乏

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乏 U+4E4F, 乏
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4F
← 乎
[U+4E4E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乐 →
[U+4E50]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

乏 (radical 4, 丿+3, 4 strokes, cangjie input 竹戈弓人 (HINO), four-corner 20307, composition ⿱㇒之)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 82, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 133
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 34, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+4E4F

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 乏

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 乏
Bronze inscriptions
ACC-b01949.svg

b01949

ACC-b01950.svg

b01950

ACC-b01951.svg

b01951

Small seal script
ACC-s01204.svg

s01204

Transcribed ancient scripts
ACC-L29409.svg

L29409

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (乏) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
砭 *prom, *proms
貶 *promʔ
窆 *proms
泛 *pʰoms, *bob
姂 *pʰoms, *bob, *kpʰob
䒦 *pʰom, *pʰoms
柉 *bom
覂 *poŋʔ
眨 *sproːb
鴔 *brub
乏 *bob

Perhaps an ideogram (指事) generated by replacing uppermost stroke of 正 (“straight; right”) with a slanted stroke 丿 — not right; lacking.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • hoa̍t - literary;
  • ha̍t - vernacular.
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: huag8 / huêg8 / hêg8 / hak8
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hua̍k / hue̍k / he̍k / ha̍k
    • Sinological IPA (key): /huak̚⁴/, /huek̚⁴/, /hek̚⁴/, /hakʰ⁴/
Note:
  • huag8/huêg8 - literary (huêg8 - Chaozhou);
  • hêg8 - vernacular (“tired”);
  • hak8 - vernacular (“to lack”).
Rime
Character 乏
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 並 (3)
Final (韻) 乏 (148)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 房法切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/bʉɐp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/biɐp̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/biɐp̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/buap̚/
Li
Rong 		/biuɐp̚/
Wang
Li 		/bĭwɐp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/bʱi̯wɐp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		fá
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		faat6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 乏
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		fá
Middle
Chinese 		‹ bjop ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[b](r)[o]p/
English lack (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 乏
Reading # 1/1
No. 2852
Phonetic
component 		乏
Rime
group 		盍
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		乏
Old
Chinese 		/*bob/

Definitions[edit]

乏

  1. to lack
    缺乏  ―  quēfá  ―  to lack; to be short of
  2. poor
    貧乏 / 贫乏  ―  pínfá  ―  poor
  3. tired
    疲乏  ―  pífá  ―  tired

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 累 (“tired”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 疲倦, 疲乏, 疲累, 疲憊, 疲勞
Mandarin Beijing 累, 乏
Taiwan 累
Jinan 累, 乏
Wanrong 乏
Xi'an 乏, 累
Ürümqi 乏
Wuhan 累
Chengdu 累
Yangzhou 累, 痿
Hefei 累
Malaysia 累
Singapore 累
Cantonese Guangzhou 攰
Hong Kong 攰
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 攰
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 攰
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 攰
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 攰
Macau 攰
Panyu 攰
Huadu (Huashan) 攰
Zengcheng 攰
Foshan 攰
Nanhai (Shatou) 夠
Shunde 攰
Sanshui 夠攰
Gaoming (Mingcheng) 夠攰
Doumen (Shangheng Tanka) 夠, 攰
Doumen 夠, 攰
Jiangmen (Baisha) 夠
Xinhui 夠
Taishan 夠, 攰
Kaiping (Chikan) 夠, 攰
Enping (Niujiang) 夠, 攰
Heshan (Yayao) 夠算
Dongguan 攰
Bao'an (Shajing) 攰
Qingyuan 攰
Fogang 攰
Yingde (Hanguang) 攰
Yangshan 攰
Lianshan (Butian) 累
Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 攰
Shaoguan 攰
Qujiang 攰
Renhua 攰
Lechang 攰
Gaoyao 攰
Sihui 攰
Guangning 攰
Deqing 攰
Huaiji 攰
Fengkai (Nanfeng) 攰
Yunfu 攰
Luoding 攰
Yunan (Pingtai) 攰
Yangjiang 攰
Xinyi 攰
Lianjiang 攰
Nanning 攰
Wuzhou 攰
Yulin 攰, 累
Hepu (Lianzhou) 攰
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 攰
Singapore (Guangfu) 攰
Gan Nanchang 累
Hakka Meixian 𤸁
Xingning 𤸁
Huidong (Daling) 𤸁
Dongguan (Qingxi) 𤸁
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 𤸁
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 𤸁
Heyuan (Bendihua) 𤸁
Wengyuan 𤸁
Qujiang 𤸁
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 𤸁
Liannan 𤸁
Jiexi 渴
Luhe 悿 Hetian, 渴 Xintian
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 悿
Changting 累
Wuping 𤸁
Wuping (Yanqian) 𤸁
Wuping (Pingyu) 𤸁
Liancheng 𤸁
Ninghua 累
Ningdu 累
Ruijin 𤸁
Shangyou 𤸁
Tonggu (Sandu) 累
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 𤸁, 悿
Liudui (S. Sixian) 𤸁, 悿
Hsinchu (Hailu) 悿
Dongshi (Dabu) 悿, 𤸁
Hsinchu (Raoping) 悿
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 悿
Hong Kong 𤸁
Xinyi (Sihe) 𤸁
Xinyi (Qianpai) 𤸁
Gaozhou (Xindong) 𤸁
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 𤸁
Lianjiang (Qingping) 𤸁
Mengshan (Xihe) 𤸁
Luchuan 𤸁
Senai (Huiyang) 𤸁
Huizhou Jixi 吃力
Jin Taiyuan 乏, 累
Xinzhou 累
Min Bei Jian'ou 累, 軟
Min Dong Fuzhou 弱
Min Nan Xiamen 𤺪, 厭
Quanzhou 𤺪, 厭
Zhangzhou 𤺪, 厭
Zhao'an 厭, 忝
Taipei 忝
New Taipei (Sanxia) 忝
Kaohsiung 忝
Yilan 忝, 懶
Changhua (Lukang) 忝
Taichung 𤺪
Taichung (Wuqi) 忝
Tainan 忝, 𤺪
Taitung 忝
Hsinchu 忝, 𤺪
Kinmen 忝
Penghu (Magong) 忝, 𤺪
Penang (Hokkien) 𤺪
Singapore (Hokkien) 𤺪
Manila (Hokkien) 𤺪
Chaozhou 乏, 累
Shantou 乏
Chenghai 乏
Jieyang 乏
Bangkok (Teochew) 乏
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 乏
Singapore (Teochew) 𤺪, 累
Leizhou 乏
Haikou 乏
Wu Shanghai 吃力, 衰瘏
Suzhou 吃力
Wenzhou 㾯, 吃力
Xiang Changsha 傫
Shuangfeng 鶴累

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

乏

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. poverty
  2. lack
  3. scarcity

Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 乏 (MC bʉɐp̚).

Hanja[edit]

乏 (eumhun 모자랄 핍 (mojaral pip))

  1. Hanja form? of 핍 (“lack”).

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]
  • Naver Hanja Dictionary: 乏

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

乏: Hán Nôm readings: phạp

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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