R

See also: Appendix:Variations of "r"

R U+0052, R LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R ← Q [U+0051] Basic Latin S → [U+0053]

Ｒ U+FF32, Ｒ FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R ← Ｑ [U+FF31] Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms Ｓ → [U+FF33]

Translingual

Alternative forms

• Ꝛ (archaic, rare)

Etymology

From the Etruscan letter 𐌓 (r, “er”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ρ (R, “rho”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤓‎ (r, “reš”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁶.

Letter

R (lower case r)

1. The eighteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.

See also

• (Latin script):  Aa  Bb  Cc  Dd  Ee  Ff  Gg  Hh  Ii  Jj  Kk  Ll  Mm  Nn  Oo  Pp  Qq  Rr  Sſs  Tt  Uu  Vv  Ww  Xx  Yy  Zz
• (Variations of letter R):  Ŕŕ  Řř  Ṙṙ  Ŗŗ  Ȑȑ  Ȓȓ  Ṛṛ  Ṝṝ  Ṟṟ  Ɍɍ  Ɽɽ  ᵲ  ᶉ  ɼ  ɾ  ᵳ  Ʀʀ  Ｒｒ

Symbol

R

1. (currency symbol) Rand, national currency of South Africa.
2. (metrology) roentgen
3. (physics) resistance (in electricity)
4. (organic chemistry) An unspecified radical.

   Alcohols have the generic formula ROH.

5. (genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for any purine.
6. (biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for arginine.

Gallery

• Letter styles
• 

  Capital and lowercase versions of R, in normal and italic type

• 

  Uppercase and lowercase R in Fraktur

See also

Other representations of R:

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English

Etymology 1

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɑː/

  Audio (UK)

  (file)

• (General American) enPR: är, IPA^(key): /ɑɹ/

  Audio (US)

  (file)

• (Ireland) IPA^(key): /ɔɹ/
• (AAVE) IPA^(key): /ˈɑɹə/
• Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)
• Homophones: or, oar, ore, are, our (in various accents)

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r, plural Rs or R's)

1. The eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letter; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Number

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The ordinal number eighteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

Abbreviations

"Elizabeth R", hand of Elizabeth II

Noun

R

1. (entomology) radius
2. (US, politics) Republican
3. (monarchy) rex (“king”) or regina (“queen”); the initial by which a British monarch signs documents after his or her name
4. (handbells) ring
5. (chess) rook
6. (baseball, cricket) runs, the statistic reporting the number of runs scored by a player
7. (law) the Crown, the government of a monarchy (abbreviating rex (“king”) or regina (“queen”))

   R v Smith

8. Thursday
   • 1986, Cornell University Courses of Study,^[1] page 250:

     Lecs, T R 9:05; lab, M T W R or F 1:25—4:25, or M or W 7:30—10:30 p.m.

   • 2000 August, M.W. Carter, “A Comprehensive Course Timetabling and Student Scheduling System at the University of Waterloo”, in Edmund Burke and Wilhelm Erben (editors), Practice and Theory of Automated Timetabling III, Springer (2001), →ISBN, page 66:

     8:30 MWF (3 x 1 hour) […] 8:30-10 TR (2 x 1.5 hours)

   • 2007, W. Ted Mahavier, “Syllabus for Analysis” (Lamar University course syllabus), appendix II.A of Charles A. Coppin et al., The Moore Method: A Pathway to Learner-Centered Instruction, Mathematical Association of America (2009), →ISBN, page 201:

     Office Hours: MTWRF: 9:00–11:00, 1:30–3:00 or stop by my office anytime.

Adjective

R

1. (film certification) restricted
2. reverse
3. right (as opposed to left)

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Afar

Letter

R

1. The twelfth letter in the Afar alphabet.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, T t, S s, E e, C c, K k, X x, I i, D d, Q q, R r, F f, G g, O o, L l, M m, N n, U u, W w, H h, Y y

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Azerbaijani

Letter

R upper case (lower case r)

1. The twenty-fourth letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) hərf; A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ə ə, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, X x, I ı, İ i, J j, K k, Q q, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, Y y, Z z

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Basque

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /e.re/

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The nineteenth letter of the Basque alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

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Dutch

Pronunciation

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /ɛr/

• Audio

  (file)

Letter

R (capital, lowercase r)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Dutch alphabet.

See also

• Previous letter: Q
• Next letter: S

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Esperanto

Pronunciation

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /ro/
• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /r/

• Audio

  (file)

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The twenty-first letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called ro and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) litero; A a, B b, C c, Ĉ ĉ, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ĝ ĝ, H h, Ĥ ĥ, I i, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, Ŝ ŝ, T t, U u, Ŭ ŭ, V v, Z z

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Estonian

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Estonian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) täht; A a, B b (C c), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p (Q q), R r, S s, Š š, Z z, Ž ž, T t, U u, V v (W w), Õ õ, Ä ä, Ö ö, Ü ü (X x, Y y)

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Finnish

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called är or er and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) kirjain; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s (Š š), T t, U u, V v (W w), X x, Y y, Z z (Ž ž), Å å, Ä ä, Ö ö

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German

Pronunciation

• (letter name) IPA^(key): /ɛr/, [ʔɛʁ], [ʔɛɐ̯]
• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /r/, [ʁ], [ɾ], [ɐ̯], [ː]

• Audio

  (file)

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The eighteenth letter of the German alphabet.

Usage notes

• The letter R has a variety of possible realisations in contemporary German. Three positions must be distinguished:
  • Before vowels, the variation is mostly between a uvular consonant (fricative, approximant, or rarely trill) and an alveolar consonant (trill, flap, or rarely approximant). In northern, central, and south-western Germany, the alveolar pronunciation is now rare and chiefly restricted to the elderly generation of some areas. In south-eastern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and South Tyrol, it remains more common; but even in these regions the uvular R is gaining ground and is already strongly predominant in some parts (e.g. Vienna).
  • Word-finally and before consonants, most accents may vowelise R to [ɐ̯]~[ə̯], but in different ways. Vowelisation is commonest after long vowels and /ə/, where it is also prescribed in the broadcasting standard. A majority of speakers, however, vowelise R after short vowels, too. The resulting diphthongs may be contracted and length distinctions before vowelised R may be lost. The degree to which this happens differs regionally and idiolectally.
  • Before the syllable -en /ən/, many speakers also vowelise R, though this is commonest in fast or casual speech, and consonantal realisations may be retained depending on the rhythm of the phrase as well as the formality of the context.

Related terms

• Zäpfchen-R, Zäpfchen-r
• Zungenspitzen-R, Zungenspitzen-r

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Hungarian

Pronunciation

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): [ˈr]
• (letter name): IPA^(key): [ˈɛrː]

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The twenty-ninth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.

Declension

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	R	R-ek
accusative	R-et	R-eket
dative	R-nek	R-eknek
instrumental	R-rel	R-ekkel
causal-final	R-ért	R-ekért
translative	R-ré	R-ekké
terminative	R-ig	R-ekig
essive-formal	R-ként	R-ekként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	R-ben	R-ekben
superessive	R-en	R-eken
adessive	R-nél	R-eknél
illative	R-be	R-ekbe
sublative	R-re	R-ekre
allative	R-hez	R-ekhez
elative	R-ből	R-ekből
delative	R-ről	R-ekről
ablative	R-től	R-ektől
non-attributive possessive - singular	R-é	R-eké
non-attributive possessive - plural	R-éi	R-ekéi

Possessive forms of R
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	R-em	R-jeim
2nd person sing.	R-ed	R-jeid
3rd person sing.	R-je	R-jei
1st person plural	R-ünk	R-jeink
2nd person plural	R-etek	R-jeitek
3rd person plural	R-jük	R-jeik

See also

• (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.

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Ido

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾ/

Letter

R (lower case r)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) litero; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

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Italian

Pronunciation

• (name of letter) IPA^(key): /ˈɛrre/
• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /r/

Letter

R m or f (invariable, lower case r)

1. The sixteenth letter of the Italian alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) lettera; A a (À à), B b, C c, D d, E e (É é, È è), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Πî, J j, K k), L l, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù), V v (W w, X x, Y y), Z z
• Italian alphabet on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

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Latin

Proper noun

R

1. Abbreviation of Romanus.
2. Abbreviation of Rufus.

References

• R in Gaffiot, Félix, Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette, 1934

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Latvian

Etymology

Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɾ]

Letter

R

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The twenty-fifth letter of the Latvian alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

See also

• Letters of the Latvian alphabet:

  burti: Aa, Āā, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Ēē, Ff, Gg, Ģģ, Hh, Ii, Īī, Jj, Kk, Ķķ, Ll, Ļļ, Mm, Nn, Ņņ, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Ūū, Vv, Zz, Žž

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Malay

Pronunciation

• (Name of letter) IPA^(key): [ar]
• (Phoneme, Syllable initial) IPA^(key): [r]
• (Phoneme, Syllable final) IPA^(key): [(r)]

Letter

R

1. The eighteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

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Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The twenty-third letter of the Polish alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ę ę, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ó ó, P p, R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż

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Portuguese

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letra; A a (Á á, À à,  â, àã), B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e (É é, Ê ê), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ô ô, Õ õ), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

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Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /r/

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The twenty-first letter of the Romanian alphabet, called er, re, or rî and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ă ă,  â, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, Πî, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Ș ș, T t, Ț ț, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

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Skolt Sami

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /r/

Letter

R (lower case r)

1. The twenty-seventh letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) bukva; A a,  â, B b, C c, Č č, Ʒ ʒ, Ǯ ǯ, D d, Đ đ, E e, F f, G g, Ǧ ǧ, Ǥ ǥ, H h, I i, J j, K k, Ǩ ǩ, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Š š, T t, U u, V v, Z z, Ž ž, Å å, Ä ä, ʹ

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Slovene

Letter

R (capital, lowercase r)

1. The 18th letter of the Slovene alphabet. Preceded by P and followed by S.

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Somali

Pronunciation

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /r/
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /ræ/

Letter

R upper case (lower case r)

1. The eighth letter of the Somali alphabet, called ra and written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

1. The eighth letter of the Somali alphabet, which follows Arabic abjad order. It is preceded by D and followed by S.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) ', B b, T t, J j, X x, Kh kh, D d, R r, S s, Sh sh, Dh dh, C c, G g, F f, Q q, K k, L l, M m, N n, W w, H h, Y y, A a, E e, I i, O o, U u

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Spanish

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. the 19th letter of the Spanish alphabet

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Turkish

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The twenty-first letter of the Turkish alphabet, called re and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) harf; A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, I ı, İ i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, Y y, Z z

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Vietnamese

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ zəː˨˩], [zəː˨˩]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ ʐəː˦˩], [ʐəː˦˩]
• (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ ɹəː˨˩], [ɹəː˨˩]
• Phonetic: e rờ, rờ

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The twenty-second letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called e-rờ or rờ and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Quốc ngữ letters) chữ cái; A a (À à, Ả ả, àã, Á á, Ạ ạ), Ă ă (Ằ ằ, Ẳ ẳ, Ẵ ẵ, Ắ ắ, Ặ ặ),  â (Ầ ầ, Ẩ ẩ, Ẫ ẫ, Ấ ấ, Ậ ậ), B b, C c (Ch ch), D d, Đ đ, E e (È è, Ẻ ẻ, Ẽ ẽ, É é, Ẹ ẹ), Ê ê (Ề ề, Ể ể, Ễ ễ, Ế ế, Ệ ệ), G g (Gh gh, Gi gi), H h, I i (Ì ì, Ỉ ỉ, Ĩ ĩ, Í í, Ị ị), K k (Kh kh), L l, M m, N n (Ng ng, Ngh ngh, Nh nh), O o (Ò ò, Ỏ ỏ, Õ õ, Ó ó, Ọ ọ), Ô ô (Ồ ồ, Ổ ổ, Ỗ ỗ, Ố ố, Ộ ộ), Ơ ơ (Ờ ờ, Ở ở, Ỡ ỡ, Ớ ớ, Ợ ợ), P p (Ph ph), Q q (Qu qu), R r, S s, T t (Th th, Tr tr), U u (Ù ù, Ủ ủ, Ũ ũ, Ú ú, Ụ ụ), Ư ư (Ừ ừ, Ử ử, Ữ ữ, Ứ ứ, Ự ự), V v, X x, Y y (Ỳ ỳ, Ỷ ỷ, Ỹ ỹ, Ý ý, Ỵ ỵ)

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Welsh

Pronunciation

• (standard) IPA^(key): /ɛr/
  • (informal) IPA^(key): /r/

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The twenty-second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ph and followed by Rh.

Mutation

• R cannot be mutated in Welsh.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à,  â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Πî, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)

Further reading

• “R”, in R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, 1950–present

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Yoruba

Pronunciation

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /ɾ/
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The nineteenth letter of the Yoruba alphabet, called rí and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) lẹ́tà; A a (Á á, À à, Ā ā), B b, D d, E e (É é, È è, Ē ē), Ẹ ẹ (Ẹ́ ẹ́, Ẹ̀ ẹ̀, Ẹ̄ ẹ̄), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Ī ī), J j, K k, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ō ō), Ọ ọ (Ọ́ ọ́, Ọ̀ ọ̀, Ọ̄ ọ̄), P p, R r, S s, Ṣ ṣ, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Ū ū), W w, Y y

• As used in Benin: (Latin-script letters) lɛ́tà; A a, B b, D d, E e, Ɛ ɛ, F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kp kp, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ɔ ɔ, P p, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, U u, W w, Y y

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Zulu

Letter

R (upper case, lower case r)

1. The eighteenth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z