ard

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ard"

English

Etymology

20th-century, borrowed from Norwegian ard (“plough”), itself inherited from Old Norse arðr, from Proto-Germanic *arþrą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom.

Pronunciation

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ɑɹd/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɑːd/
• Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)d

Noun

ard (plural ards)

1. A simple plough consisting of a spike dragged through the soil.

Translations

simple plough

• Czech: rádlo n
• Finnish: aatra (fi)
• French: araire (fr) f
• German: Hakenpflug m
• Kashubian: redło n

• Polish: radło (pl) n
• Swedish: årder (sv) n
• Walloon: eraire (wa) f

Anagrams

• -dar, ADR, DAR, DRA, Dar, Dra, RAD, RDA, dar, rad, rad.

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Irish

Alternative forms

• arad (nonstandard)
• árd (obsolete)

Etymology

From Old Irish ard, from Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɑːɾˠd̪ˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /æːɾˠd̪ˠ/

Adjective

ard (genitive singular masculine aird, genitive singular feminine airde, plural arda, comparative airde)

1. high, tall
2. loud
3. ambitious

Declension

Declension of ard

	Singular		Plural (m/f)
Positive	Masculine	Feminine	(strong noun)	(weak noun)
Nominative	ard	ard	arda
Vocative	aird		arda
Genitive		airde	arda	ard
Dative	ard	ard; aird (archaic)	arda
Comparative	níos airde
Superlative	is airde

Derived terms

• airde f (“height; elevation; altitude; level; volume, pitch”)
• ard- (“high; arch-, chief; excellent, noble; advanced”)

Noun

ard m (genitive singular aird, nominative plural arda)

1. height, hillock
2. top, high part
3. elevation (of land)
4. head (of sand, clay)
5. rise
6. ascent

Declension

Declension of ard

First declension

Bare forms: Case Singular Plural Nominative ard aa Vocative a aird a arda Genitive aird ard Dative ard aa

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Plural Nominative an t-ard na haa Genitive an aird na n-ard Dative leis an ard don ard leis na haa

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ard	n-ard	hard	t-ard
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• "ard" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
• C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “1 ard”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN
• “árd” in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, Irish Texts Society, 2nd ed., 1927, by Patrick S. Dinneen.
• Finck, F. N. (1899), Die araner mundart, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. II, p. 16.

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Kurdish

Etymology

Compare Persian آرد‎ (ârd).

Noun

ard ?

1. flour

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Manx

Etymology

From Old Irish ard, from Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ø(r)d/

Adjective

ard (plural ardey, comparative yrjey)

1. high
2. tall

Noun

ard m (genitive singular ard, plural ardjyn)

1. height, high place

Noun

ard m (genitive singular ard, plural ardjyn)

1. compass point
2. pole

Derived terms

• ard-ard
• Ard y Jiass
• Ard y Twoaie
• bun-ard

References

• C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “1 ard”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN

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Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ar͈d/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

Adjective

ard

1. high

Inflection

o/ā-stem
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ard	ard	ard
Vocative	aird* ard**
Accusative	ard	aird
Genitive	aird	airde	aird
Dative	ard	aird	ard
Plural	Masculine	Feminine/neuter
Nominative	aird	arda
Vocative	ardu arda†
Accusative	ardu arda†
Genitive	ard
Dative	ardaib
Notes	*modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized

Noun

ard n or m

1. height

Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Descendants

• Irish: ard
• Manx: ard
• Scottish Gaelic: àrd

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

ard f

1. dog collar

Inflection

Feminine ā-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ardL	airdL	ardaH
Vocative	ardL	airdL	ardaH
Accusative	airdN	airdL	ardaH
Genitive	airdeH	ardL	ardN
Dative	airdL	ardaib	ardaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ard	unchanged	n-ard
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “1 ard”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN
• C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “2 ard”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN

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Romanian

Verb

ard

1. first-person singular present indicative of arde
2. first-person singular present subjunctive of arde
3. third-person plural present indicative of arde