酒

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See also: 洒
酒 U+9152, 酒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9152
← 酑
[U+9151] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 酓 →
[U+9153]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

酒 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水一金田 (EMCW), four-corner 31160, composition ⿰氵酉)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1281, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39776
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1779, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3574, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+9152

Chinese[edit]

trad. 酒
simp. # 酒
2nd round simp. 氿
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (酉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
楢 *kʰjuʔ, *lu
逎 *ʔslu
遒 *sklu, *sɡlu
蝤 *sklu, *sɡlu
揂 *sklu
酒 *ʔsluʔ
媨 *sklus
鞧 *skʰlu
緧 *skʰlu
趥 *skʰlu, *skʰluŋs
酋 *sɡlu
崷 *sɡlu
鰌 *sɡlu
煪 *sɡlu
醜 *l̥ʰjuʔ
猶 *klus, *lu, *lus
猷 *lu
輶 *lu, *luʔ, *lus
偤 *lu
莤 *lu, *sruɡ
蕕 *lu
庮 *lu, *luʔ
槱 *luʔ, *lus
梄 *luʔ
丣 *luʔ
酉 *luʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 水 (“water”) + 酉 (“an alcoholic drink vessel”) - the liquid associated with an alcoholic drink vessel - alcohol.

Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ʔsluʔ): semantic 水 (“water, liquid”) + phonetic 酉 (OC *luʔ).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *jəw (“liquor”) (STEDT). Cognate with 酉 (OC *luʔ, “wine; wine vessel”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 酒
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 子酉切
Baxter tsjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡siuX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡siəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡suwX/
Li
Rong 		/t͡siuX/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/t͡si̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zau2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 酒
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsjuwX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tsuʔ/
English wine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 酒
Reading # 1/1
No. 15554
Phonetic
component 		酉
Rime
group 		幽
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		酒
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsluʔ/

Definitions[edit]

酒

  1. alcoholic beverages in general; alcoholic drink
    你幹嗎不喝點酒？／你干吗不喝点酒？  ―  Nǐ gànmá bù hē diǎn jiǔ?  ―  How come you don't wanna have a sip of alcohol?
  2. a surname

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 酒 (“alcoholic beverage; liquor”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 酒
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 酒
Mandarin Beijing 酒
Taiwan 酒
Tianjin 酒
Tangshan 酒
Cangzhou 酒
Baoding 酒
Shijiazhuang 酒
Chifeng 酒
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 酒
Harbin 酒
Shenyang 酒
Yantai (Muping) 酒
Qingdao 酒
Jinan 酒
Luoyang 酒
Wanrong 酒
Zhengzhou 酒
Xi'an 酒
Yinchuan 酒
Lanzhou 酒
Xining 酒
Ürümqi 酒
Wuhan 酒
Chengdu 酒, 尼姑尿 derogatory
Chongqing 酒
Guiyang 酒
Kunming 酒
Guilin 酒
Liuzhou 酒
Xuzhou 酒
Yangzhou 酒, 三六子
Nanjing 酒, 老酒
Hefei 酒
Nantong 酒
Malaysia 酒
Singapore 酒
Cantonese Guangzhou 酒, 燒酒, 傻仔水 humorous
Hong Kong 酒
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 酒
Macau 酒
Guangzhou (Panyu) 酒
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 酒
Guangzhou (Conghua) 酒
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 酒
Foshan 酒
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 酒
Foshan (Shunde) 酒
Foshan (Sanshui) 酒
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 酒
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 酒
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 酒
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 酒
Zhuhai (Doumen) 酒
Jiangmen (Baisha) 酒
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 酒
Taishan 酒
Kaiping (Chikan) 酒
Enping (Niujiang) 酒
Heshan (Yayao) 酒
Dongguan 酒
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 酒
Yangjiang 燒酒, 燒有
Singapore (Guangfu) 酒
Gan Nanchang 酒
Lichuan 酒
Pingxiang 酒
Hakka Meixian 酒
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 酒, 傻仔水 humorous
Dongguan (Qingxi) 酒
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 酒
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 酒
Conghua (Lütian) 酒
Yudu 酒
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 酒
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 酒
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 酒
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 酒
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 酒
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 酒
Kuching (Hepo) 酒
Huizhou Jixi 酒
Shexian 酒
Jin Taiyuan 酒
Xinzhou 酒, 貓兒尿
Linhe 酒
Jining 酒
Hohhot 酒
Zhangjiakou 酒
Handan 酒
Min Bei Jian'ou 酒
Min Dong Fuzhou 酒
Min Nan Xiamen 酒
Taipei 酒 GT, 燒酒 GT
Tainan 酒
Singapore (Hokkien) 酒
Manila (Hokkien) 酒
Chaozhou 酒
Leizhou 酒
Wenchang 酒
Haikou 酒
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 酒
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 酒, 三酉
Wu Shanghai 酒, 老酒
Shanghai (Chongming) 老酒
Suzhou 酒, 老酒
Danyang 老酒
Hangzhou 酒
Ningbo 老酒
Wenzhou 酒
Jinhua 酒, 三點水兒
Xiang Changsha 酒
Loudi 酒
Shuangfeng 酒
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 酒

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (酒):
  • → Japanese: 酒(しゅ) (shu)
  • → Korean: 주(酒) (ju)
  • → Vietnamese: tửu (酒)

Others:

  • → Indonesian: ciu

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

酒

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
酒
さけ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

⟨sake2⟩ → /sakəɨ/ → /sake/

From Old Japanese 酒 (⟨sake2⟩),[1][2] from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *sake (whence Kikai 酒 (sē), Okinawan 酒 (saki), Miyako 酒 (saki), and Yonaguni 酒 (sagi); see the Proto-Ryukyuan entry for further cognates). Attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE, with the ideographic spelling 酒.[2] Additionally, appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and the Man'yōshū of c. 759 CE.[1][2][3][4]

Appears in compounds such as 酒屋 (sakaya, “liquor store”) and 魚, 肴 (sakana, “side dish, e.g. fish and meat; a fish”) (see the derived terms of etymology 2 for more) with the reading saka,[1][2] suggesting a sound shift, most likely via fusion of Old Japanese emphatic nominal particle い (i), likely cognate with Korean nominal particle 이 (i). Compare the sound changes at 神 (kami, “god”, older bound form kamu) and 目 (me, “eye”, older bound form ma).

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Might be cognate with 栄え (sakae), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 栄える (sakaeru, “to flourish”).[5][6]
  • Might be derived from 避ける (sakeru, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.[6]
  • Might be derived from 酒 (kushi, “rice wine, rice vodka, sake”); however, the phonological shifts required are completely unexplainable.[6]
  • The final -ke may be an apophonic form of Old Japanese 酒 (ki1).[6]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

酒(さけ) • (sake) 

  1. (impolite) any alcoholic beverage
  2. (especially) Synonym of 日本酒 (nihonshu): sake (Japanese rice wine)
  3. drinking, especially of alcoholic beverages
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Idioms[edit]
Proverbs[edit]
Proverbs
Descendants[edit]
See also[edit]
See also

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
酒
さか
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese 酒 (⟨saka⟩),[1] ultimately from Proto-Japonic root *saka-. Likely the original form of sake above. Obsolete in modern Japanese. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

酒(さか) • (saka) 

  1. combining form of 酒 (sake, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
酒
ささ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Originally a 女房詞 (nyōbō kotoba, literally “women's word”) term, possibly derived from reduplication of the first syllable sa from sake. Alternately, may be derived by metaphor from the Chinese-derived euphemism for sake, 竹葉 (chikuyō, literally “bamboo leaves”), as 笹 (sasa) refers to a type of short, leafy bamboo.[9][7]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

酒(ささ) • (sasa) 

  1. (archaic) any alcoholic beverage, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
酒
しゅ
Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC t͡sɨuX).

Noun[edit]

酒(しゅ) • (shu) 

  1. an alcoholic drink, especially sake (Japanese rice wine)
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Affix[edit]

酒(しゅ) • (shu) 

  1. alcoholic drink
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (2020), “Old Japanese sake/saka”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎[1]
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 “酒”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  3. ^ 720, Nihon Shoki (book 5: "Sūjin Tennō", poem 16), text available at Wikisource here and online here
    宇磨(うま)佐開(さけ)瀰和能等能能阿佐妬珥毛伊弟低由介那瀰和能等能渡塢(みわのとのあさとにもいでてゆかなみわのとのを) [Man'yōgana]
    味(うま)酒(さけ)三輪(みわ)の殿(との)の朝戸(あさと)にも出(い)でて行(ゆ)かな三輪(みわ)の殿(との)を [Modern spelling]
    umasake miwa no tono no asato ni mo idete yukana miwa no tono o
    The Hall of Miwa (of sweet sake fame); even its morning door; we would go forth from; the door of the Hall of Miwa.
  4. ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 17), text available online here
  5. ^ “酒”, in 世界大百科事典 第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)‎[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 酒／さけ - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  8. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  9. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 酒 (MC t͡sɨuX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 쥬ᇢ〯 (Yale: cyǔw)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[5] 술 (Yale: swùl) 쥬〮 (Yale: cyú)

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (alcoholic beverage; etc.):
  • (in 주정 (酒酊, jujeong)):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕu(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [주(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

酒 (eumhun 술 주 (sul ju))

  1. Hanja form? of 주 (“alcoholic beverage”). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [6]

Okinawan[edit]

Kanji[edit]

酒

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
酒
さき
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan *sake, from Proto-Japonic *sakay. Cognate with mainland Japanese 酒 (sake).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

酒 (hiragana さき, rōmaji saki)

  1. any alcoholic beverage (wine, whisky, sake, etc.)

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ “さき【酒】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Old Japanese[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Japonic *sakay. Sound shift from saka below, possibly via fusion of emphatic nominal particle い (i). Compare the development of 神 (kami2, “god”, older bound form kamu) and 目 (me2, “eye”, older bound form ma).

Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Might be cognate with 榮𛀁 (sakaye), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 榮ゆ (sakayu, “to flourish”).
  • Might be derived from 避く (saku, “to ward off, to shun”), from the idea that drinking sake would ward off cold diseases.
  • The final -ke2 may be the apophonic form of 酒 (ki1).

Noun[edit]

酒 (sake2) (kana さけ)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
Quotations[edit]

For quotations using this term, see Citations:酒.

Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
  • Japanese: 酒 (sake)

Etymology 2[edit]

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic root *saka-. Likely the original form of sake2 above. Rarely used in isolation. Mostly used as the first element in compounds.

Noun[edit]

酒 (saka) (kana さか)

  1. combining form of 酒 (sake2, “any alcoholic beverage; rice wine, rice vodka, sake”)
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “From Proto-Japonic *ki?”

Noun[edit]

酒 (ki1) (kana き)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Cognate with 奇し (kusi, “strange, wondrous, miraculous”), which is also the root for modern 薬 (kusuri, “medicine”).[1]

Noun[edit]

酒 (kusi) (kana くし)

  1. any alcoholic drink, especially a rice wine similar to modern-day sake
    • 711–712, Kojiki (poem 32)[2]
      許能美岐波和賀美岐那良受久志能加美登許余邇伊麻須伊波多多須...
      ko2no2 mi1-ki1 wo waga mi1-ki1 narazu kusi no2 kami1 to2ko2yo2 ni imasu ipa tatasu...
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. ^ Tsuchihashi, Yutaka; Jin'ichi Konishi, Ichinosuke Takagi (1957) Kodai Kayōshū, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Vietnamese[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Han character[edit]

酒: Hán Việt readings: tửu (子(tử)酉(dậu)切(thiết))[2][3][1][4][5]
酒: Nôm readings: rượu[2][3][1][6], tửu[3][4][7], giậu[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of tửu (“alcoholic beverage”).
  2. Nôm form of rượu (“rice alcohol”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Trần (2004).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Hồ (1976).
  7. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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