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ils

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: ILS and ILs

Translingual

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Etymology

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Abbreviation of English International Sign.

Symbol

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ils

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for International Sign.

See also

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Franco-Provençal

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Etymology

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Plural formed from il.

Pronoun

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ils m pl (postpositive -ils) (ORB, broad)

  1. they (third-person plural masculine nominative)

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Franco-Provençal personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative tonic1 possessive2
singular 1st person jo mè min
2nd person te tè tin
3rd person masculine il lo / le lui sin
feminine el la lyé
neuter o y —
reflexive — sè
plural 1st person nos noutro
2nd person vos voutro
3rd person masculine ils los / les lor lor
feminine els les lor / lyés
reflexive — sè

1 Disjunctive or object of a preposition.   2 Generally preceded by a definite article.

References

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  • ils in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
  • ils in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

French

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Etymology

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Inherited from Vulgar Latin illī, which sounded il in Old French, to which a plural -s was added. While il was the nominative form from late Latin, els, eus was the oblique form ("them") that had evolved from late Latin illōs, and is the ancestor of modern French eux.

In Old French, "they", being a nominative, was il from late Latin *illi, thus it didn't have the final -s, thus it was il used both for "he" and "they". The -s was added at the end of the 13th century in some regions, at the time the declension system of Old French started to collapse. As a consequence, some oïl languages in France have retained the original Old French il-form, and in some other regions, the ils-form supplanted the older one. Some dialects have even retained both forms depending on the locals.

See cognates in regional languages in France: Angevin, Champenois, Lorrain, and Orléanais is; Bourbonnais-Berrichon ils; Bourguignon âs; Franc-Comtois and Poitevin-Saintongeais és; Gallo i and iz; Norman i and is; Picard is and i; Franco-Provençal ils; Occitan els (Gascon eus); Catalan ells; Corsican elli.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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ils m pl (third-person plural, singular il, accusative les, dative leur, emphatic eux, possessive determiner leur)

  1. they (male or mixed group)
  2. (Quebec, informal) they (female)
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French personal pronouns
number person gender nominative
(subject) 		accusative
(direct complement) 		dative
(indirect complement) 		locative
(at) 		genitive
(of) 		disjunctive
(tonic)1 		emphatic
reflexive
singular first — je, j’ me, m’ — — moi moi-même
second — tu te, t’ — — toi toi-même
third masculine il2 le, l’ lui y en lui lui-même
feminine elle la, l’ elle elle-même
indeterminate on3, l’on (formal), ce4, c’, ça — — — — — —
reflexive — se, s’5 — — soi soi-même
plural first — nous nous — — nous nous-mêmes
second6 — vous vous — — vous vous-mêmes,
vous-même6
third masculine ils7 les leur y en eux7 eux-mêmes7
feminine elles elles elles-mêmes

1 The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d’, à, pour, chez, dans, vers, sur, sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied.
2 Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun.
3 On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms).
4 The nominal indeterminate form ce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verb être as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms.
5 The reflexive third person singular forms (se or s’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive.
6 Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonic vous-mêmes becomes singular vous-même.
7 Ils, eux and eux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.

Further reading

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Anagrams

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Swedish

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Noun

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ils

  1. indefinite genitive singular of il

Anagrams

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Tashelhit

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Etymology

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Inherited from Medieval Tashelhit ايلس (iles, “tongue, language”),[1] from Proto-Berber *iləs (“tongue, language”),[2] metathesized from earlier *lĭs, ultimately from Proto-Afroasiatic *lis- (“tongue, language”).

Cognate with Tuareg ílǝs (“tongue”), Ghadames élǝs (“tongue”), Tarifit iřes (“tongue”), Zenaga ətʸši (“tongue”), Egyptian ns (“tongue”), Proto-Semitic *lišān- (“tongue, language”), and Proto-Chadic *lis- (whence Hausa harshe).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ils m (construct state yils, plural alsiwn, Tifinagh spelling ⵉⵍⵙ, Arabic spelling ايلس)

  1. tongue (organ)
    آر يتژّل يلس نّس. ― ar ittẓẓl ils nns. ― he sticks out his tongue.
  2. (metonymic) language
    Synonym: awal
    ايلس يشلحيين. ― ils išlḥiyn. ― the Shilha language.

Inflection

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Inflection of ils
singular plural
free state ils alsiwn, ilsawn
annexed state yils walsiwn

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ibn Tunart (a. 1172), Kitāb Al-Asmā’‎[1], sourced from Maison méditerranéenne des sciences de l'homme, Cité numérique de la Méditerranée (Cinumed), page 7
  2. ^ Marijn van Putten (2019), “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica (in Spanish), Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 291
  • Stroomer, Harry (2025), Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt-français — Tome 2 f—l (Handbook of Oriental Studies – Handbuch der Orientalistik; 188/2) (in French), Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 1095b
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