累

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See also: 纍
累 U+7D2F, 累
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D2F
← 紮
[U+7D2E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 細 →
[U+7D30]
累 U+F94F, 累
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F94F
← 漏
[U+F94E] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 縷 →
[U+F950]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
11 strokes

Han character[edit]

累 (radical 120, 糸+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田女戈火 (WVIF), four-corner 60903, composition ⿱田糸)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 919, character 35
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27343
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1351, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3381, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+7D2F

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (畾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
摞 *roːl, *roːls
騾 *roːl
螺 *roːl
蔂 *roːl, *rul
虆 *roːl, *rul
瘰 *roːlʔ
礌 *ruːl, *ruːls
雷 *ruːl
擂 *ruːl, *ruːls
攂 *ruːl, *ruːls
礧 *ruːll, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls
儡 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls
瓃 *ruːl, *rul, *ruls
櫑 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ
鑘 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ
鐳 *ruːl
畾 *ruːl
轠 *ruːl, *rulʔ
罍 *ruːl
蕾 *ruːlʔ
癗 *ruːlʔ
磥 *ruːlʔ
累 *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols
儽 *ruːls, *rul
樏 *rolʔ, *rul
鸓 *rul, *rulʔ
嫘 *rul
纍 *rul, *ruls
欙 *rul
纝 *rul
壘 *rulʔ
櫐 *rulʔ
蘽 *rulʔ
藟 *rulʔ
讄 *rulʔ

Simplified from 纍 (畾 → 田).

Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field (田) while women sewed (糸).

Etymology[edit]

Various semantic fields can be distinguished:

“to add; to accumulate”
Related to 壘 (OC *rulʔ, “rampart; to build by piling rocks”), 厽 (OC *rolʔ), 絫 (OC *rolʔ) (Wang, 1982).
“to damage; exhausted; tired”
Related to 儽 (OC *ruːls, *rul, “tired”), 儡 (OC *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls, “to injure”) (Schuessler, 2007). It can be compared with Khmer រួយ (ruəy, “tired; exhausted”), Mizo rawih (“weak; worn out; broken down”), Tibetan རུལ (rul, “to decay; to rot”), འབྲུལ ('brul, “to fall; to come out”), ཧྲུལ་པོ (hrul po, “torn; ragged”), སྲུལ (srul, “(archaic) to rot; to decompose”) (ibid.).
“to bind; to wind around”
See 纍 (OC *rul, *ruls).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

trad. 累/纍*
simp. 累

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 累 (累積)
Mandarin Beijing /lei²¹⁴/
Harbin /lei²¹³/
Tianjin /lei¹³/
Jinan /luei⁵⁵/
Qingdao /le⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /luei⁵³/
Xi'an /luei⁵³/
Xining /luɨ⁵³/
Yinchuan /luei⁵³/
Lanzhou /luei⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /luei⁵¹/
Wuhan /nei⁴²/
Chengdu /nuei⁵³/
Guiyang /nuei⁴²/
Kunming /luei⁵³/
Nanjing /luəi²¹²/
Hefei /le²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /luei⁵³/
Pingyao /luei⁵³/
Hohhot /luei⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /le²³/
Suzhou /le̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /lei⁵³/
Wenzhou /lai³⁵/
Hui Shexian /le³⁵/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /lei⁴¹/
Xiangtan /nəi⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /lui²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /lui⁴⁴/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /løy²³/
Nanning /lui²⁴/
Hong Kong /løy²²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lui⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /luɔi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ly²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /lui⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /lui²¹³/
Rime
Character 累
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 支 (12)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力委切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/liuᴇX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lʷiɛX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ljuɛX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lwiə̆X/
Li
Rong 		/liueX/
Wang
Li 		/lǐweX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lwie̯X/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lěi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		leoi5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 累
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lěi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ljweX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]ojʔ/
English accumulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 累
Reading # 2/3
No. 7733
Phonetic
component 		畾
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		絫
Old
Chinese 		/*rolʔ/
Notes 同絫

Definitions[edit]

累

  1. † to pile up; to heap up; to mount up; to accumulate
  2. † repeated; numerous; unremitting; continuous; persistent
  3. † to repeat; to replicate; to overlap
  4. † to add (to); to increase; to grow
  5. † to amount (to); to sum up (to)
  6. † Alternative form of 絫 (“ancient weight unit”).
  7. A surname​.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 累

Pronunciation 2[edit]

trad. 累/纍*
simp. 累

Note:
  • “To implicate”, “burden” and “to damage”:
    • lěi (Mainland standard, Taiwan variant);
    • lèi (Taiwan standard).
  • 累贅:
    • léi (Mainland standard, Taiwan variant);
    • lěi (Taiwan standard).
  • All other senses:
    • lèi.
  • Cantonese
  • Hakka
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 累 (連累)
    Mandarin Beijing /lei⁵¹/
    Harbin /lei⁵³/
    Tianjin /lei⁵³/
    Jinan /luei²¹/
    Qingdao /le⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /luei³¹²/
    Xi'an /luei⁰/
    Xining /luɨ⁵³/
    Yinchuan /luei¹³/
    Lanzhou /luei¹³/
    Ürümqi /luei²¹³/
    Wuhan /nei³⁵/
    Chengdu /nuei¹³/
    Guiyang /nuei²¹³/
    Kunming /luei²¹²/
    Nanjing /luəi⁴⁴/
    Hefei /le⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /luei⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /luei³⁵/
    Hohhot /luei⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /le²³/
    Suzhou /le̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /lei¹³/
    Wenzhou /lai³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /le²²/
    Tunxi /li¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /lei⁵⁵/
    /lei¹¹/
    Xiangtan /nəi²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /lui²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /lui⁵³/
    Taoyuan /lui⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /løy²²/
    Nanning /lui²²/
    Hong Kong /løy²²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lui²²/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /luɔi²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ly⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /lui³¹/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /lui³³/
    Rime
    Character 累
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 支 (12)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 良僞切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/liuᴇH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/lʷiɛH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ljuɛH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lwiə̆H/
    Li
    Rong         		/liueH/
    Wang
    Li         		/lǐweH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/lwie̯H/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		leoi6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 累
    Reading # 3/3
    No. 7735
    Phonetic
    component         		畾
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		累
    Old
    Chinese         		/*rols/

    Definitions[edit]

    累

    1. † to involve; to implicate; to embroil; to entangle; to hinder
    2. † burden; tribulation; affliction; problem
    3. † to damage; to hurt; to do harm to; to stain; to sully
    4. † to entrust; to delegate; to devolve
    5. to cause trouble to; to trouble (someone)
    6. † suffering; misery; harm; disaster
    7. † fault; crime; slip; defect
    8. to strain; to wear out; to overwork; to overtax
    9. tired; weary; fatigued; exhausted
      • 我很累。  ―  Wǒ hěn lèi.  ―  I'm tired.
    10. (of work) hard; tiring; hardworking
    11. † verbose; long-winded; unnecessary; superfluous
    12. † wife and children; one's family

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (tired):
    edit
    Synonyms of 累
    Dialectal synonyms of 累 (“tired”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 疲倦, 疲乏, 疲累, 疲憊, 疲勞
    Mandarin Beijing 累, 乏
    Taiwan 累
    Jinan 累, 乏
    Wanrong 乏
    Xi'an 乏, 累
    Ürümqi 乏
    Wuhan 累
    Chengdu 累
    Yangzhou 累, 痿
    Hefei 累
    Malaysia 累
    Singapore 累
    Cantonese Guangzhou 攰
    Hong Kong 攰
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 攰
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 攰
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 攰
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 攰
    Macau 攰
    Panyu 攰
    Huadu (Huashan) 攰
    Zengcheng 攰
    Foshan 攰
    Nanhai (Shatou) 夠
    Shunde 攰
    Sanshui 夠攰
    Gaoming (Mingcheng) 夠攰
    Doumen (Shangheng Tanka) 夠, 攰
    Doumen 夠, 攰
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 夠
    Xinhui 夠
    Taishan 夠, 攰
    Kaiping (Chikan) 夠, 攰
    Enping (Niujiang) 夠, 攰
    Heshan (Yayao) 夠算
    Dongguan 攰
    Bao'an (Shajing) 攰
    Qingyuan 攰
    Fogang 攰
    Yingde (Hanguang) 攰
    Yangshan 攰
    Lianshan (Butian) 累
    Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 攰
    Shaoguan 攰
    Qujiang 攰
    Renhua 攰
    Lechang 攰
    Gaoyao 攰
    Sihui 攰
    Guangning 攰
    Deqing 攰
    Huaiji 攰
    Fengkai (Nanfeng) 攰
    Yunfu 攰
    Luoding 攰
    Yunan (Pingtai) 攰
    Yangjiang 攰
    Xinyi 攰
    Lianjiang 攰
    Nanning 攰
    Wuzhou 攰
    Yulin 攰, 累
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 攰
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 攰
    Singapore (Guangfu) 攰
    Gan Nanchang 累
    Hakka Meixian 𤸁
    Xingning 𤸁
    Huidong (Daling) 𤸁
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 𤸁
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 𤸁
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 𤸁
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 𤸁
    Wengyuan 𤸁
    Qujiang 𤸁
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 𤸁
    Liannan 𤸁
    Jiexi 渴
    Luhe 悿 Hetian, 渴 Xintian
    Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 悿
    Changting 累
    Wuping 𤸁
    Wuping (Yanqian) 𤸁
    Wuping (Pingyu) 𤸁
    Liancheng 𤸁
    Ninghua 累
    Ningdu 累
    Ruijin 𤸁
    Shangyou 𤸁
    Tonggu (Sandu) 累
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 𤸁, 悿
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 𤸁, 悿
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 悿
    Dongshi (Dabu) 悿, 𤸁
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 悿
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 悿
    Hong Kong 𤸁
    Xinyi (Sihe) 𤸁
    Xinyi (Qianpai) 𤸁
    Gaozhou (Xindong) 𤸁
    Lianjiang (Shijiao) 𤸁
    Lianjiang (Qingping) 𤸁
    Mengshan (Xihe) 𤸁
    Luchuan 𤸁
    Senai (Huiyang) 𤸁
    Kuching (Hepo) 𤺪
    Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 渴
    Singkawang 渴
    Huizhou Jixi 吃力
    Jin Taiyuan 乏, 累
    Xinzhou 累
    Min Bei Jian'ou 累, 軟
    Min Dong Fuzhou 弱
    Min Nan Xiamen 𤺪, 厭
    Quanzhou 𤺪, 厭
    Zhangzhou 𤺪, 厭
    Zhao'an 厭, 悿
    Taipei 悿
    Taipei (Wanhua) 悿, 𤺪
    New Taipei (Tamsui) 悿, 𤺪
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 悿
    New Taipei (Pingxi) 悿, 𤺪
    Kaohsiung 悿
    Kaohsiung (Cijin) 悿, 𤺪
    Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) 悿
    Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 悿, 𤺪
    Kaohsiung (Tianliao) 悿
    Yilan 悿, 懶
    Yilan (Toucheng) 悿, 𤺪
    Changhua (Lukang) 悿
    Taichung 𤺪
    Taichung (Wuqi) 悿
    Tainan 悿, 𤺪
    Tainan (Anping) 悿, 𤺪
    Taitung 悿
    Hsinchu 悿, 𤺪
    Kinmen 悿
    Penghu (Magong) 悿, 𤺪
    Penghu (Xiyu) 悿, 𤺪
    Penang (Hokkien) 𤺪
    Singapore (Hokkien) 𤺪
    Manila (Hokkien) 𤺪
    Chaozhou 乏, 累
    Shantou 乏, 𤺪
    Chenghai 乏
    Jieyang 乏
    Haifeng 悿
    Bangkok (Teochew) 乏
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 乏
    Singapore (Teochew) 𤺪, 累
    Leizhou 乏
    Haikou 乏
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 瞓
    Wu Shanghai 吃力, 衰瘏
    Suzhou 吃力
    Wenzhou 㾯, 吃力
    Xiang Changsha 傫
    Shuangfeng 鶴累

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 累

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 累 – see 纍 (“rope; to tie; bull in mating season”).
    (This character, 累, is the simplified and variant traditional form of 纍.)
    Notes:

    Pronunciation 4[edit]

    simp. and trad.
    		 累

    Definitions[edit]

    累

    1. Only used in 謼遫累.

    Pronunciation 5[edit]

    simp. and trad.
    		 累

    Definitions[edit]

    累

    1. Only used in 肥累.

    Pronunciation 6[edit]

    simp. and trad.
    		 累

    Definitions[edit]

    累

    1. † Synonym of 裸 (luǒ, “bare; naked”).

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    累

    (common “Jōyō” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 纍)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Readings[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    累 • (ru>nu) (hangeul 루>누, revised ru>nu, McCune–Reischauer ru>nu, Yale lwu>nwu)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    累: Hán Nôm readings: lụy/luỵ, lủi, lũy/luỹ, mệt, luy

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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