ard

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ard"

English

Etymology

20th-century, borrowed from Norwegian ard (“plough”), itself inherited from Old Norse arðr, from Proto-Germanic *arþrą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom.

Pronunciation

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ɑɹd/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɑːd/
• Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)d

Noun

ard (plural ards)

1. A simple plough consisting of a spike dragged through the soil.

Translations

simple plough

• Czech: rádlo n
• Danish: ard c
• Dutch: haakploeg (nl) m, eergetouw
• Finnish: aatra (fi)
• French: araire (fr) f
• German: Hakenpflug (de) m, Ritzpflug m
• Kashubian: redło n

• Lithuanian: árklas (lt) m
• Polish: radło (pl) n
• Swedish: årder (sv) n
• Walloon: eraire (wa) f
• Welsh: aradr ddi-wadn f

Anagrams

• -dar, ADR, DAR, DRA, Dar, Dra, RAD, RDA, dar, rad, rad.

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Azerbaijani

Etymology

From Common Turkic *ārt.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɑrd]

Noun

ard (definite accusative ardı, plural ardlar)

1. back, rear

   Synonyms: arxa, dal

   Antonyms: qabaq, ön

2. sequel, continuation; something which is continued

   Synonyms: davam, dal

Declension

Declension of ard

	singular	plural
nominative	ard	ardlar
definite accusative	ardı	ardları
dative	arda	ardlara
locative	ardda	ardlarda
ablative	arddan	ardlardan
definite genitive	ardın	ardların

Possessive forms of ard

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardım	ardlarım
sənin (“your”)	ardın	ardların
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardı	ardları
bizim (“our”)	ardımız	ardlarımız
sizin (“your”)	ardınız	ardlarınız
onların (“their”)	ardı or ardları	ardları
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardımı	ardlarımı
sənin (“your”)	ardını	ardlarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardını	ardlarını
bizim (“our”)	ardımızı	ardlarımızı
sizin (“your”)	ardınızı	ardlarınızı
onların (“their”)	ardını or ardlarını	ardlarını
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardıma	ardlarıma
sənin (“your”)	ardına	ardlarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardına	ardlarına
bizim (“our”)	ardımıza	ardlarımıza
sizin (“your”)	ardınıza	ardlarınıza
onların (“their”)	ardına or ardlarına	ardlarına
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardımda	ardlarımda
sənin (“your”)	ardında	ardlarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardında	ardlarında
bizim (“our”)	ardımızda	ardlarımızda
sizin (“your”)	ardınızda	ardlarınızda
onların (“their”)	ardında or ardlarında	ardlarında
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardımdan	ardlarımdan
sənin (“your”)	ardından	ardlarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardından	ardlarından
bizim (“our”)	ardımızdan	ardlarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	ardınızdan	ardlarınızdan
onların (“their”)	ardından or ardlarından	ardlarından
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardımın	ardlarımın
sənin (“your”)	ardının	ardlarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardının	ardlarının
bizim (“our”)	ardımızın	ardlarımızın
sizin (“your”)	ardınızın	ardlarınızın
onların (“their”)	ardının or ardlarının	ardlarının

Derived terms

• ardınca
• ardıcıl

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Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse arðr (“plough, ard”), from Proto-Germanic *arþrą, cognate with Swedish årder and Norwegian Bokmål ard (whence (English ard). The Germanic word is related to Latin arātrum (“plough”) and Ancient Greek ἄροτρον (árotron, “plough”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɑˀd̥]

Noun

ard c (singular definite arden, plural indefinite arder)

1. (historical) plough, ard

Inflection

Declension of ard

common gender	Singular		Plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ard	arden	arder	arderne
genitive	ards	ardens	arders	ardernes

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Irish

Alternative forms

• arad (nonstandard)
• árd (obsolete)

Etymology

From Old Irish ard, from Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɑːɾˠd̪ˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /æːɾˠd̪ˠ/

Adjective

ard (genitive singular masculine aird, genitive singular feminine airde, plural arda, comparative airde)

1. high, tall
2. loud
3. ambitious

Declension

Declension of ard

	Singular		Plural (m/f)
Positive	Masculine	Feminine	(strong noun)	(weak noun)
Nominative	ard	ard	arda
Vocative	aird		arda
Genitive		airde	arda	ard
Dative	ard	ard; aird (archaic)	arda
Comparative	níos airde
Superlative	is airde

Derived terms

• airde f (“height; elevation; altitude; level; volume, pitch”)
• ard- (“high; arch-, chief; excellent, noble; advanced”)

Noun

ard m (genitive singular aird, nominative plural arda)

1. height, hillock
2. top, high part
3. elevation (of land)
4. head (of sand, clay)
5. rise
6. ascent

Declension

Declension of ard

First declension

Bare forms: Case Singular Plural Nominative ard aa Vocative a aird a arda Genitive aird ard Dative ard aa

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Plural Nominative an t-ard na haa Genitive an aird na n-ard Dative leis an ard don ard leis na haa

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ard	n-ard	hard	t-ard
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• "ard" in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
• “1 ard”, in Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors, eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, 2019
• “árd” in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, Irish Texts Society, 2nd ed., 1927, by Patrick S. Dinneen.
• Finck, F. N. (1899), Die araner mundart, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. II, p. 16.

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Manx

Etymology

From Old Irish ard, from Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ø(r)d/

Adjective

ard (plural ardey, comparative yrjey)

1. high
2. tall

Noun

ard m (genitive singular ard, plural ardjyn)

1. height, high place

Noun

ard m (genitive singular ard, plural ardjyn)

1. compass point
2. pole

Derived terms

• ard-ard
• Ard y Jiass
• Ard y Twoaie
• bun-ard

References

• “1 ard”, in Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors, eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, 2019

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Northern Kurdish

Etymology

Compare Persian آرد‎ (ârd).

Noun

ard ?

1. flour

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Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar͈d/

Adjective

ard

1. high

Inflection

o/ā-stem
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ard	ard	ard
Vocative	aird* ard**
Accusative	ard	aird
Genitive	aird	airde	aird
Dative	ard	aird	ard
Plural	Masculine	Feminine/neuter
Nominative	aird	arda
Vocative	ardu arda†
Accusative	ardu arda†
Genitive	ard
Dative	ardaib
Notes	*modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized

Noun

ard n

1. height

Inflection

Neuter o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ardN	ardN	ardL, arda
Vocative	ardN	ardN	ardL, arda
Accusative	ardN	ardN	ardL, arda
Genitive	airdL	ard	ardN
Dative	ardL	ardaib	ardaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: ard
• Manx: ard
• Scottish Gaelic: àrd

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ard	unchanged	n-ard
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• “1 ard”, in Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors, eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, 2019

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Romanian

Verb

ard

1. first-person singular present indicative of arde
2. first-person singular present subjunctive of arde
3. third-person plural present indicative of arde