edun
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See also: ẹdun
Basque[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
The stem -(d)u- forms the basis of the indicative forms. This stem also appears in the dialectal participle eduki. A verbal noun edutzea is attested from the fifteenth century, derived from either eduki or *edun. The potential and imperative forms are built on the stem -za- which becomes -tza- after a prefix ending in n.
Verb[edit]
*edun
- (auxiliary, transitive) to have
- (auxiliary, transitive) used with transitive (nor nork) verbs
- Ikusi nahi zintudan ― I wanted to see you.
- Irakurri zuen ― He read it.
Usage notes[edit]
- Light verb constructions with egin usually take auxiliaries of this class, even when translated by intransitive verbs.
- Elurra egin du. ― It's snowed.
- Lo egiten dute. ― They're sleeping.
- Northern dialects use the participle ukan for these forms.
- Txakurra ikusi nahi ukan dut. ― I wanted to see the dog.
- Diru asko ukango du. ― He will have a lot of money.
- Southern dialects use the participle eduki for this verb in the sense "to have". As an auxiliary, the participle izan is used instead.
- Txakurra ikusi nahi izan dut. ― I wanted to see the dog.
- Diru asko edukiko du. ― He will have a lot of money.
- Basque grammarians usually refer to this, along with the nor nori nork auxiliary, by the northern citation form ukan or by the reconstructed participle form *edun; as separative verb from the intransitive forms of izan.
Conjugation[edit]
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Etymology 2[edit]
The stem is -i- in the indicative, and -ieza- in the potential and imperative. As in the nor-nori izan paradigm, forms with plural nor (absolutive) agreement are suffixed with -zki-. This marker is attached directly to the stem and precedes other agreement suffixes.
Verb[edit]
*edun
- (auxiliary, transitive, with dative agreement) used with transitive verbs that take a dative argument (nor nori nork)
- Eman nion. ― I gave it to her.
- Eman nizkion. ― I gave them to her.
- Irakurri zidan. ― He read it to me.
Usage notes[edit]
- The dative argument frequently corresponds to an indirect object in English, but often indicates the possessor of the direct object (nor argument) of the verb, usually expressed as a possessive in English.
- Basque verbs of this class can only take third person direct objects (nor, or absolutive, arguments).
Conjugation[edit]
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
See also[edit]
Basque auxiliary verbs
| Dialect | to be | Intransitive auxiliary | Transitive auxiliary | to have |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northern | izan | *edun1 | ukan2 | |
| Southern | (quality) izan | izan | eduki3 | |
| (state) egon | ||||
| 1. Hypothetical citation form lacking non-finite forms, the non-finite forms of izan, ukan and eduki are used instead. 2. Verb lacking finite forms, *edun is used instead. 3. *edun is also used synonymously. | ||||
References[edit]
- “*edun” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk
- A Brief Grammar of Euskara, p. 89, Itziar Laka, 1996, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
- “Aditz Laguntzaile Batua”, in euskaltzaindia.eus[1] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia, 1973 August 10
Finnish[edit]
Noun[edit]
edun