Ä
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Central Franconian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
- For the origin of /ɛ/, see E.
- /ɛː/ is from e before certain consonants; from analogical umlaut of /aː/; from Middle High German æ in some dialects; in Moselle Franconian from all cases where Ripuarian has /œː/ (see Ö); in eastern Moselle Franconian from Middle High German ei, öu.
Pronunciation[edit]
Letter[edit]
Ä
- A letter in the German-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
Usage notes[edit]
- In the Dutch-based spelling, short /ɛ/ is always represented by E (see there). Long /ɛː/ is represented by ae or è(è).
- Long ä may be doubled to ää in the following cases:
- when it is followed by two or more consonants: Wääch or Wäch;
- when the German cognate has two vowel letters: Stään or Stän (German Stein);
- when the German cognate has a consonant lost or not present in Central Franconian: Stään or Stän (German Stern);
- when the German cognate has a short vowel: ääße or äße (German essen).
- /ɛː/ is always represented by ä, never e.
- /ɛ/ may be represented by e or ä. The latter of these is used when the German cognate has ä or a. It may or may not be used in the following cases:
- when the German cognate has another umlaut letter: Läffel or Leffel (German Löffel);
- when the German cognate has er: Hätz or Hetz (German Herz);
- when there is a related word with a: trämmele or tremmele (because of the variant trammele);
- when there is a special reason to specify that the vowel is /ɛ/, not /e/: bränge or brenge (because German bringen suggests /e/).
- /œy̯/, /øy̯/ may be represented by eu or äu. The latter of these is used when the German cognate has äu or au. It may or may not be used when there is a related word with au: däue or deue (because of related Dau).
Estonian[edit]
Letter[edit]
Ä (upper case, lower case ä)
- The twenty-eighth letter of the Estonian alphabet, called ää and written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters) täht; A a, B b (C c), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p (Q q), R r, S s, Š š, Z z, Ž ž, T t, U u, V v (W w), Õ õ, Ä ä, Ö ö, Ü ü (X x, Y y)
Finnish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Swedish Ä and/or its origin, German Ä, in which the umlaut (two dots) were originally a lowercase e, first placed to the side and later on top of a/A to signify fronting of the vowel via Germanic umlaut.
Letter[edit]
Ä (upper case, lower case ä)
- The twenty-seventh letter of the Finnish alphabet, called ää and written in the Latin script.
Usage notes[edit]
Should not be replaced by ae in case of technical restrictions (like in e.g. German), as that may change the meaning.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters) kirjain; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s (Š š), T t, U u, V v (W w), X x, Y y, Z z (Ž ž), Å å, Ä ä, Ö ö
German[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
- ä (lowercase)
Etymology[edit]
- (letter) From Alemannic Middle High German aͤ, a representation of secondary umlaut [æ]. In Early Modern German, the letter spread to Central German, which did not have a special phoneme for secondary umlaut. Therefore, ä was seen there as a marker of umlaut as such, and was used analogously.
- (sound) Middle High German distinguished up to five stressed e-vowels: [æ], [ɛ], [ɛː], [e], [eː]. Through open-syllable lengthening, mergers, and analogy, this system was not just reduced but entirely altered. 19th-century Standard German generally retained only one short vowel, but distinguished [ɛː] from [eː]. All long ‹ä› were by then usually pronounced [ɛː], while ‹e› was [ɛː] in some words, [eː] in others. The choice between these, however, varied greatly from region to region, and was entirely absent in many Low German areas. Theodor Siebs therefore (consistently but rather arbitrarily) restricted [ɛː] to the spelling ‹ä› in his codification of stage and broadcasting German.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ɛː/, /ˌaː ˈʊmlaʊ̯t/ (letter name)
Audio (file)
- IPA(key): /ɛ/ (short phoneme)
- IPA(key): /ɛː/, [ɛː], [eː] (long phoneme)
- The distinction between long /ɛː/ and /eː/ is maintained in some regions, including Switzerland and most of western Germany. In many other regions the two are merged in normal speech, though speakers may nevertheless distinguish them in individual words and in enunciation.
- Rhymes: -eː (one pronunciation)
- Homophones: E, eh (one pronunciation)
Letter[edit]
Ä n (strong, genitive Ä or Äs, plural Ä or Äs)
Declension[edit]
Further reading[edit]
Kalo Finnish Romani[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Letter[edit]
Ä (upper case, lower case ä)
- The thirtieth letter of the Kalo Finnish Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.[1]
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, Ȟ ȟ, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Š š, T t, U u, V v, W w, Y y, Z z, Ž ž, Å å, Ä ä, Ö ö
References[edit]
Luxembourgish[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
- ä (lowercase)
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): [æ] (short phoneme)
- IPA(key): [ɛː] (long phoneme before /r/, phonemically /eː/)
- IPA(key): [ɛː] (long phoneme elsewhere, phonemically /ɛː/)
Letter[edit]
Ä
Usage notes[edit]
- The short vowel [æ] is spelt ä (rather than e) when it occurs as an umlaut in inflections. Otherwise its use is chiefly dependent on the spelling of the German cognate. Ä is used when the German word has one of a, ä, o, ö, thus e.g. Fläsch and Fräsch (German Flasche, Frosch). If no German cognate exists, ä is used when there is a closely related Luxembourgish word with a.
- The long vowel [ɛː] is always spelt ä. In native Luxembourgish words this sound occurs only before r as an allophone of /eː/. Elsewhere it must be interpreted as a distinct phoneme /ɛː/, which is restricted to borrowings.
Romani[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Letter[edit]
Ä (lower case, upper case Ä)
- (International Standard) Used to represent a dialectal centralized vowel.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).
References[edit]
- ^ Marcel Courthiade (2009), “DECISION : "THE ROMANI ALPHABET"”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (in Hungarian; English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 499
- ^ Yūsuke Sumi (2018), “ä”, in ニューエクスプレス ロマ(ジプシー)語 [New Express Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, →ISBN, page 16
Skolt Sami[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Letter[edit]
Ä (lower case ä)
- The thirty-sixth letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters) bukva; A a, Â â, B b, C c, Č č, Ʒ ʒ, Ǯ ǯ, D d, Đ đ, E e, F f, G g, Ǧ ǧ, Ǥ ǥ, H h, I i, J j, K k, Ǩ ǩ, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Š š, T t, U u, V v, Z z, Ž ž, Å å, Ä ä, ʹ
Slovene[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
From German Ä, with its corresponding pronunciation, which is still used by some speakers, however, the majority of speakers have vernacularized the pronunciation to a long close-mid vowel regardless of the initial pronunciation.
Pronunciation[edit]
- (phoneme): IPA(key): /éː/, /èː/, [ɛ́ː]
- (letter name, common): IPA(key): /prɛɡlaʃɛ̀ːni àː/, /prɛɡlaʃɛ̀ːni áː/ (preglašeni a)
- (letter name, educated): IPA(key): /ɛ̀ː/, /ɛ́ː/
- Rhymes: -ɛː
- Homophone: e
Letter[edit]
Ä (upper case, lower case ä)
- Additional letter in Slovene common mostly in loanwords from German.
Noun[edit]
Ä m inan
- (educated) The name of the Latin script letter Ä / ä.
Usage notes[edit]
It is more common to use the name preglašeni a than to use this name.
Inflection[edit]
- Overall more common
Masculine inan., soft o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | Ä | ||
gen. sing. | Ä-ja | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative (imenovȃlnik) |
Ä | Ä-ja | Ä-ji |
genitive (rodȋlnik) |
Ä-ja | Ä-jev | Ä-jev |
dative (dajȃlnik) |
Ä-ju | Ä-jema | Ä-jem |
accusative (tožȋlnik) |
Ä | Ä-ja | Ä-je |
locative (mẹ̑stnik) |
Ä-ju | Ä-jih | Ä-jih |
instrumental (orọ̑dnik) |
Ä-jem | Ä-jema | Ä-ji |
- More common when with a definite adjective
Masculine inan., no endings | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | Ä | ||
gen. sing. | Ä | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | Ä | Ä | Ä |
accusative | Ä | Ä | Ä |
genitive | Ä | Ä | Ä |
dative | Ä | Ä | Ä |
locative | Ä | Ä | Ä |
instrumental | Ä | Ä | Ä |
Etymology 2[edit]
Letter A with diaeresis (¨) to signify centralization.
Pronunciation[edit]
Letter[edit]
Ä (upper case, lower case ä)
- The second letter of the Resian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
References[edit]
- Steenwijk, Han (1994) Ortografia resiana = Tö jošt rozajanskë pïsanjë (in it, sl-rozaj), Padua: CLEUP
Turkmen[edit]
Letter[edit]
Ä (lower case ä)
- The sixth letter of the Turkmen alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- Character boxes with compositions
- Latin-1 Supplement block
- Latin script characters
- Central Franconian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Central Franconian lemmas
- Central Franconian letters
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian letters
- Finnish terms derived from Swedish
- Finnish terms derived from German
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish letters
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German 1-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio links
- Rhymes:German/eː
- German terms with homophones
- German lemmas
- German nouns
- German neuter nouns
- Kalo Finnish Romani terms with IPA pronunciation
- Kalo Finnish Romani lemmas
- Kalo Finnish Romani letters
- Luxembourgish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Luxembourgish lemmas
- Luxembourgish letters
- Romani terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romani lemmas
- Romani letters
- Romani International Standard spellings
- Skolt Sami terms with IPA pronunciation
- Skolt Sami lemmas
- Skolt Sami letters
- Slovene terms derived from German
- Slovene 1-syllable words
- Slovene terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Slovene/ɛː
- Slovene terms with homophones
- Slovene lemmas
- Slovene letters
- Slovene terms spelled with ◌̈
- Slovene nouns
- Slovene masculine inanimate nouns
- Slovene masculine nouns
- Slovene inanimate nouns
- Slovene masculine soft o-stem nouns
- Slovene masculine soft o-stem nouns with j-infix
- Turkmen lemmas
- Turkmen letters