dun

See also: Appendix:Variations of "dun"

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʌn/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• (Northern England) IPA^(key): /dʊn/}
• Rhymes: -ʌn
• Homophones: done, Donn, Donne, Dunn, Dunne

Etymology 1

From Middle English dun, dunne, from Old English dunn (“dun, dingy brown, bark-colored, brownish black”), from Proto-Germanic *dusnaz (“brown, yellow”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Old Saxon dun (“brown, dark”), Old High German tusin (“ash-gray, dull brown, pale yellow, dark”), Old Norse dunna (“female mallard; duck”).

Alternative etymology derives the Old English word from Brythonic (compare Middle Welsh dwnn (“dark (red)”)), from Proto-Celtic *dusnos (compare Old Irish donn), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (compare Old Saxon dosan (“chestnut brown”)). More at dusk.

Noun

dun (usually uncountable, plural duns)

1. A brownish grey colour.

   dun:  

   Synonym: claybank

Translations

colour

• Bulgarian: сиво-кафяв (sivo-kafjav)
• Czech: šedohnědá barva
• Dutch: vaalbruin (nl), grijs-bruin
• Finnish: harmaanruskea (fi)
• French: brun (fr) grisâtre
• Georgian: მონაცრისფრო-ყვითელი ფერი (monacrispro-q̇viteli peri)
• German: Graubraun n
• Greek: καστανόφαιο (kastanófaio)
• Hungarian: szürkésbarna (hu), ordas (hu)
• Icelandic: grámórautt n
• Indonesian: turangga (id) n
• Irish: donn (ga)
• Italian: bigio (it) m, grigio (it) m, grigiastro (it) m
• Japanese: 焦げ茶色 (こげちゃいろ, kogechairo)
• Norwegian: gråbrunt n
• Occitan: brunèl
• Persian: دیزه (fa) (dize)
• Portuguese: pardo (pt) m
• Russian: серова́то-кори́чневый (ru) m (serováto-koríčnevyj) (цвет)
• Serbo-Croatian: sivosmeđ
• Spanish: pardo (es)
• Swedish: gråbrun (sv), gråbrunt
• Turkish: kula (tr)

Adjective

dun (not comparable)

1. Of a brownish grey colour.
   • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v], page 134, column 2, lines 48–49:

     Come, thick Night,
     And pall thee in the dunneſt ſmoake of Hell,
     That my keene Knife ſee not the Wound it makes,
     Nor Heauen peepe through the Blanket of the darke,
     To cry, hold, hold.

   • 1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 130”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […]‎^[2], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

     My Miſtres eyes are nothing like the Sunne,
     Currall is farre more red, then her lips red,
     If ſnow be white, why then her breſts are dun:
     If hairs be wiers, black wiers grow on her head: [...]

   • 1827, [John Keble], “Twenty-third Sunday after Trinity”, in The Christian Year: Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and Holydays throughout the Year, volume II, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [B]y W. Baxter, for J. Parker; and C[harles] and J[ohn] Rivington, […], →OCLC, page 85:

     Red o'er the forest glows the setting sun, / The line of yellow light dies fast away / That crown'd the eastern copse, and chill and dun / Falls on the moor the brief November day.

   • 2007 September 25, Bungie, Halo 3, Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox 360, level/area: Terminal One (Legendary):

     Where is the nobility in these streets paved with greasy carbon and dun ash?

Translations

of a brownish grey colour

• Bulgarian: сиво-кафяв (sivo-kafjav)
• Czech: šedohnědý, plavý (cs) (horse)
• Dutch: grijsbruin (nl)
• Finnish: harmaanruskea (fi)
• French: brun gris
• Georgian: მონაცრისფრო-ყვითელი (monacrispro-q̇viteli)
• German: graubraun (de), falb (of horses)
• Hungarian: fakó (hu), ordas (hu)
• Indonesian: turangga (id)
• Irish: riabhach
• Italian: grigio brunastro (it) m
• Norwegian: gråbrun
• Ottoman Turkish: قولا (kula)
• Polish: płowy (pl) m
• Portuguese: pardo (pt)
• Russian: серова́то-кори́чневый (ru) (serováto-koríčnevyj)
• Scottish Gaelic: odhar
• Spanish: pardo (es)
• Swedish: gråbrun (sv)
• Turkish: boz (tr)

Derived terms

• donkey (uncertain)
• dun-bar
• dun crow
• dun diver
• dunnock

 

See also

• bawn
• durmast oak
• Appendix:Colors

Etymology 2

Unknown; perhaps a variant of din. Several sources suggest origin from Joe Dun, the name of a bailiff known for arresting debtors, but this is controversial.

Noun

dun (plural duns)

1. (countable) A collector of debts, especially one who is insistent and demanding.
   • 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 162–163:

     "The truth is, Mr. Curl, I cannot write when I am plagued about trifles; and a tiresome dun this morning put to flight every idea that I had in the world."
     "Mr. Maynard," said the bookseller, in a solemn tone, "it is very wrong to run in debt."

   • 1889 [1712], John Arbuthnot, The History of John Bull, London: Cassell & Co., →OCLC, page 71:

     Look ye, gentlemen, I have lived with credit in the world, and it grieves my heart never to stir out of my doors but to be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun or other.

   • 1933 January 9, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], chapter XVIII, in Down and Out in Paris and London, London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC:

     Melancholy duns came looking for him at all hours.

   • 1970, John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse, New York, published 2007, page 102:

     ‘Frank's worried about duns,’ she said as the butler went away.

2. An urgent request or demand of payment.
   • 1842, A.B.G., “Errata”, in Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate, volume 13, →OCLC, page 251:

     Miss Hoppin received a dun for volume 9 1840–1 which Mr. James McConnell, (who now pays the above) is sure was paid.

Translations

a collector of debts

• Finnish: perijä (fi), velkoja (fi)

Verb

dun (third-person singular simple present duns, present participle dunning, simple past and past participle dunned)

1. (transitive) To ask or beset a debtor for payment.
   • 1768, Jonathan Swift, The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, London: C. Bathurst, →OCLC, Miscellanies in Verse, page 309:

     And hath she sent so soon to dun?

   • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volumes (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:
     Folio Society 1973, p. 577:

     Of all he had received from Lady Bellaston, not above five guineas remained and that very morning he had been dunned by a tradesman for twice that sum.

2. (transitive) To harass by continually repeating e.g. a request.
   • 1940, Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, Penguin, published 2010, page 107:

     Rich bitches who had to be dunned for their milk bills would pay him right now.

Derived terms

• dun letter

Translations

to ask for payment

• Czech: upomínat impf, urgovat (cs) impf, vymáhat zaplacení
• Dutch: afpersen (nl)
• Finnish: periä (fi), velkoa (fi), karhuta (fi)
• Japanese: 借金の催促 (ja) (しゃっきんのさいそく, shakkin no saisoku)
• Portuguese: cobrar (pt)

to harass by continually repeating a request

• Finnish: tivata (fi), perätä (fi)
• Polish: przymawiać się impf, przymówić się pf

Etymology 3

Uncertain; likely from the color.

Noun

dun (plural duns)

1. (countable) A newly hatched, immature mayfly; a mayfly subimago.
   • 1966, John Harris, An Angler's Entomology, New York: Barnes, →OCLC, page 16:

     Also, duns are dull and generally sober colored, whilst spinners are more brightly colored and shining and their wings are clear and transparent.

2. (countable, fishing) A fly made to resemble the mayfly subimago.
   • 1676, Charles Cotton, The Compleat Angler. Being Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a Clear Stream, London: Richard Marriott, and Henry Brome, →OCLC, March, page 59:

     We have besides for this Month a little Dun call'd a whirling Dun (though it is not the whirling Dun indeed, which is one of the best Flies we have) and for this the dubbing must be of the bottom fur of a Squirrels tail and the wing of the grey feather of a Drake.

Synonyms

• subimago

Translations

immature mayfly

• Finnish: esiaikuinen, subimago

Etymology 4

From Irish dún or Scottish Gaelic dùn, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“fortress”). Cognate with Welsh dinas (“city”). Doublet of town.

Alternative forms

• doon
• dún

Noun

dun (plural duns)

2. An ancient or medieval fortification; especially a hill-fort in Scotland or Ireland.
   • 1858, Henry MacLauchlan, Memoir written during a survey of the Roman Wall, through the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland, in the years 1852-1854, London: Printed for private circulation, →OCLC, page 9:

     Pampedun, or Pandon, was probably a place of residence from the earliest times; its sheltered situation for boats, and proximity to the ancient way over the river, protected perhaps by a dun or camp, on the height above [...] possibly gave origin to the ancient name of the place, Pampedun, from the British pant, a hollow, and dun, a fort or camp, Pant-y-dun.

3. (archaeology) A structure in the Orkney or Shetland islands or in Scotland consisting of a roundhouse surrounded by a circular wall; a broch.
   • 2013, T.J. Clarkson, The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings, Edinburgh: Birlinn, →ISBN:

     Smaller than the broch was the dun, another type of stone-built 'roundhouse'.

Etymology 5

See do.

Verb

dun

1. (nonstandard, informal) Eye dialect spelling of done: past participle of do

   Now, ya dun it!

   • 1895 May, S.L.N. Foote, “Correspondence”, in International Journal of Medicine and Surgery‎^[3], volume 8, retrieved 2016–10–13, page 194:

     ...a wise old lady exclaimed, "Why Mrs. M. warn't you orful skeerd wunst when you seed a dog fight? [...] an that ere big yaller dog bit orf your baby's hand that minit; in cors he dun it, so now that settles it."

   • 2001 April 1, Robert Frost, Poems by Robert Frost: A Boy's Will and North of Boston‎^[4], Penguin, →ISBN, →OCLC:

     “Oh, Because I want their dollar.
     I don't want Anything they've not got. I never dun.
     I'm there, and they can pay me if they like.
     I go nowhere on purpose: I happen by.
     Sorry there is no cup to give you a drink. […]

2. (nonstandard, informal) Pronunciation spelling of don't: contraction of do + not.
   • 1901, Gilbert Parker, The Right of Way, New York and London: Harper, →OCLC:

     Fwhere's he come from, I dun'no'. French or English, I dun'no'. But a gintleman born, I know.

Etymology 6

Likely from the color of fish so prepared.

Verb

dun (third-person singular simple present duns, present participle dunning, simple past and past participle dunned)

1. (transitive, dated) To cure, as codfish, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with saltgrass or a similar substance.
   • 1832, James Thacher, History of Plymouth; from its first settlement in 1620, to the year 1832, Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, →OCLC, page 317:

     Dun-fish are of a superior quality for the table, and are cured in such a manner as to give them a dun or brownish color. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and sometimes February, at the Isle of Shoals.

Etymology 7

See dune.

Noun

dun (plural duns)

1. A mound or small hill.

Etymology 8

Imitative.

Interjection

dun

1. Imitating a deep bass note, such as that found in suspenseful music.
   • 2009, Carrie Tucker, I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook, Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media, →ISBN:

     How would you deal with that power? (Dun, dun, DUN! Insert dramatic music here.)

   • 2015, Lisa Dombrowski, The Films of Samuel Fuller: If You Die, I’ll Kill You, page 113:

     Dun, dun! Dun, dun! As the music continues, the long shot of Griff's walk is broken down into repeating tight shots of his face, his legs, and his shifting point of view of Brockie.

   • 2016, Helen Russell, Leap Year: How small steps can make a giant difference:

     'DUN DUN DUN DUN-DUN-DUN-DUN! DUN DUN DUN DUNDUN-DUN-DUN... PRESSURE!' By 2.05 a.m. I am Very Awake Indeed and the catastrophising continues.

   • 2020, Spencer Hamilton, The Fear: A Pandemic Horror Novel:

     Whenever that iconic riff in the score cued up—Dun dun ... dun dun ... dun dun dun dun dun-dun-dun-dun ... —Jack's heart would race, and she'd feel the fear on her skin.

Derived terms

• dun dun dun

Etymology 9

Noun

dun (plural duns)

1. Alternative form of dhoon (“Himalayan valley”)

See also

etymologically unrelated terms

• dun comma
• dun dun

 

References

• “dun”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

Anagrams

• DNU, und

Bambara

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dũ˦]

Verb

dun

1. to eat

References

• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Basque

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dun/ [d̪ũn]
• Rhymes: -un
• Hyphenation: dun

Verb

dun

1. Informal second-person singular feminine (hik), taking third-person singular (hura) as direct object, present indicative form of izan.
2. Feminine allocutive form of da.

Usage notes

Linguistically, this verb form can be seen as belonging to the reconstructed citation form edun instead of izan.

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse dúnn (“down”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duːn/, [d̥uːˀn]

Noun

dun n (singular definite dunet, plural indefinite dun)

1. down (soft, immature feathers)

Inflection

Declension of dun

neuter gender	Singular		Plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	dun	dunet	dun	dunene
genitive	duns	dunets	duns	dunenes

See also

• “dun” in Den Danske Ordbog
• “dun” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog
• dun on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^da

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʏn/

• Audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: dun
• Rhymes: -ʏn
• Homophone: Dun

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch dunne, from Old Dutch *thunni, from Proto-West Germanic *þunnī, from Proto-Germanic *þunnuz. Cognate with English thin (Compare West-Flemish thinne).

Adjective

dun (comparative dunner, superlative dunst)

1. thin, slender
2. sparse
3. (liquid) runny

Inflection

Inflection of dun
uninflected	dun
inflected	dunne
comparative	dunner
		positive	comparative	superlative
predicative/adverbial		dun	dunner	het dunst het dunste
indefinite	m./f. sing.	dunne	dunnere	dunste
	n. sing.	dun	dunner	dunste
	plural	dunne	dunnere	dunste
definite		dunne	dunnere	dunste
partitive		duns	dunners	—

Antonyms

• dicht, dik

Derived terms

• dun schaduwmos
• dunbekwulp
• dundoek
• dunne darm
• dunnen, verdunnen
• flinterdun

 

Descendants

• Afrikaans: dun
• Berbice Creole Dutch: doni
• Negerhollands: dun, din
• → Aukan: deni, doin

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

dun

1. inflection of dunnen:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. imperative

Galician

Etymology

From de (“of”) + un (“masculine singular indefinite article”).

Contraction

dun m (feminine dunha, masculine plural duns, feminine plural dunhas)

1. Contraction of de un. From a; of a

Further reading

• “dun, dunha” in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega, Royal Galician Academy.

German

Alternative forms

• duhn

Etymology

Borrowed from Low German duun.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duːn/

• Audio

  (file)

Adjective

dun (strong nominative masculine singular duner, comparative duner, superlative am dunsten)

1. (colloquial, chiefly Northern Germany) drunk
   • 1998, “Du (äh, Du)”, in Power, performed by Fischmob:

     Ich war dun die Nacht
     Und hatte mit chemischen Drogen aus Amerika herumexperimentiert
     Bis ich das Bewußtsein verlor

     I was drunk that night / and had experimented with synthetic drugs from America / until I lost consciousness

Declension

Positive forms of dun

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist dun	sie ist dun	es ist dun	sie sind dun
strong declension (without article)	nominative	duner	dune	dunes	dune
	genitive	dunen	duner	dunen	duner
	dative	dunem	duner	dunem	dunen
	accusative	dunen	dune	dunes	dune
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der dune	die dune	das dune	die dunen
	genitive	des dunen	der dunen	des dunen	der dunen
	dative	dem dunen	der dunen	dem dunen	den dunen
	accusative	den dunen	die dune	das dune	die dunen
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein duner	eine dune	ein dunes	(keine) dunen
	genitive	eines dunen	einer dunen	eines dunen	(keiner) dunen
	dative	einem dunen	einer dunen	einem dunen	(keinen) dunen
	accusative	einen dunen	eine dune	ein dunes	(keine) dunen

Comparative forms of dun

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist duner	sie ist duner	es ist duner	sie sind duner
strong declension (without article)	nominative	dunerer	dunere	duneres	dunere
	genitive	duneren	dunerer	duneren	dunerer
	dative	dunerem	dunerer	dunerem	duneren
	accusative	duneren	dunere	duneres	dunere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der dunere	die dunere	das dunere	die duneren
	genitive	des duneren	der duneren	des duneren	der duneren
	dative	dem duneren	der duneren	dem duneren	den duneren
	accusative	den duneren	die dunere	das dunere	die duneren
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein dunerer	eine dunere	ein duneres	(keine) duneren
	genitive	eines duneren	einer duneren	eines duneren	(keiner) duneren
	dative	einem duneren	einer duneren	einem duneren	(keinen) duneren
	accusative	einen duneren	eine dunere	ein duneres	(keine) duneren

Superlative forms of dun

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist am dunsten	sie ist am dunsten	es ist am dunsten	sie sind am dunsten
strong declension (without article)	nominative	dunster	dunste	dunstes	dunste
	genitive	dunsten	dunster	dunsten	dunster
	dative	dunstem	dunster	dunstem	dunsten
	accusative	dunsten	dunste	dunstes	dunste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der dunste	die dunste	das dunste	die dunsten
	genitive	des dunsten	der dunsten	des dunsten	der dunsten
	dative	dem dunsten	der dunsten	dem dunsten	den dunsten
	accusative	den dunsten	die dunste	das dunste	die dunsten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein dunster	eine dunste	ein dunstes	(keine) dunsten
	genitive	eines dunsten	einer dunsten	eines dunsten	(keiner) dunsten
	dative	einem dunsten	einer dunsten	einem dunsten	(keinen) dunsten
	accusative	einen dunsten	eine dunste	ein dunstes	(keine) dunsten

Further reading

• “dun” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
• “dun” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
• “dun” in Duden online

Hunsrik

Etymology

Inherited from Central Franconian dun, from Middle High German duon, from Old High German duon, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-.

Cognate with German tun, Kölsch dunn and Luxembourgish doen.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tuːn/, /toːn/
• Rhymes: -uːn, -oːn
• Hyphenation: dun

Verb

dun

1. (auxiliary, with an infinitive) will; to be going (to do something); forms the future tense

   Ich dun das mache.

   I will do that.

2. (auxiliary, with an infinitive) to be; forms the progressive aspect

   Was dun-se mache.

   What are they doing.

3. (transitive, with an accusative object) to put, to place, to add

   Synonym: stelle

   Du mol en bissje Eis in de Suco.

   Put some ice in the juice.

4. (intransitive, with an accusative object) to do

   Heit hon-ich nichs se dun.

   I have nothing to do today.

Conjugation

Irregular with conditional mood
infinitive	dun
participle	gedun
auxiliary	hon
	present indicative	conditional	imperative
ich	dun	däd	—
du	dust	däst	du
er/sie/es	dud	däd	—
meer	dun	däde	—
deer	dud	däd	dud
sie	dun	däde	—
The use of the present participle is uncommon, but can be made with the suffix -end.

Derived terms

• mitdun
• wechdun

 

Kiput

Etymology

From Proto-North Sarawak *daqun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun (compare Malay daun).

Noun

dun

1. leaf

Mandarin

Romanization

dun

1. Nonstandard spelling of dūn.
2. Nonstandard spelling of dǔn.
3. Nonstandard spelling of dùn.

Usage notes

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse dúnn.

Noun

dun f or m (definite singular duna or dunen, indefinite plural duner, definite plural dunene)
dun n (definite singular dunet, indefinite plural dun, definite plural duna or dunene)

1. down (soft, fine fluffy feathers)

References

• “dun” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “dun” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse dúnn m.

Noun

dun f or n (definite singular duna or dunet, indefinite plural duner or dun, definite plural dunene or duna)

1. down (soft, fine fluffy feathers)

References

• “dun” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /duːn/

Noun

dūn f

1. hill, mountain

Declension

Declension of dun (strong ō-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	dūn	dūna, dūne
accusative	dūne	dūna, dūne
genitive	dūne	dūna
dative	dūne	dūnum

Derived terms

• ofdūne

Descendants

• Middle English: doun, doune
  • English: down
  • Scots: doun, down

Old French

Etymology

From Latin donum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dun/

Noun

dun oblique singular, m (oblique plural duns, nominative singular duns, nominative plural dun)

1. (Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of don
   • c. 1150, Turoldus, La Chanson de Roland:

     E tute Espaigne tendrat par vostre dun

     And all of Spain he will hold as your gift

Old Irish

Article

dun

1. Alternative form of don (“to/for the”)

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse dúnn (“down”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʉːn/

Noun

dun n

1. down (soft, fine fluffy feathers)

Declension

Declension of dun
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	dun	dunet	dun	dunen
Genitive	duns	dunets	duns	dunens

Related terms

• dunboll
• dunbolster
• dunbädd
• dunig
• dunighet
• dunjacka
• dunkudde
• dunlätt
• dunmjuk
• duntäcke
• dununge
• dunört
• ejderdun
• gåsdun

 

References

• dun in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

Volapük

Etymology

Borrowed from German tun and English do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dun/

Noun

dun (nominative plural duns)

1. deed, action, act, doing

Declension

declension of dun

	singular	plural
nominative	dun	duns
genitive	duna	dunas
dative	dune	dunes
accusative	duni	dunis
vocative 1	o dun!	o duns!
predicative 2	dunu	dunus

• ¹ status as a case is disputed
• ² in later, non-classical Volapük only

Derived terms

• dunön

Welsh

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /dɨ̞n/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /dɪn/

Noun

dun

1. Soft mutation of tun (“tin”).

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
tun	dun	nhun	thun
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Wolof

Noun

dun (definite form dun bi)

1. island

Yoruba

Etymology 1

Cognates include Itsekiri yọ̀n, Olukumi yọ̀n, Ifè ɖɔ̃̀. Likely from the same root as yọ̀n and the /y/ alternatives.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dũ̀/

Verb

dùn

1. to be sweet, to be pleasant

Usage notes

• it induces a high tone syllable when followed by another verb, becoming dùn-ún and subcategorizes an embedded clause.

Synonyms

Yoruba varieties (to be sweet)

Language Family	Variety Group	Variety	Words
Proto-Itsekiri-SEY	Southeast Yoruba	Ìdànrè	yùn
		Ìjẹ̀bú	yùn
		Ìkálẹ̀	yọ̀n
		Ìlàjẹ	yọ̀n
		Oǹdó	yọ̀n
		Ọ̀wọ̀	yọ̀n
		Usẹn	-
Proto-Yoruba	Central Yoruba	Èkìtì	yụ̀n, dụ̀n
		Ifẹ̀	-
		Ìgbómìnà	-
		Ìjẹ̀ṣà	-
		Western Àkókó	-
	Northwest Yoruba	Àwórì	-
		Ẹ̀gbá	-
		Ìbàdàn	dùn
		Òǹkò	dọ̀n, dùn
		Ọ̀yọ́	dùn
		Standard Yorùbá	dùn
	Northeast Yoruba/Okun	Ìbùnú	-
		Ìjùmú	-
		Ìyàgbà	dùn
		Owé	dùn
		Ọ̀wọ̀rọ̀	-

Derived terms

• adùn (“sweetness”)
• dídùn (“sweet”)
• gbádùn (“to enjoy”)
• jadùn
• kúndùn
• ìdùn
• ìdùnnú (“happiness”)

 

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dũ̀/

Verb

dùn

1. to hurt, to be painful (physically)

   egbò ń dùn mí ― The ulcer is hurting me

2. to be painful (mentally)

   ó dùn mí pé ó kú ― It pained me that she died

Usage notes

• dun before a direct object

Derived terms

• ìdùn
• adùn (“pain”)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dṹ/

Verb

dún

1. (transitive) to emit a sound

   ẹyẹ yìí dún ― This bird made a sound

Derived terms

• ìdún (“sonority”)
• adún (“sonorous”)