il

See also: Appendix:Variations of "il"

Languages (30)

Translingual

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Akatek • Antigua and Barbuda Creole English • Asturian • Azerbaijani • Bunak • Danish • Epigraphic Mayan • Faroese • Franco-Provençal • French • Friulian • Haitian Creole • Icelandic • Ido • Interlingua • Irish • Italian • Middle French • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old English • Old French • Old Irish • Old Norse • Somali • Swedish • Turkish • Tzotzil • Yucatec Maya

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Page categories

Translingual

Alternative forms

• IL, XLIX, xlix

Numeral

il

1. (informal) A Roman numeral representing forty-nine (49).

See also

• Previous: iil (forty-eight, 48)
• Next: l (fifty, 50)

Akatek

Etymology

From Proto-Mayan *il- Compare with Achi ilonik

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔil/

Verb

il

1. (transitive) to see, to watch, look at

References

Preliminary Classic Maya ‐ English, English ‐ Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings by Erik Boot

2022. Akateko Living Dictionary. Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. ( look "ʔil" wav recording )

Antigua and Barbuda Creole English

Etymology

From English hill.

Noun

il (plural il dem, quantified il)

1. hill

Asturian

Article

il m sg (femenine a, neuter u, masculine plural us, feminine plural as)

1. (A Estierna) alternative form of el

Azerbaijani

Other scripts

Cyrillic		ил
Arabic		ایل

Etymology

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish یل (yıl), from Proto-Turkic *yïl (“year”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (yïl).

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

il (definite accusative ili, plural illər)

1. year

   Synonyms: sənə, (Classical Azerbaijani) sal, (Classical Azerbaijani) am

   uzun illər ― many years (literally, “long years”)

   Mən on ildir ki məktəbi bitirmişəm.

   It's been ten years since I finished school.

Declension

Declension of il

	singular	plural
nominative	il	illər
definite accusative	ili	illəri
dative	ilə	illərə
locative	ildə	illərdə
ablative	ildən	illərdən
definite genitive	ilin	illərin

Possessive forms of il

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilim	illərim
sənin (“your”)	ilin	illərin
onun (“his/her/its”)	ili	illəri
bizim (“our”)	ilimiz	illərimiz
sizin (“your”)	iliniz	illəriniz
onların (“their”)	ili or illəri	illəri
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimi	illərimi
sənin (“your”)	ilini	illərini
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilini	illərini
bizim (“our”)	ilimizi	illərimizi
sizin (“your”)	ilinizi	illərinizi
onların (“their”)	ilini or illərini	illərini
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimə	illərimə
sənin (“your”)	ilinə	illərinə
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilinə	illərinə
bizim (“our”)	ilimizə	illərimizə
sizin (“your”)	ilinizə	illərinizə
onların (“their”)	ilinə or illərinə	illərinə
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimdə	illərimdə
sənin (“your”)	ilində	illərində
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilində	illərində
bizim (“our”)	ilimizdə	illərimizdə
sizin (“your”)	ilinizdə	illərinizdə
onların (“their”)	ilində or illərində	illərində
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimdən	illərimdən
sənin (“your”)	ilindən	illərindən
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilindən	illərindən
bizim (“our”)	ilimizdən	illərimizdən
sizin (“your”)	ilinizdən	illərinizdən
onların (“their”)	ilindən or illərindən	illərindən
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimin	illərimin
sənin (“your”)	ilinin	illərinin
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilinin	illərinin
bizim (“our”)	ilimizin	illərimizin
sizin (“your”)	ilinizin	illərinizin
onların (“their”)	ilinin or illərinin	illərinin

Derived terms

• ildönümü (“anniversary”)
• onillik (“decade”)

Bunak

Noun

il

1. water

Further reading

• A. Schapper, J. Huber, A. van Engelenhoven, The Historical Relation of the Papuan Languages of Timor and Kisar, Language and Linguistics in Melnesia, Special Issue : On the History, Contact and Classification of Papuan languages (2012) pp. 194-242

Danish

Noun

il c

1. (rare) haste, speed

Verb

il

1. imperative of ile

Epigraphic Mayan

Etymology

From Proto-Mayan *il-.

Verb

il

1. to see

Faroese

iljar

Etymology

From Old Norse il.

Noun

il f (genitive singular iljar, plural iljar)

1. the sole of the foot

f8	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
dative	il	ilini	iljum	iljunum
genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin illī and Latin ille.

Pronoun

il m (postpositive -il) (ORB, broad)

1. he, it (third-person singular masculine nominative)
2. it (impersonal)

   Synonym: o

Derived terms

• ils

See also

Franco-Provençal personal pronouns

			nominative	accusative	dative	tonic1	possessive2
singular	1st person		jo	mè			min
	2nd person		te	tè			tin
	3rd person	masculine	il	lo / le	lui		sin
		feminine	el	la	lyé
		neuter	o		y	—
		reflexive	—	sè
plural	1st person		nos				noutro
	2nd person		vos				voutro
	3rd person	masculine	ils	los / les	lor		lor
		feminine	els	les	lor / lyés
		reflexive	—	sè

¹ Disjunctive or object of a preposition.   ² Generally preceded by a definite article.

References

• il in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
• il in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

French

Etymology

From Middle French il, from Old French il, from Late Latin illī.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/ IPA^(key): (informal) /i/
• (Quebec, informal) IPA^(key): (preconsonantal) /i/, (prevocalic) /j/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio (Switzerland (Valais)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Toulouse)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Grenoble)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Hérault)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Saint-Étienne)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Lyon)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Massy)):

  (file)

• Homophones: ils, île, îles, y, Ille
• Rhymes: -il

Pronoun

il m (third-person singular, plural ils, accusative le, dative lui, emphatic lui, possessive determiner son)

1. he (third-person singular masculine subject pronoun for human subject)

   Il est parti.

   He left.

2. it (third-person singular subject pronoun for grammatically masculine objects)

   Je cherche mon livre. Où est-il ?

   I'm looking for my book. Where is it?

3. (impersonal pronoun) Impersonal subject; it

   Il pleut.

   It’s raining.

Related terms

French personal pronouns

number	person	gender	nominative (subject)	accusative (direct complement)	dative (indirect complement)	locative (at)	genitive (of)	disjunctive (tonic)1	emphatic reflexive
singular	first	—	je, j’	me, m’		—	—	moi	moi-même
	second	—	tu	te, t’		—	—	toi	toi-même
	third	masculine	il2	le, l’	lui	y	en	lui	lui-même
		feminine	elle	la, l’				elle	elle-même
		indeterminate	on3, l’on (formal), ce4, c’, ça	—	—	—	—	—	—
		reflexive	—	se, s’5		—	—	soi	soi-même
plural	first	—	nous	nous		—	—	nous	nous-mêmes
	second6	—	vous	vous		—	—	vous	vous-mêmes, vous-même6
	third	masculine	ils7	les	leur	y	en	eux7	eux-mêmes7
		feminine	elles					elles	elles-mêmes

¹ The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d’, à, pour, chez, dans, vers, sur, sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied.
² Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun.
³ On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms).
⁴ The nominal indeterminate form ce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verb être as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms.
⁵ The reflexive third person singular forms (se or s’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive.
⁶ Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonic vous-mêmes becomes singular vous-même.
⁷ Ils, eux and eux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.

Further reading

• “il”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Anagrams

• li

Friulian

Alternative forms

• al (Western and Southern Friulian)
• el (Northern Friulian)

Etymology

From Latin illum, ultimately from ille.

Article

il m sg (plural i)

1. the

Inflection

Friulian definite articles

	singular	plural
masculine	il l'	i
feminine	la l'	lis

See also

• i, la

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French île.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/

Noun

il

1. island

References

• Targète, Jean; Urciolo, Raphael (1993), Haitian Creole-English Dictionary‎^[2], Dunwoody Press, →ISBN, page 80

Icelandic

Iljar (“soles”).

Etymology

From Old Norse il, from Proto-Germanic *iljō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪːl/
• Rhymes: -ɪːl

Noun

il f (genitive singular iljar, nominative plural iljar)

1. the sole of the foot

   Honum sagðist vera illt í ilinni. ― He said his sole hurt.

Declension

Declension of il (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
dative	il	ilinni	iljum	iljunum
genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

Derived terms

• frá hvirfli til ilja

Ido

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/

Pronoun

il (plural ili, possessive ilua, possessive plural ilui)

1. apocopic form of ilu; he, him

See also

Personal pronouns in Ido

		singular			plural
		nominative	possessive		nominative	possessive
			singular	plural		singular	plural
first person		me	mea	mei	ni	nia	nii
second person	formal	vu	vua	vui	vi	via	vii
	familiar	tu	tua	tui
third person	masculine	ilu, il	ilua	ilui	ili	ilia	ilii
	feminine	elu, el	elua	elui	eli	elia	elii
	neuter	olu, ol	olua	olui	oli	olia	olii
	common	lu	lua	lui	li	lia	lii
	reflexive	su	sua	sui	su	sua	sui
indefinite		onu, on	onua	onui	onu, on	onua	onui

• The possessive plurals are seldom used.
• The shortened forms are preferred.
• The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios.

Interlingua

Pronoun

il

1. personal pronoun used with impersonal verbs

   Il ha multe arbores illac.

   There are many trees there.

Usage notes

Optional.

Irish

Etymology 1

From Old Irish il, from Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-.

Adjective

il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)

1. (literary) many

Derived terms

• il-

Etymology 2

Adjective

il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)

1. alternative form of oll (“great; huge, vast, immense”)

Declension

Declension of il

Positive	singular		plural
	masculine	feminine	strong noun	weak noun
nominative	il	il	ile
vocative	il		ile
genitive		ile	ile	il
dative	il	il	ile
Comparative	níos ile
Superlative	is ile

Mutation

Mutated forms of il

radical	eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
il	n-il	hil	not applicable

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “il”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “il”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “il”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

Italian

Alternative forms

• er (regional, Pisa, Lucca, Romanesco)
• el (archaic or regional)
• 'l (archaic or pronunciation spelling)
• i' (Tuscan pronunciation spelling)

Etymology

From earlier 'l, a reduced form of lo. The initial i- is a svarabhakti vowel added in order to make the pronunciation easier. Proof of this is De scriptura nigra (a work in Old Lombard) only employing il to mean “the”, and el to mean “he/him”. Also, works in 1400’s Tuscan showing both “il” and “el”, yet with no forms such as “de Roma” instead of “di Roma” appearing, prove that il does not originate as a pretonic evolved form of el.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/

  • Audio:

    (file)

  • (after vowels) IPA^(key): /‿jl/, /‿l/
• (regional, Tuscany) IPA^(key): /i/^*

Article

il m sg (plural i)

1. the

Declension

Italian definite articles

	singular	plural
masculine	il lo (l')	i gli
feminine	la (l')	le

Pronoun

il m sg (obsolete)

1. Tuscan form of lo
   • 1300s–1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto VIII”, in Inferno [Hell], lines 62-64; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2^nd revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:

     e ’l fiorentino spirito bizzarro
     in sé medesmo si volvea co’ denti.
     Quivi il lasciammo, che più non ne narro;

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Pronoun

il m sg (demonstrative) (dated)

1. synonym of ciò
   • 1349–1353, Giovanni Boccaccio, “Proemio”, in Decameron; republished as Aldo Francesco Massera, editor, Il Decameron‎^[3], volume 1, Bari: Laterza, 1927:

     Il che se avviene, che voglia Iddio che cosí sia, ad Amore ne rendano grazie, il quale liberandomi da’ suoi legami m’ha conceduto di potere attendere a’ loro piaceri.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

See also

Italian personal pronouns

		singular						plural
		first	second	second formal / polite5	third			first	second	second formal / polite5	third
				m or f	m	f				m or f	m	f
nominative		io	tu	Lei, Ella8	lui, egli8, elli3, 8, esso8	lei, ella8, essa8		noi	voi, Voi7	Loro	loro
elli3, 8, ellino4, 8, eglino4, 8, essi8	elle3, 8, elleno4, 8, esse8
atonic (clitic)11	accusative / dative-reflexive	mi, m', -mi, me9	ti, t', -ti, te9	―	si6, s', -si, se9			ci, c', -ci, ce9	vi, Vi7, v', V'7, -vi, -Vi7, ve9	―	si, s', -si, se9
	accusative			La, -La, L'	lo, l', -lo, il4	la, l', -la				Le, -Le	li, -li	le, -le
	dative			Le, -Le	glie9					Loro10	loro10, gli2, -gli2, glie9
					gli, -gli	le, -le, gli2, -gli2
	locative	―			ci, c', vi1, v'1			―			ci, c', vi1, v'1
	partitive	ne, n'		ne, n'
tonic12	prepositional-reflexive	―			sé			―			sé
	oblique	me	te	Lei	lui, esso8	lei, essa8		noi	voi, Voi7	Loro	loro,
											essi8	elle8, esse8
1	Formal.
2	Informal.
3	Archaic.
4	Obsolete.
5	Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
6	Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
7	Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous).
8	Traditional grammars still indicate the forms egli (animate), ella (animate), esso (inanimate), essa (inanimate), essi, esse as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliques lui, lei, loro.
9	Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).
10	Used after verbs.
11	Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dative loro / Loro), others enclitically (-mi, -ti, etc.).
12	Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come, quanto, etc.); also used with a to create alternative emphatic dative forms.

Further reading

• il¹ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
• il² in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

• -li, li, lì

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French il.

Pronoun

il m

1. he
2. it (impersonal, or referring to an unknown person)

Descendants

• French: il

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

il f or m (definite singular ila or ilen, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)

1. sole of the foot

   Synonym: fotsåle

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse il f, from Proto-Germanic *iljō f, *ili n.

Noun

il f (definite singular ila, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)

1. sole of the foot, especially the middle part

   Synonym: fotsole

Inflection

Historical inflection of il

		singular		plural
		indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
Aasen1		Il	Ili	Iljar	Iljarna
1901					iljarne (iljane)
1917			ila, ili		iljane
1938			ila [ili]
1959				iljar [iler]	iljane [ilene]
2012 (current)		il	ila	iler	ilene

• Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard.
• Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier.
• Forms in (parentheses) were allowed under Midlandsnormalen.
• ¹Nouns were capitalised for most of the 19th century.

Like il, see also fet and hes.

Related terms

• ilk
• ilke

References

• “il” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Noun

īl m

1. alternative form of iġil

Old French

Etymology 1

Inherited from Late Latin illī.

Pronoun

il m sg (feminine ele)

1. he (third-person masculine singular subject pronoun)

Descendants

• Middle French: il
  • French: il

Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin illī.

Alternative forms

• ils (late, analogical)

Pronoun

il m pl (feminine eles)

1. they (third-person masculine plural subject pronoun)
   • c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:

     S'il vos poent ataindre, ja vos areient tué.

     If they could range you, they would have already killed you.

Descendants

• Middle French: ils
  • French: ils

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• hil

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *ɸelus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu, “much”), Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”), Sanskrit पु॒रु (purú, “much”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈil/

Adjective

il (equative lir, comparative lia)

1. much, many (usually as the first member of a compound, usually governs a plural noun)

   cosin taidbse il ― with much ostentation

   Is amlid do·rigéni Dia corp duini ó il-ballaib. ― Thus God has made man's body of many members.

   Is ferr precept oldaas labrad il-béelre. ― Preaching is better than speaking many languages.

   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4^d15

     In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.

     The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit on it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes

   • c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26^b7

     De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”

     Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.

Inflection

As a preposed adjective, usually uninflected, but the following forms are found occasionally:

• Nominative/accusative plural: ili
• Dative plural: ilib

Derived terms

• ilaigidir
• ilar
• ildae

Descendants

• Irish: il
• Manx: yl

Mutation

Mutation of il

radical	lenition	nasalization
il (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	il	n-il

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 il”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *iljō, *ili (“sole”).

Noun

il f (genitive iljar, plural iljar)

1. the sole of the foot

Declension

Declension of il (strong jō-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
dative	il	ilinni	iljum	iljunum
genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

Descendants

• Icelandic: il
• Faroese: il
• Norwegian Nynorsk: il
• Norwegian Bokmål: il
• Old Swedish: il

Further reading

Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “il”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

Somali

Etymology

From Proto-Cushitic *ʔil- (“eye”). Cognate with Jiiddu el, Oromo ija, Sidamo ille.

Noun

íl f (definite isha)

1. eye

Inflection

Declension of íl

	Singular	Plural
Absolutive	íl	indhó

Swedish

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Swedish īl (“squall; sudden storm”), ultimate origin disputed. Cognate of Icelandic él (“hailstorm”).

Noun

il c

1. (archaic) a gust; a strong, abrupt rush of wind
2. (archaic) synonym of ilning

Declension

Declension of il

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	il	ils
	definite	ilen	ilens
plural	indefinite	ilar	ilars
	definite	ilarna	ilarnas

Derived terms

• vindil

Etymology 2

Deverbal from ila (“to hurry”).

Noun

il c

1. (archaic) hurry

Declension

Declension of il

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	il	ils
	definite	ilen	ilens
plural	indefinite	ilar	ilars
	definite	ilarna	ilarnas

References

• il in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• il in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• il in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
• il in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ایل (il), from Proto-Turkic *ēl (“realm”). Doublet of el.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /il/

Noun

il (definite accusative ili, plural iller)

1. province

   İllerin idaresi yetki genişliği esasına dayanır.

   The administration of the provinces is based on the principle of delegation of authority.

Declension

Declension of il

	singular	plural
nominative	il	iller
definite accusative	ili	illeri
dative	ile	illere
locative	ilde	illerde
ablative	ilden	illerden
genitive	ilin	illerin

Tzotzil

Alternative forms

• ʼil

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔil/

Verb

il

1. (transitive) to see

References

• Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Yucatec Maya

Verb

il (transitive)

1. to see
2. to visit

Conjugation

Conjugation of il

	singular			plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
imperfective	kin wilik	ka wilik	ku yilik	k ilik	ka wilikeʼex	ku yilikoʼob
perfective	tin wilaj	ta wilaj	tu yilaj	t k ilaj	ta wilajeʼex	tu yilajoʼob
subjunctive	ka in wilej	ka a wilej	ka u yilej	ka k ilej	ka a wileʼex	ka u yiloʼob
imperative	—	ilej	—	—	ileʼex	—