累

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累 U+7D2F, 累
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D2F
← 紮
[U+7D2E]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 細 →
[U+7D30]
累 U+F94F, 累
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F94F
← 漏
[U+F94E]		 CJK Compatibility Ideographs 縷 →
[U+F950]
See also: 纍

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
11 strokes

Han character[edit]

累 (radical 120 糸+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田女戈火 (WVIF), four-corner 60903, composition ⿱田糸)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 919, character 35
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27343
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1351, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3381, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+7D2F

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (畾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
摞 *roːl, *roːls
騾 *roːl
螺 *roːl
蔂 *roːl, *rul
虆 *roːl, *rul
瘰 *roːlʔ
礌 *ruːl, *ruːls
雷 *ruːl
擂 *ruːl, *ruːls
攂 *ruːl, *ruːls
礧 *ruːll, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls
儡 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls
瓃 *ruːl, *rul, *ruls
櫑 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ
鑘 *ruːl, *ruːlʔ
鐳 *ruːl
畾 *ruːl
轠 *ruːl, *rulʔ
罍 *ruːl
蕾 *ruːlʔ
癗 *ruːlʔ
磥 *ruːlʔ
累 *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols
儽 *ruːls, *rul
樏 *rolʔ, *rul
鸓 *rul, *rulʔ
嫘 *rul
纍 *rul, *ruls
欙 *rul
纝 *rul
壘 *rulʔ
櫐 *rulʔ
蘽 *rulʔ
藟 *rulʔ
讄 *rulʔ

Simplified from 纍 (畾 → 田).

Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field (田) while women sewed (糸).

Etymology[edit]

Various semantic fields can be distinguished:

“to add; to accumulate”
Related to 壘 (OC *rulʔ, “rampart; to build by piling rocks”), 厽 (OC *rolʔ), 絫 (OC *rolʔ) (Wang, 1982).
“to damage; exhausted; tired”
Related to 儽 (OC *ruːls, *rul, “tired”), 儡 (OC *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls, “to injure”) (Schuessler, 2007). It can be compared with Khmer រួយ (ruŏy, “tired; exhausted”), Mizo rawih (“weak; worn out; broken down”), Tibetan རུལ (rul, “to decay; to rot”), འབྲུལ ('brul, “to fall; to come out”), ཧྲུལ་པོ (hrul po, “torn; ragged”), སྲུལ (srul, “(archaic) to rot; to decompose”) (ibid.).
“to bind; to wind around”
See 纍 (OC *rul, *ruls).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

trad. 累/纍
simp. 累
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 累 (累積)
Mandarin Beijing /lei²¹⁴/
Harbin /lei²¹³/
Tianjin /lei¹³/
Jinan /luei⁵⁵/
Qingdao /le⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /luei⁵³/
Xi'an /luei⁵³/
Xining /luɨ⁵³/
Yinchuan /luei⁵³/
Lanzhou /luei⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /luei⁵¹/
Wuhan /nei⁴²/
Chengdu /nuei⁵³/
Guiyang /nuei⁴²/
Kunming /luei⁵³/
Nanjing /luəi²¹²/
Hefei /le²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /luei⁵³/
Pingyao /luei⁵³/
Hohhot /luei⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /le²³/
Suzhou /le̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /lei⁵³/
Wenzhou /lai³⁵/
Hui Shexian /le³⁵/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /lei⁴¹/
Xiangtan /nəi⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /lui²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /lui⁴⁴/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /løy²³/
Nanning /lui²⁴/
Hong Kong /løy²²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lui⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /luɔi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ly²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /lui⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /lui²¹³/
Rime
Character 累
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 支 (12)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力委切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /liuᴇX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /lʷiɛX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ljuɛX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /lwiə̆X/
Li
Rong		 /liueX/
Wang
Li		 /lǐweX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /lwie̯X/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 lěi
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 累
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 lěi
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ljweX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[r]ojʔ/
English accumulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 累
Reading # 2/3
No. 7733
Phonetic
component		 畾
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 絫
Old
Chinese		 /*rolʔ/
Notes 同絫

Definitions[edit]

累

  1. † to pile up; to heap up; to mount up; to accumulate
  2. † repeated; numerous; unremitting; continuous; persistent
  3. † to repeat; to replicate; to overlap
  4. † to add (to); to increase; to grow
  5. † to amount (to); to sum up (to)
  6. † Alternative form of 絫 (“ancient weight unit”).
  7. † Alternative form of 裸 (luǒ, “bare; naked”).
  8. A surname​.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 累

Pronunciation 2[edit]

trad. 累/纍
simp. 累
Note:
  • “To implicate”, “burden” and “to damage”:
    • lěi (Mainland standard, Taiwan variant);
    • lèi (Taiwan standard).
  • 累贅:
    • léi (Mainland standard, Taiwan variant);
    • lěi (Taiwan standard).
  • All other senses:
    • lèi.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 累 (連累)
Mandarin Beijing /lei⁵¹/
Harbin /lei⁵³/
Tianjin /lei⁵³/
Jinan /luei²¹/
Qingdao /le⁴²/
Zhengzhou /luei³¹²/
Xi'an /luei⁰/
Xining /luɨ⁵³/
Yinchuan /luei¹³/
Lanzhou /luei¹³/
Ürümqi /luei²¹³/
Wuhan /nei³⁵/
Chengdu /nuei¹³/
Guiyang /nuei²¹³/
Kunming /luei²¹²/
Nanjing /luəi⁴⁴/
Hefei /le⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /luei⁴⁵/
Pingyao /luei³⁵/
Hohhot /luei⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /le²³/
Suzhou /le̞³¹/
Hangzhou /lei¹³/
Wenzhou /lai³⁵/
Hui Shexian /le²²/
Tunxi /li¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /lei⁵⁵/
/lei¹¹/
Xiangtan /nəi²¹/
Gan Nanchang /lui²¹/
Hakka Meixian /lui⁵³/
Taoyuan /lui⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /løy²²/
Nanning /lui²²/
Hong Kong /løy²²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lui²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /luɔi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ly⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /lui³¹/
Haikou (Min Nan) /lui³³/
Rime
Character 累
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 支 (12)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 良僞切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /liuᴇH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /lʷiɛH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ljuɛH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /lwiə̆H/
Li
Rong		 /liueH/
Wang
Li		 /lǐweH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /lwie̯H/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 lèi
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 累
Reading # 3/3
No. 7735
Phonetic
component		 畾
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 累
Old
Chinese		 /*rols/

Definitions[edit]

累

  1. † to involve; to implicate; to embroil; to entangle; to hinder
  2. † burden; tribulation; affliction; problem
  3. † to damage; to hurt; to do harm to; to stain; to sully
  4. † to entrust; to delegate; to devolve
  5. to cause trouble to; to trouble (someone)
  6. † suffering; misery; harm; disaster
  7. † fault; crime; slip; defect
  8. to strain; to wear out; to overwork; to overtax
  9. tired; weary; fatigued; exhausted
    • 我很累。  ―  Wǒ hěn lèi.  ―  I'm tired.
  10. (of work) hard; tiring; hardworking
  11. † verbose; long-winded; unnecessary; superfluous
  12. † wife and children; one's family
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 累 (“tired”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 疲倦、疲乏、疲累、疲憊
Mandarin Beijing 累、乏
Taiwan 累
Jinan 累、乏
Xi'an 乏、累
Wuhan 累
Chengdu 累
Yangzhou 累、痿
Hefei 累
Cantonese Guangzhou 攰
Hong Kong 攰
Yangjiang 攰
Gan Nanchang 累
Hakka Meixian 𤸁
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 𤸁、悿
Liudui (S. Sixian) 𤸁、悿
Hsinchu (Hailu) 悿
Dongshi (Dabu) 悿、𤸁
Zhuolan (Raoping) 悿
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 悿
Jin Taiyuan 乏、累
Min Bei Jian'ou 累、軟
Min Dong Fuzhou 弱
Min Nan Xiamen 𤺪、厭
Quanzhou 𤺪、厭
Zhangzhou 𤺪、厭
Taipei 𤺪、忝
Wu Suzhou 吃力
Wenzhou 㾯、吃力
Xiang Changsha 傫
Shuangfeng 鶴累

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 累

Pronunciation 3[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 累 – see 纍 (“rope; to tie; bull in mating season”).
(This character, 累, is the simplified and variant traditional form of 纍.)
Notes:

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

累

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

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Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

累 • (ru>nu) (hangeul 루>누, revised ru>nu, McCune-Reischauer ru>nu, Yale lwu>nwu)

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Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

累 (luỵ, lủi, luỹ, mệt, luy)

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