酒
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
酒 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水一金田 (EMCW), four-corner 31160, composition ⿰氵酉)
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 1281, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39776
- Dae Jaweon: page 1779, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3574, character 2
- Unihan data for U+9152
Chinese[edit]
trad. | 酒 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 酒 | |
2nd round simp. | 氿 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Ideogrammic compound (會意): 水 (“water”) + 酉 (“an alcoholic drink vessel”) - the liquid associated with an alcoholic drink vessel - alcohol.
Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ʔsluʔ): semantic 水 (“water, liquid”) + phonetic 酉 (OC *luʔ).
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *jəw (“liquor”) (STEDT). Cognate with 酉 (OC *luʔ, “wine; wine vessel”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
酒
Synonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Others:
- → Indonesian: ciu
References[edit]
- “酒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[4], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #6811”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: しゅ (shu, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: しゅう (shū)←しう (siu, historical)
- Kun: さけ (sake, 酒, Jōyō); さか (saka, 酒, Jōyō †); ささ (sasa, 酒)
- Nanori: さ (sa); し (shi); み (mi)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
酒 |
さけ Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
⟨sake2⟩ → /sakəɨ/ → /sake/
From Old Japanese 酒 (⟨sake2⟩),[1][2] from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *sake (whence Kikai 酒 (sē), Okinawan 酒 (saki), Miyako 酒 (saki), and Yonaguni 酒 (sagi); see the Proto-Ryukyuan entry for further cognates). Attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE, with the ideographic spelling 酒.[2] Additionally, appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and the Man'yōshū of c. 759 CE.[1][2][3][4]
Appears in compounds such as 酒屋 (sakaya, “liquor store”) and 魚, 肴 (sakana, “side dish, e.g. fish and meat; a fish”) (see the derived terms of etymology 2 for more) with the reading saka,[1][2] suggesting a sound shift, most likely via fusion of Old Japanese emphatic nominal particle い (i), likely cognate with Korean nominal particle 이 (i). Compare the sound changes at 神 (kami, “god”, older bound form kamu) and 目 (me, “eye”, older bound form ma).
Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
- Might be cognate with 栄え (sakae), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 栄える (sakaeru, “to flourish”).[5][6]
- Might be derived from 避ける (sakeru, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.[6]
- Might be derived from 酒 (kushi, “rice wine, rice vodka, sake”); however, the phonological shifts required are completely unexplainable.[6]
- The final -ke may be an apophonic form of Old Japanese 酒 (ki1).[6]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (impolite) any alcoholic beverage
- (especially) Synonym of 日本酒 (nihonshu): sake (Japanese rice wine)
- drinking, especially of alcoholic beverages
Derived terms[edit]
- お酒 (o-sake), 御酒 (o-sake, polite form)
- 酒糟 (sakekasu), 酒粕 (sakekasu)
- 酒臭い (sakekusai)
- 酒好き (sakezuki)
- 酒店 (saketen)
- 酒処 (sakedokoro)
- 酒飲み (sakenomi), 酒呑み (sakenomi)
- 酒太り (sakebutori)
- 酒焼け (sakeyake)
- 朝酒 (asazake)
- 味酒 (ajizake)
- 甘酒 (amazake)
- 大酒 (ōzake)
- 燗酒 (kanzake)
- 生酒 (kizake)
- 聞き酒 (kikizake), 利き酒 (kikizake, “sake tasting”)
- 薬酒 (kusurizake)
- 地酒 (jizake)
- 白酒 (shirozake)
- 卵酒 (tamagozake)
- 樽酒 (taruzake)
- 茶屋酒 (chaya-zake)
- 濁り酒 (nigorizake)
- 寝酒 (nezake)
- 梯子酒 (hashigo-zake)
- 火の酒 (hinosake)
- 冷や酒 (hiyazake)
- 深酒 (fukazake)
- 振舞い酒 (furumaizake)
- 迎え酒 (mukaezake, “hair of the dog”)
- やけ酒 (yakezake)
- 安酒 (yasuzake)
- 雪見酒 (yukimizake)
- 悪酒 (waruzake)
Idioms[edit]
Proverbs[edit]
Descendants[edit]
See also[edit]
- 愛飲者 (aīnsha)
- 後引き上戸 (atohikijōgo)
- 泡盛 (awamori)
- 大虎 (ōdora)
- 怒り上戸 (okorijōgo)
- 小虎 (kodora)
- 左党 (satō)
- 正覚坊 (shōgakubō)
- 焼酎 (shōchū)
- 猩々 (shōjō)
- 上戸 (jōgo)
- 泣き上戸 (nakijōgo)
- 飲み助 (nomisuke), 呑み助 (nomisuke)
- 飲み手 (nomite)
- 飲ん兵衛 (nonbē), 飲兵衛 (nonbē), 呑ん兵衛 (nonbē), 呑兵衛 (nonbē)
- 左利 (hidarikiki), 左利き (hidarikiki)
- 左党 (hidaritō)
- 笑い上戸 (waraijōgo)
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
酒 |
さか Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese 酒 (⟨saka⟩),[1] ultimately from Proto-Japonic root *saka-. Likely the original form of sake above. Obsolete in modern Japanese. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- combining form of 酒 (sake, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
酒 |
ささ Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
Originally a 女房詞 (nyōbō kotoba, literally “women's word”) term, possibly derived from reduplication of the first syllable sa from sake. Alternately, may be derived by metaphor from the Chinese-derived euphemism for sake, 竹葉 (chikuyō, literally “bamboo leaves”), as 笹 (sasa) refers to a type of short, leafy bamboo.[9][7]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
酒 |
しゅ Grade: 3 |
goon |
From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC t͡sɨuX).
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- 御酒 (goshu)
- 梅酒 (umeshu)
- 火酒 (kashu)
- 果実酒 (kajitsushu)
- 禁酒 (kinshu)
- 混合酒 (kongōshu)
- 混成酒 (konseishu)
- 合成酒 (gōseishu)
- 雑酒 (zasshu)
- シェリー酒 (sherīshu)
- 酒造 (shuzō)
- 純米酒 (junmaishu)
- 上酒 (jōshu)
- 醸造酒 (jōzōshu)
- 蒸留酒 (jōryūshu)
- 食前酒 (shokuzenshu, “appetizer”)
- 新酒 (shinshu)
- 神酒 (shinshu)
- 清酒 (seishu, “refined sake”)
- 造酒 (zōshu)
- 樽酒 (sonshu)
- 斗酒 (toshu)
- 特級酒 (tokkyūshu)
- 日本酒 (nihonshu)
- 麦酒 (bakushu)
- 発泡酒 (happōshu, “low-malt beer”)
- 葡萄酒 (budōshu)
- 密造酒 (mitsuzōshu)
- 銘酒 (meishu, “choice sake”)
- 薬酒 (yakushu)
- 薬用酒 (yakuyō-shu)
- ラム酒 (ramushu)
- 乱酒 (ranshu)
- 林檎酒 (ringoshu)
Affix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- 酒宴 (shuen)
- 酒家 (shuka)
- 酒客 (shukaku)
- 酒器 (shuki)
- 酒気 (shuki)
- 酒興 (shukyō)
- 酒肴 (shukō)
- 酒豪 (shugō)
- 酒色 (shushoku)
- 酒精 (shusei)
- 酒税 (shuzei)
- 酒席 (shuseki)
- 酒石酸 (shusekisan)
- 酒仙 (shusen)
- 酒店 (shuten)
- 酒徒 (shuto)
- 酒毒 (shudoku)
- 酒杯 (shuhai)
- 酒販 (shuhan)
- 酒癖 (shuheki)
- 酒保 (shuho)
- 酒名 (shumei)
- 酒乱 (shuran)
- 酒量 (shuryō)
- 酒類 (shurui)
- 悪酒 (akushu)
- 飲酒 (inshu)
- 飲酒 (onju)
- 佳酒 (kashu)
- 願酒 (ganshu)
- 葷酒 (kunshu)
- 古酒 (koshu, “aged alcohol”)
- 旨酒 (shishu)
- 節酒 (sesshu)
- 粗酒 (soshu)
- 濁酒 (dakushu)
- 毒酒 (dokushu, “poisoned alcohol”)
- 白酒 (hakushu)
- 美酒 (bishu)
- 洋酒 (yōshu)
- 緑酒 (ryokushu)
- 冷酒 (reishu)
- 老酒 (rōshu)
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (2020), “Old Japanese sake/saka”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese[1]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 “酒”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- ^ 720, Nihon Shoki (book 5: "Sūjin Tennō", poem 16), text available at Wikisource here and online here
宇磨佐開瀰和能等能能阿佐妬珥毛伊弟低由介那瀰和能等能渡塢 [Man'yōgana]- 味酒三輪の殿の朝戸にも出でて行かな三輪の殿を [Modern spelling]
- umasake miwa no tono no asato ni mo idete yukana miwa no tono o
- The Hall of Miwa (of sweet sake fame); even its morning door; we would go forth from; the door of the Hall of Miwa.
- ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 17), text available online here
- ^ “酒”, in 世界大百科事典 第2版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 酒/さけ - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC t͡sɨuX).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 쥬ᇢ〯 (Yale: cyǔw) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[5] | 술 (Yale: swùl) | 쥬〮 (Yale: cyú) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (alcoholic beverage; etc.):
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕu]
- Phonetic hangul: [주]
- (in 주정 (酒酊, jujeong)):
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕu(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [주(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [6]
Okinawan[edit]
Kanji[edit]
Readings[edit]
Compounds[edit]
- 古酒 (kūsu)
Etymology[edit]
Kanji in this term |
---|
酒 |
さき Grade: 3 |
kun’yomi |
From Proto-Ryukyuan *sake, from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with mainland Japanese 酒 (sake).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
Old Japanese[edit]
Compounds[edit]
- 神酒 (mi1wa)
Etymology 1[edit]
From Proto-Japonic *sakay. Sound shift from saka below, possibly via fusion of emphatic nominal particle い (i). Compare the development of 神 (kami2, “god”, older bound form kamu) and 目 (me2, “eye”, older bound form ma).
Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
- Might be cognate with 榮𛀁 (sakaye), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 榮ゆ (sakayu, “to flourish”).
- Might be derived from 避く (saku, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.
- The final -ke2 may be the apophonic form of 酒 (ki1).
Noun[edit]
酒 (sake2) (kana さけ)
Quotations[edit]
For quotations using this term, see Citations:酒.
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Japanese: 酒 (sake)
Etymology 2[edit]
Ultimately from Proto-Japonic root *saka-. Likely the original form of sake2 above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.
Noun[edit]
酒 (saka) (kana さか)
- combining form of 酒 (sake2, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
Noun[edit]
酒 (ki1) (kana き)
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
Cognate with 奇し (kusi, “strange, wondrous, miraculous”), which is also the root for modern 薬 (kusuri, “medicine”).[1]
Noun[edit]
酒 (kusi) (kana くし)
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ^ Tsuchihashi, Yutaka; Jin'ichi Konishi, Ichinosuke Takagi (1957) Kodai Kayōshū, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Vietnamese[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Han character[edit]
酒: Hán Việt readings: tửu (
酒: Nôm readings: rượu[2][3][1][6], tửu[3][4][7], giậu[1]
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
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- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading しゅう
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading しう
- Japanese kanji with kun reading さけ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading さか
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ささ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading さ
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- Japanese kanji with nanori reading み
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- ja:Alcoholic beverages
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