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See also:
U+7D2F, 累
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D2F

[U+7D2E]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+7D30]
U+F94F, 累
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F94F

[U+F94E]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F950]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
11 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
11 strokes

Han character[edit]

(Kangxi radical 120, +5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田女戈火 (WVIF), four-corner 60903, composition )

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 919, character 35
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27343
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1351, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3381, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+7D2F

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Simplified from ().

Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field () while women sewed ().

Etymology[edit]

Various semantic fields can be distinguished:

“to add; to accumulate”
Related to (OC *rulʔ, “rampart; to build by piling rocks”), (OC *rolʔ), (OC *rolʔ) (Wang, 1982).
“to damage; exhausted; tired”
Related to (OC *ruːls, *rul, “tired”), (OC *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls, “to injure”) (Schuessler, 2007). It can be compared with Khmer រួយ (ruəy, tired; exhausted), Mizo rawih (weak; worn out; broken down), Tibetan རུལ (rul, to decay; to rot), འབྲུལ ('brul, to fall; to come out), ཧྲུལ་པོ (hrul po, torn; ragged), སྲུལ (srul, (archaic) to rot; to decompose) (ibid.).
“to bind; to wind around”
See (OC *rul, *ruls).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

trad. /*
simp.



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 累 (積)
Mandarin Beijing /lei²¹⁴/
Harbin /lei²¹³/
Tianjin /lei¹³/
Jinan /luei⁵⁵/
Qingdao /le⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /luei⁵³/
Xi'an /luei⁵³/
Xining /luɨ⁵³/
Yinchuan /luei⁵³/
Lanzhou /luei⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /luei⁵¹/
Wuhan /nei⁴²/
Chengdu /nuei⁵³/
Guiyang /nuei⁴²/
Kunming /luei⁵³/
Nanjing /luəi²¹²/
Hefei /le²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /luei⁵³/
Pingyao /luei⁵³/
Hohhot /luei⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /le²³/
Suzhou /le̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /lei⁵³/
Wenzhou /lai³⁵/
Hui Shexian /le³⁵/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /lei⁴¹/
Xiangtan /nəi⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /lui²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /lui⁴⁴/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /løy²³/
Nanning /lui²⁴/
Hong Kong /løy²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lui⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /luɔi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ly²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /lui⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /lui²¹³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (37)
Final () (12)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter ljweX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/liuᴇX/
Pan
Wuyun
/lʷiɛX/
Shao
Rongfen
/ljuɛX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/lwiə̆X/
Li
Rong
/liueX/
Wang
Li
/lǐweX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/lwie̯X/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
lěi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
leoi5
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
lěi
Middle
Chinese
‹ ljweX ›
Old
Chinese
/*[r]ojʔ/
English accumulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/3
No. 7733
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*rolʔ/
Notes

Definitions[edit]

  1. to pile up; to heap up; to mount up; to accumulate
      ―  lěi  ―  to accumulate
      ―  lěi  ―  to accumulate
  2. repeated; numerous; unremitting; continuous; persistent
    經年经年  ―  jīngniánlěiyuè  ―  for years and years
  3. (obsolete) to repeat; to replicate; to overlap
  4. (obsolete) to add (to); to increase; to grow
  5. (obsolete) to amount (to); to sum up (to)
  6. (obsolete) Alternative form of (lěi, ancient weight unit)
  7. a surname

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

trad. /*
simp.


Note:
  • “To implicate”, “burden” and “to damage”:
    • lěi (Mainland standard, Taiwan variant);
    • lèi (Taiwan standard).
  • All other senses:
    • lèi.
  • (Dungan)
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
  • Hakka
  • Northern Min
  • Eastern Min
  • Southern Min
  • Wu
  • Xiang
  • Note:
    • lia6 - vernacular;
    • lei5 - literary.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 累 (連)
    Mandarin Beijing /lei⁵¹/
    Harbin /lei⁵³/
    Tianjin /lei⁵³/
    Jinan /luei²¹/
    Qingdao /le⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /luei³¹²/
    Xi'an /luei⁰/
    Xining /luɨ⁵³/
    Yinchuan /luei¹³/
    Lanzhou /luei¹³/
    Ürümqi /luei²¹³/
    Wuhan /nei³⁵/
    Chengdu /nuei¹³/
    Guiyang /nuei²¹³/
    Kunming /luei²¹²/
    Nanjing /luəi⁴⁴/
    Hefei /le⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /luei⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /luei³⁵/
    Hohhot /luei⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /le²³/
    Suzhou /le̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /lei¹³/
    Wenzhou /lai³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /le²²/
    Tunxi /li¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /lei⁵⁵/
    /lei¹¹/
    Xiangtan /nəi²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /lui²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /lui⁵³/
    Taoyuan /lui⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /løy²²/
    Nanning /lui²²/
    Hong Kong /løy²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lui²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /luɔi²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ly⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /lui³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /lui³³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial () (37)
    Final () (12)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter ljweH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /liuᴇH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /lʷiɛH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ljuɛH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /lwiə̆H/
    Li
    Rong
    /liueH/
    Wang
    Li
    /lǐweH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /lwie̯H/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    lèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    leoi6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 3/3
    No. 7735
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    3
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*rols/

    Definitions[edit]

    1. to involve; to implicate; to embroil; to entangle; to hinder
        ―  liánlei  ―  to implicate
      [Cantonese]  ―  leoi6 jan4 leoi6 mat6 [Jyutping]  ―  to bring burden on others
    2. (obsolete) burden; tribulation; affliction; problem
    3. (obsolete) to damage; to hurt; to do harm to; to stain; to sully
    4. (obsolete) to entrust; to delegate; to devolve
    5. to strain; to wear out; to cause to be tired
      眼睛眼睛  ―  bié lèi zhe yǎnjīng  ―  Do not tire your eyes.
      1. to cause trouble to; to trouble (someone)
        真係唔好意思 [Cantonese, trad.]
        真系唔好意思 [Cantonese, simp.]
        zan1 hai6 m4 hou2 ji3 si1, leoi6 nei5 baak6 haang4 jat1 tong3. [Jyutping]
        I'm really sorry for making you come here for nothing.
    6. (obsolete) suffering; misery; harm; disaster
    7. (obsolete) fault; crime; slip; defect
    8. to work hard; to toil; to overwork
      今天 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      Wǒ jīntiān lèi le yī zhěng tiān. [Pinyin]
      I've been working hard all day today.
    9. tired; weary; fatigued; exhausted
        ―  Wǒ hěn lèi.  ―  I'm tired.
      精疲力竭 [MSC, trad.]
      精疲力竭 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā huì lèi dé jīngpílìjié de. [Pinyin]
      He'll wear himself out.
    10. (obsolete) wife and children; one's family
    11. (Changsha Xiang, polite) please; asking for help
      [Xiang, trad.]
      [Xiang, simp.]
      From: 1998, 鮑厚星 et al. (editors), 長沙方言詞典, page 66
      lia6 nyi3 ban1 ha5 man2 lo [Wiktionary]
      Please help.

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (tired):

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    trad. /*
    simp.



    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial () (37)
    Final () (12)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter ljweH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /liuᴇH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /lʷiɛH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ljuɛH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /lwiə̆H/
    Li
    Rong
    /liueH/
    Wang
    Li
    /lǐweH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /lwie̯H/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    lèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    leoi6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 3/3
    No. 7735
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    3
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*rols/

    Definitions[edit]

    1. Used in 累贅累赘 (léizhui, “cumbersome”).

    Pronunciation 4[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“rope; to tie; bull in mating season”).
    (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of ).
    Notes:

    Pronunciation 5[edit]

    simp. and trad.


    Definitions[edit]

    1. Only used in 謼遫累呼遫累.

    Pronunciation 6[edit]

    simp. and trad.


    Definitions[edit]

    1. Only used in 肥累.

    Pronunciation 7[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“bare; nude; naked; to undress; to strip”).
    (This character is recorded in one or more historical dictionaries as an ancient form of ).

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (common “Jōyō” kanjishinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form )

    1. accumulate

    Readings[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    (eumhun 묶을 (mukkeul ru), South Korea 묶을 (mukkeul nu))

    1. Hanja form? of / (tired).
    2. Hanja form? of / (implicate, involve).
    3. Hanja form? of / (bother).

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Chữ Hán[edit]

    : Hán Nôm readings: lụy/luỵ, lủi, lũy/luỹ, mệt, luy, luệ

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.