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See also:
U+9152, 酒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9152

[U+9151]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+9153]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

(Kangxi radical 164, +3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水一金田 (EMCW), four-corner 31160, composition )

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1281, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39776
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1779, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3574, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+9152

Chinese[edit]

trad.
simp. #
2nd round simp. 氿
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Ideogrammic compound (會意): (water) + (an alcoholic drink vessel) - the liquid associated with an alcoholic drink vessel - alcohol.

Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ʔsluʔ): semantic (water, liquid) + phonetic (OC *luʔ).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *jəw (liquor) (STEDT). Cognate with (OC *luʔ, “wine; wine vessel”).

Pronunciation[edit]



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (13)
Final () (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter tsjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/t͡sɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun
/t͡siuX/
Shao
Rongfen
/t͡siəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/t͡suwX/
Li
Rong
/t͡siuX/
Wang
Li
/t͡sĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/t͡si̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zau2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiǔ
Middle
Chinese
‹ tsjuwX ›
Old
Chinese
/*tsuʔ/
English wine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 15554
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ʔsluʔ/

Definitions[edit]

  1. alcoholic beverages in general; alcoholic drink
    幹嗎干吗  ―  Nǐ gànmá bù hē diǎn jiǔ?  ―  How come you don't wanna have a sip of alcohol?
  2. a surname

Synonyms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (しゅ) (shu)
  • Korean: 주(酒) (ju)
  • Vietnamese: tửu ()

Others:

  • Indonesian: ciu

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
さけ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

⟨sake2/sakəɨ//sake/

From Old Japanese (⟨sake2),[1][2] from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *sake (whence Kikai (), Okinawan (saki), Miyako (saki), and Yonaguni (sagi); see the Proto-Ryukyuan entry for further cognates). Attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE, with the ideographic spelling .[2] Additionally, appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and the Man'yōshū of c. 759 CE.[1][2][3][4]

Appears in compounds such as 酒屋 (sakaya, liquor store) and , (sakana, side dish, e.g. fish and meat; a fish) (see the derived terms of etymology 2 for more) with the reading saka,[1][2] suggesting a sound shift, most likely via fusion of Old Japanese emphatic nominal particle (i), likely cognate with Korean nominal particle (i). Compare the sound changes at (kami, god, older bound form kamu) and (me, eye, older bound form ma).

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Might be cognate with 栄え (sakae), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb 栄える (sakaeru, to flourish).[5][6]
  • Might be derived from 避ける (sakeru, to ward off, to shun), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.[6]
  • Might be derived from (kushi, rice wine, rice vodka, sake); however, the phonological shifts required are completely unexplainable.[6]
  • The final -ke may be an apophonic form of Old Japanese (ki1).[6]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(さけ) (sake

  1. (impolite) any alcoholic beverage
  2. (especially) Synonym of 日本酒 (nihonshu): sake (Japanese rice wine)
  3. drinking, especially of alcoholic beverages
Derived terms[edit]
Idioms[edit]
Proverbs[edit]
Descendants[edit]
See also[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
さか
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese (⟨saka⟩),[1] ultimately from Proto-Japonic root *saka-. Likely the original form of sake above. Obsolete in modern Japanese. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(さか) (saka

  1. combining form of (sake, any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
ささ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Originally a 女房詞 (nyōbō kotoba, literally women's word) term, possibly derived from reduplication of the first syllable sa from sake. Alternately, may be derived by metaphor from the Chinese-derived euphemism for sake, 竹葉 (chikuyō, literally bamboo leaves), as (sasa) refers to a type of short, leafy bamboo.[9][7]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(ささ) (sasa

  1. (archaic) any alcoholic beverage, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
しゅ
Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese (MC t͡sɨuX).

Noun[edit]

(しゅ) (shu

  1. an alcoholic drink, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)
Derived terms[edit]

Affix[edit]

(しゅ) (shu

  1. alcoholic drink
Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (2020), “Old Japanese sake/saka”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese[1]
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten)[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  3. ^ 720, Nihon Shoki (book 5: "Sūjin Tennō", poem 16), text available at Wikisource here and online here
    宇磨(うま)佐開(さけ)瀰和能等能能阿佐妬珥毛伊弟低由介那瀰和能等能渡塢(みわのとのあさとにもいでてゆかなみわのとのを) [Man'yōgana]
    (うま)(さけ)三輪(みわ)殿(との)朝戸(あさと)にも()でて()かな三輪(みわ)殿(との) [Modern spelling]
    umasake miwa no tono no asato ni mo idete yukana miwa no tono o
    The Hall of Miwa (of sweet sake fame); even its morning door; we would go forth from; the door of the Hall of Miwa.
  4. ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 17), text available online here
  5. ^ ”, in 世界大百科事典 第2版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition)[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 酒/さけ - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  8. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  9. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese (MC t͡sɨuX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 쥬ᇢ〯 (Yale: cyǔw)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[5] (Yale: swùl) 쥬〮 (Yale: cyú)

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (alcoholic beverage; etc.):
  • (in 주정 (酒酊, jujeong)):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕu(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (sul ju))

  1. Hanja form? of (alcoholic beverage). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [6]

Okinawan[edit]

Kanji[edit]

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
さき
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan *sake, from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with mainland Japanese (sake).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(hiragana さき, rōmaji saki)

  1. any alcoholic beverage (wine, whisky, sake, etc.)

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ さき【酒】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Old Japanese[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Japonic *sakay. Sound shift from saka below, possibly via fusion of emphatic nominal particle (i). Compare the development of (kami2, god, older bound form kamu) and (me2, eye, older bound form ma).

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Might be cognate with 榮𛀁 (sakaye), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb 榮ゆ (sakayu, to flourish).
  • Might be derived from 避く (saku, to ward off, to shun), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.
  • The final -ke2 may be the apophonic form of (ki1).

Noun[edit]

(sake2) (kana さけ)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
Quotations[edit]

For quotations using this term, see Citations:酒.

Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
  • Japanese: (sake)

Etymology 2[edit]

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic root *saka-. Likely the original form of sake2 above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Noun[edit]

(saka) (kana さか)

  1. combining form of (sake2, any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “From Proto-Japonic *ki?”

Noun[edit]

(ki1) (kana )

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Cognate with 奇し (kusi, strange, wondrous, miraculous), which is also the root for modern (kusuri, medicine).[1]

Noun[edit]

(kusi) (kana くし)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
    • 711712, Kojiki (poem 32)[2]
      許能美岐波和賀美岐那良受久志能加美登許余邇伊麻須伊波多多須...
      ko2no2 mi1-ki1 wo waga mi1-ki1 narazu kusi no2 kami1 to2ko2yo2 ni imasu ipa tatasu...
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. ^ Tsuchihashi, Yutaka; Jin'ichi Konishi, Ichinosuke Takagi (1957) Kodai Kayōshū, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Vietnamese[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Han character[edit]

: Hán Việt readings: tửu ((tử)(dậu)(thiết))[2][3][1][4][5]
: Nôm readings: rượu[2][3][1][6], tửu[3][4][7], giậu[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of tửu (alcoholic beverage).
  2. Nôm form of rượu (rice alcohol).

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]