izan
Basque
[edit]Etymology
[edit]A plausible reconstruction for the participle of the intransitive forms is Proto-Basque *eizani,[1] while *edun can be reconstructed for the transitive ones.[2] The verb forms in each paradigm have different etymologies:
- NOR: from the participle prefix *e- + the stem -iza- (of unknown origin) + the past participle suffix -n. It has numerous suppletive stem forms. The present-tense forms have three stems: -a (third-person singular only), -aiz (with first- and second-person singular prefixes), and -ara (in first- and second-person plural forms).
- NOR-NORI: the stem -(t)zai- occurs in the indicative forms. The potential and imperative forms have the suppletive stem -ki-. Forms with plural nor agreement throughout the paradigm have the suffix -zki- immediately attached the stem and preceding the nori agreement suffixes.
- NOR-NORK: the stem -(d)u- forms the basis of the indicative forms. This stem also appears in the dialectal participle eduki. A verbal noun edutzea is attested from the fifteenth century, derived from either eduki or *edun. The potential and imperative forms are built on the stem -za- which becomes -tza- after a prefix ending in n.
- NOR-NORI: the stem is -i- in the indicative, and -ieza- in the potential and imperative. As in the nor-nori izan paradigm, forms with plural nor (absolutive) agreement are suffixed with -zki-. This marker is attached directly to the stem and precedes other agreement suffixes.
Pronunciation
[edit]
Audio: (file)
- Hyphenation: i‧zan
Verb
[edit]izan da/du/dio/zaio (imperfect participle izaten, future participle izango or izanen, short form izan, verbal noun izate)
- (auxiliary, intransitive) to be
- (copulative) to be (essentially or identified as)
- Hau nire emaztea da. ― This is my wife.
- to exist; to occur
- Jaia bihar izango da. ― The party will be tomorrow.
- (Navarro-Lapurdian, Soule) to be (to occupy a place)
- Baionan naiz. ― I am in Baiona.
- (copulative, Navarro-Lapurdian, Soule) to be (in a transient fashion)
- Mahaia zikina da. ― The table is dirty.
- Used to conjugate intransitive (nor) verbs.
- Zer gertatu da? ― What happened?
- Used to conjugate intransitive verbs with dative arguments (nor nori verbs).
- Txapela erori zaio. ― His hat fell off. (literally, “The hat fell to him.”)
- Etorri zitzaigun. ― He came to us.
- (copulative) to be (essentially or identified as)
- (auxiliary, transitive)
- Used to conjugate transitive (nor nork) verbs.
- Liburua irakurri dut. ― I've read the book.
- Used to conjugate transitive verbs with dative arguments (nor nori nork verbs).
- Liburua eman nizun. ― I gave you the book.
- Used to conjugate transitive (nor nork) verbs.
- (Southern, transitive) to have, to possess
Usage notes
[edit]- Southern Basque (like Spanish) has two different verbs that are usually translated to English as “to be”: izan and egon. The former is used to express a quality of something (the first two examples), while the latter (the third and fourth examples) is used to express a location or a temporary state. Northern Basque does not have this distinction, so "to be" can be translated as izan in almost all contexts.
- Mahaia handia da. ― The table is big.
- Iñaki Donostiakoa da. ― Iñaki is from San Sebastián.
- Mahaia zikina dago. ― The table is dirty.
- Iñaki Donostian dago. ― Iñaki is in San Sebastián.
- Light verb constructions with egin (“to do”) usually take nor nork auxiliaries, even when translated by intransitive verbs.
- Elurra egin du. ― It's snowed.
- Lo egiten dute. ― They're sleeping.
- The dative argument (nori) frequently corresponds to an indirect object in English, but often indicates the possessor of the direct object (nor) of the verb, usually expressed as a possessive in English.
- Verbs of the nor nori nork class can only take third person direct objects (nor/absolutive arguments).
- In Northern dialects the citation form ukan is used for the transitive senses, with izan reserved for the intransitive ones.
- The tenses are referred to by the names given in the 1979 standardization of verbal forms, with the exception of the consequential indicative forms. This is the most common notation in non-specialist textbooks and learning materials.
- In linguistic contexts, the nor and nor nori forms of the potential, subjunctive and imperative moods are usually classified as belonging to a reconstructed verb *edin. The 1997 standardization of verbal forms uses this analysis.
- Basque grammarians usually refer to the nor nork and nor nori nork auxiliaries by the northern citation form ukan or by the reconstructed participle form *edun; as a different verb from the intransitive forms of izan. The forms belonging to the potential, subjunctive and imperative moods belong to a different reconstructed verb, *ezan.
Conjugation
[edit]1Archaic or dialectal.
2Not used as auxiliares.
| Mood / Tense | NOR (absolutive) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg | 3rd sg | 1st pl | 3rd pl | ||
| ni | hura | gu | haiek | ||
| Indicative | Indicative | ||||
| Present | nauk/n | duk/n | gaituk/n | dituk/n | |
| Past | ninduan/nan | zuan/nan | gintuan/nan | zituan/nan | |
| Hypothetic cons. | nindukek/n | lukek/n | gintuzkek/n | lituzkek/n | |
| Past cons. | nindukean/nan | zukean/nan | gintuzkean/nan | zituzkean/nan | |
| Future1 | naukek/n | dukek/n | gaituzkek/n | dituzkek/n | |
| Potential | Potential | ||||
| Present | naitekek/n | daitekek/n | gaitezkek/n | daitezkek/n | |
| Hypothetic | nintekek/n | litekek/n | gintezkek/n | litezkek/n | |
| Past | nintekean/nan | zitekean/nan | gintezkean/nan | zitezkean/nan | |
1Archaic or dialectal.
1Archaic or dialectal.
1Archaic or dialectal.
1Archaic or dialectal.
1Archaic or dialectal.
1Archaic or dialectal.
1Archaic or dialectal.
See also
[edit]| dialect | “to be” | intransitive auxiliary |
transitive auxiliary |
“to have” |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| northern | izan | *edun1 | ukan2 | |
| southern | (quality) izan | izan | eduki3 | |
| (state) egon | ||||
References
[edit]- ^ R. L. Trask (2008), “izan”, in Max W. Wheeler, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Basque, University of Sussex, page 235
- ^ R. L. Trask (2008), “edun”, in Max W. Wheeler, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Basque, University of Sussex, page 161
Further reading
[edit]- “izan”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
- “izan”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005
Spanish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ˈiθan/ [ˈi.θãn] (Equatorial Guinea, Spain)
- IPA(key): /ˈisan/ [ˈi.sãn] (Latin America, Philippines)
- Rhymes: -iθan (Equatorial Guinea, Spain)
- Rhymes: -isan (Latin America, Philippines)
- Syllabification: i‧zan
Verb
[edit]izan
Categories:
- Basque terms inherited from Proto-Basque
- Basque terms derived from Proto-Basque
- Basque 2-syllable words
- Basque terms with IPA pronunciation
- Basque terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Basque/is̻an
- Rhymes:Basque/is̻an/2 syllables
- Rhymes:Basque/an
- Rhymes:Basque/an/2 syllables
- Rhymes:Basque/is̺an
- Rhymes:Basque/is̺an/2 syllables
- Basque lemmas
- Basque verbs
- Basque da verbs
- Basque du verbs
- Basque dio verbs
- Basque zaio verbs
- Basque auxiliary verbs
- Basque intransitive verbs
- Basque copulative verbs
- Basque terms with usage examples
- Navarro-Lapurdian Basque
- Souletin Basque
- Basque transitive verbs
- Southern Basque
- Basque synthetic verbs
- Spanish 2-syllable words
- Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Spanish/iθan
- Rhymes:Spanish/iθan/2 syllables
- Rhymes:Spanish/isan
- Rhymes:Spanish/isan/2 syllables
- Spanish non-lemma forms
- Spanish verb forms