	virám, virão
Conditional	viria	virias	viria	viríamos	viríades, viríeis, viríais1	viriam
Subjunctive
Present	venha	venhas	venha	venhamos	venhades, venhais	venham
Imperfect	vinhesse, viesse	vinhesses, viesses	vinhesse, viesse	vinhéssemos, viéssemos	vinhéssedes, viésseis	vinhessem, viessem
Future	vinher, vier	vinheres, vieres	vinher, vier	vinhermos, viermos	vinherdes, vierdes	vinherem, vierem
Imperative
Affirmative		vem	venha	venhamos	vinde	venham
Negative (nom)		nom venhas	nom venha	nom venhamos	nom venhades, nom venhais	nom venham

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

• advir
• avir
• contravir
• convir
• desavir
• desconvir
• devir
• intervir
• previr
• provir
• reconvir
• sobrevir

Etymology 2

Inflected form of ver (“to see”).

Verb

vir

1. first/third-person singular future subjunctive of ver

References

• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “viir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Santamarina, editor (2006–2013), “vir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Santamarina, Ernesto X. González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “vir”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “vir”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wiros, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós. Displaced Proto-Italic *nēr. Cognates include Sanskrit वीर (vīrá), Old Prussian wijrs, Lithuanian vyras, Latvian vīrs, Old Irish fer, Old Norse verr, Ossetian ир (ir, “Ossetians”) and Old English wer (English were-; also see world).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈwɪr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈvir]

Noun

vir m (genitive virī); second declension

1. man (adult male human)
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 1.1:

     Arma virumque cano.

     I sing of arms and a man.

2. brave or courageous man, hero, warrior
3. husband
4. (military) foot soldier

Usage notes

Vir has the sense of adult male human being. In reference to age or maturity, it is used in opposition to puer (“boy”); in reference to gender or sex, it is used in opposition to or coordination with fēmina or mulier (“woman”). In the context of ancient Roman society, vir connoted a man of freeborn status rather than an enslaved man or freedman. Though typically used of human men, vir is sometimes applied in the sense of "male mate" or "husband" to nonhuman males, either deities or animals. "Man" in the sense of "human being" is rendered by Latin homō (e.g., as opposed to bēstia (“beast”) or deus (“god”)); in the sense of male, by Latin mās (as opposed to fēmina (“female”)).

Declension

Second-declension noun (nominative singular in -r, alternative genitive plural in -um).

	singular	plural
nominative	vir	virī
genitive	virī	virōrum virum
dative	virō	virīs
accusative	virum	virōs
ablative	virō	virīs
vocative	vir	virī

Hypernyms

• (adult male human): homō (“human being”); mās

Derived terms

• centumvir
• decemvir
• duumvir
• ēvirō
• octōvir
• quinquevir
• sēmivir
• septemvir
• sexvir
• triumvir
• vira
• viragō
• virātus
• virīlis
• virlupus
• virtūs

Descendants

• → Italian: viro (learned)

Further reading

• “vir”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “vir”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “vir”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Pericles, the greatest man of his day: Pericles summus vir illius aetatis
    
  • Pericles, the greatest man of his day: Pericles, vir omnium, qui tum fuerunt, clarissimus
    
  • a man of considerable learning for those times: vir ut temporibus illis doctus
    
  • a man of ability: vir magno ingenio, ingeniosus
    
  • a man of ability: vir magno ingenio praeditus
    
  • a man of learning; a scholar; a savant: vir or homo doctus, litteratus
    
  • a great scholar: vir doctissimus
    
  • a man of profound erudition: vir perfecte planeque eruditus
    
  • a man perfect in all branches of learning: vir omni doctrina eruditus
    
  • the learned men are most unanimous in..: summa est virorum doctissimorum consensio (opp. dissensio)
    
  • a man of character, with a strong personality: vir constans, gravis (opp. homo inconstans, levis)
    
  • a man who has held every office (up to the consulship): vir defunctus honoribus
    
  • a hero: vir fortissimus
    
  • (ambiguous) many learned men; many scholars: multi viri docti, or multi et ii docti (not multi docti)
    
  • (ambiguous) to separate (of the woman): repudium remittere viro (Dig. 24. 3)
    
  • (ambiguous) statesmen: viri rerum civilium, rei publicae gerendae periti or viri in re publica prudentes
    
  • (ambiguous) men of rank and dignity: viri clari et honorati (De Sen. 7. 22)
    

Livonian

Alternative forms

• vi’rt

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *virek.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈviˀr/, [ˈviˀr]

Noun

vi’r

1. ripple (small, faint waves)

Declension

Declension of vi’r (84)

	singular (ikšlu’g)	plural (pǟgiņlu’g)
nominative (nominatīv)	vi’r	virūd
genitive (genitīv)	vi’r	virūd
partitive (partitīv)	vi’rtõ	virīdi
dative (datīv)	vi’rrõn	virūdõn
instrumental (instrumentāl)	vi’rkõks	virūdõks
illative (illatīv)	vi’rrõ	virīž
inessive (inesīv)	vi’rsõ	vi’rši
elative (elatīv)	vi’rstõ	vi’ršti

References

• Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “vi’r”, in Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]‎^[2] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /fiːʀ/, [ˈfiː.ɐ], [fiə̯]
• Homophone: fir

Adverb

vir

1. ahead, at the front, at the fore

Derived terms

• hannevir
• virun

Related terms

• vir-

Middle English

Noun

vir

1. alternative form of fyr

Northern Kurdish

Etymology 1

Pronoun

vir

1. here

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• virr

Noun

vir ?

1. lie

   vir kirin ― to lie

   vir kirin nav rûya ― to lie to one's eyes, lie blatantly

Derived terms

• virek (“lier”)
• virekî (“lie, lying”)
• viridîk

Old Swedish

Alternative forms

• vī, ᚠᛁᚱ

Etymology

From Old East Norse *wīʀ, (compare Old West Norse vér), from Proto-Germanic *wīz.

Pronoun

vīr

1. we

   vīr ærum brø̄þer ― we are brothers

Declension

Old Swedish personal pronouns

			nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
singular	first		iak, iæk	mik, mek	mǣ(r), mik	mīn
	second		þū	þik	þǣ(r), þik	þīn
	third	m	han		hōnum, hānum	hans
		f	hōn	hana, hōna	hænni	hænna(r)
		n	þæt		þȳ, þī	þæs
Dual	first		vit	oker		okar
	second		it	*iker		*ikar
plural	first		vī(r)	os, ōs		vār
	second		ī(r)	iþer		iþar
	third	m	þē(r)	þā	þēm, þø̄m, þom	þēra
		f	þā(r)
		n	þø̄n, þē(n)
reflexive			–	sik	sǣ(r), sik	sīn

Descendants

• Swedish: vi

Picard

Etymology

From Old French veoir, veir, from earlier vedeir, from Latin vidēre.

Verb

vir

1. to see

Piedmontese

Noun

vir m (plural vir)

1. turn

Related terms

• viré

Portuguese

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈvi(ʁ)/ [ˈvi(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈvi(ʁ)/ [ˈvi(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈvi(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈvi(ʁ)/ [ˈvi(χ)]
  • (Caipira) IPA^(key): /ˈvi(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈviɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈviɾ/
  • (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈbiɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈvi.ɾi/

• Audio (Portugal (Porto)):

  (file)

• Homophone: vi (Brazil)
• Hyphenation: vir

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese viir~vĩir, from Latin venīre. The sense of “to achieve orgasm” is probably a semantic loan from English come.

Alternative forms

• vim (personal infinitive, Brazil, nonstandard)

Verb

vir (first-person singular present venho, first-person singular preterite vim, past participle vindo)

2. (intransitive) to come (to move towards the speaker or the agent)

   Ele veio me cumprimentar.

   He came to greet me.

4. (intransitive) to come; to arrive (to reach a destination, especially where the speaker is)

   Synonym: chegar

   Venha antes das seis se quiser jantar.

   Come before six if you want to have dinner.

6. (intransitive) to come (to manifest itself; to occur)

   Os meses vêm e vão.

   The months come and go.

8. (intransitive) to come (to be located in a certain position in a sequence)

   A palavra coçar vem depois de cocar no dicionário.

   The word coçar comes after cocar in the dictionary.

10. (intransitive) to come from; to be from (to have as one’s place of origin) [with de ‘somewhere’]

    Synonym: ser de

    Eles vêm de vários países.

    They come from various countries.

    Estas botas são porcarias e baratas porque vêm da China.

    These boots are crap and cheap because they are from China.

12. (intransitive) to be caused by; to be due to [with de ‘a cause’]

    Meu sofrimento vem das misérias da vida.

    My suffering is due to life’s miseries.

14. to come back; to return [with de ‘from somewhere’]

    Synonyms: volta, retornar, tornar

    Quando que o pai vem das férias?

    When is dad coming back from his vacation?

16. (auxiliary) have/has been (forms the present perfect progressive aspect) [with gerund]

    Eu venho comendo pizza todos os dias.

    I have been eating pizza every day.

18. (auxiliary) to end up (to eventually do) [with a (+ infinitive) ‘doing something’]

    Synonym: acabar

    Meu irmão veio a se tornar padre.

    My brother ended up becoming a priest.

20. (intransitive, colloquial) to bitch; to whine (to complain, especially unnecessarily) [with indirect personal pronoun ‘to whom’ (Portugal, optional) and com ‘about someone/something’ (optional)]

    Não venha com essa.

    Don't start whining.

    Nem me venhas.

    Don't complain to me.

22. (reflexive, often vulgar, slang) to cum; to come (to achieve orgasm)

    Não pares, vou-me vir! (Portugal, featuring clitic climbing)

    Don't stop, I'm gonna come!

Conjugation

    Conjugation of vir (irregular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	vir
Personal	vir	vires	vir	virmos	virdes	virem
Gerund
	vindo
Past participle
Masculine	vindo			vindos
Feminine	vinda			vindas
Indicative
Present	venho	vens	vem	vimos	vindes	vêm
Imperfect	vinha	vinhas	vinha	vínhamos	vínheis	vinham
Preterite	vim	vieste	veio	viemos	viestes	vieram
Pluperfect	viera	vieras	viera	viéramos	viéreis	vieram
Future	virei	virás	virá	viremos	vireis	virão
Conditional	viria	virias	viria	viríamos	viríeis	viriam
Subjunctive
Present	venha	venhas	venha	venhamos	venhais	venham
Imperfect	viesse	viesses	viesse	viéssemos	viésseis	viessem
Future	vier	vieres	vier	viermos	vierdes	vierem
Imperative
Affirmative		vem	venha	venhamos	vinde	venham
Negative (não)		não venhas	não venha	não venhamos	não venhais	não venham

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:vir.

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

vir

1. first/third-person singular future subjunctive of ver

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ver.

Further reading

• “vir”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “vir”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *virъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋîːr/

Noun

vir m inan (Cyrillic spelling вир)

1. whirlpool
2. (regional) source

Declension

Declension of vir

	singular	plural
nominative	vir	virovi
genitive	vira	virova
dative	viru	virovima
accusative	vir	virove
vocative	vire	virovi
locative	viru	virovima
instrumental	virom	virovima

Further reading

• “vir”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Slovene

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *virъ. First attested in the 18th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋíːr/

Noun

vȋr m inan

1. source (of water; e.g. a spring or well)
2. source, origin

Declension

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Masculine inan., hard o-stem
nom. sing.	vír
gen. sing.	víra
	singular	dual	plural
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	vír	víra	víri
genitive (rodȋlnik)	víra	vírov	vírov
dative (dajȃlnik)	víru	víroma	vírom
accusative (tožȋlnik)	vír	víra	víre
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	víru	vírih	vírih
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	vírom	víroma	víri

Further reading

• “vir”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
• “vir”, in Termania, Amebis
• See also the general references