ard

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ard"

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Norwegian ard (“plough”), from Old Norse arðr, from Proto-Germanic *arþrą (“plough”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom (“plough”), whence also Latin aratrum.

Pronunciation

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ɑɹd/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɑːd/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)d

Noun

ard (plural ards)

1. A simple plough consisting of a spike dragged through the soil. [20th c.]

Synonyms

• ard plough
• scratch plough

Translations

simple plough

• Czech: rádlo (cs) n
• Danish: ard (da) c
• Dutch: eergetouw n, schuifploeg m, rijstploeg m
• Finnish: aatra (fi)
• French: araire (fr) f
• German: Ritzpflug m
• Kashubian: redło n
• Lithuanian: árklas (lt) m
• Polish: radło (pl) n
• Russian: ра́ло (ru) n (rálo), ора́ло (ru) n (orálo)
• Swedish: årder (sv) n
• Walloon: eraire (wa) f
• Welsh: aradr ddi-wadn f

Anagrams

• -dar, ADR, DAR, DRA, Dar, Dra, RAD, RDA, dar, rad, rad.

Azerbaijani

Other scripts

Cyrillic		ард
Abjad		آرد

Etymology

From Proto-Common Turkic *ārt.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɑrd]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

ard (definite accusative ardı, plural ardlar)

1. back, rear

   Synonyms: arxa, dal

   Antonyms: qabaq, ön

2. sequel, continuation; something which is continued

   Synonyms: davam, dal

Declension

Declension of ard

	singular	plural
nominative	ard	ardlar
definite accusative	ardı	ardları
dative	arda	ardlara
locative	ardda	ardlarda
ablative	arddan	ardlardan
definite genitive	ardın	ardların

Possessive forms of ard

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardım	ardlarım
sənin (“your”)	ardın	ardların
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardı	ardları
bizim (“our”)	ardımız	ardlarımız
sizin (“your”)	ardınız	ardlarınız
onların (“their”)	ardı or ardları	ardları
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardımı	ardlarımı
sənin (“your”)	ardını	ardlarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardını	ardlarını
bizim (“our”)	ardımızı	ardlarımızı
sizin (“your”)	ardınızı	ardlarınızı
onların (“their”)	ardını or ardlarını	ardlarını
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardıma	ardlarıma
sənin (“your”)	ardına	ardlarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardına	ardlarına
bizim (“our”)	ardımıza	ardlarımıza
sizin (“your”)	ardınıza	ardlarınıza
onların (“their”)	ardına or ardlarına	ardlarına
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardımda	ardlarımda
sənin (“your”)	ardında	ardlarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardında	ardlarında
bizim (“our”)	ardımızda	ardlarımızda
sizin (“your”)	ardınızda	ardlarınızda
onların (“their”)	ardında or ardlarında	ardlarında
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardımdan	ardlarımdan
sənin (“your”)	ardından	ardlarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardından	ardlarından
bizim (“our”)	ardımızdan	ardlarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	ardınızdan	ardlarınızdan
onların (“their”)	ardından or ardlarından	ardlarından
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ardımın	ardlarımın
sənin (“your”)	ardının	ardlarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	ardının	ardlarının
bizim (“our”)	ardımızın	ardlarımızın
sizin (“your”)	ardınızın	ardlarınızın
onların (“their”)	ardının or ardlarının	ardlarının

Derived terms

• ardınca
• ardıcıl

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse arðr (“plough, ard”), from Proto-Germanic *arþrą, cognate with Swedish årder and Norwegian Bokmål ard (whence (English ard). The Germanic word is related to Latin arātrum (“plough”) and Ancient Greek ἄροτρον (árotron, “plough”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɑˀd̥]

Noun

ard c (singular definite arden, plural indefinite arder)

1. (historical) plough, ard

Declension

Declension of ard

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ard	arden	arder	arderne
genitive	ards	ardens	arders	ardernes

Irish

Alternative forms

• arad (nonstandard)
• árd (obsolete)

Etymology

From Old Irish ard, from Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɑːɾˠd̪ˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /aːɾˠd̪ˠ/

Adjective

ard (genitive singular masculine aird, genitive singular feminine airde, plural arda, comparative airde)

1. high, tall
2. loud
3. ambitious

Declension

Declension of ard

Positive	singular		plural
	masculine	feminine	strong noun	weak noun
nominative	ard	ard	arda
vocative	aird		arda
genitive		airde	arda	ard
dative	ard	ard; aird (archaic)	arda
Comparative	níos airde
Superlative	is airde

Derived terms

• airde f (“height; elevation; altitude; level; volume, pitch”)
• ard- (“high; arch-, chief; excellent, noble; advanced”)

Noun

ard m (genitive singular aird, nominative plural arda)

1. height, hillock
2. top, high part
3. elevation (of land)
4. head (of sand, clay)
5. rise
6. ascent

Declension

Declension of ard (first declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative ard arda vocative a aird a arda genitive aird ard dative ard arda forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an t-ard na harda genitive an aird na n-ard dative leis an ard don ard leis na harda

Derived terms

• os ard

Mutation

Mutated forms of ard

radical	eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ard	n-ard	hard	t-ard

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ard”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “árd”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 38

Manx

Etymology

From Old Irish ard, from Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aːrd/, (also) /əːrd/

Adjective

ard (plural ardey, comparative syrjey)

1. high
2. tall

Noun

ard m (genitive singular ard, plural ardjyn)

1. height, high place

References

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ard”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Megleno-Romanian

Verb

ard

1. alternative form of ardu

Northern Kurdish

Alternative forms

• ar

Etymology

Compare Persian آرد (ârd, “flour”), Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “ground”) and Old Armenian աղամ (ałam).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːɾd/

Noun

ard m (Arabic spelling ئارد)

1. flour

   Synonym: arvan

Declension

Declension of ard

definite masculine gender
case	singular	plural
nominative	ard	ard
construct	ardê	ardên
oblique	ardî	ardan
demonstrative oblique	wî ardî	wan ardan
vocative	ardo	ardino
indefinite masculine gender
case	singular	plural
nominative	ardek	ardin
construct	ardekî	ardine
oblique	ardekî	ardinan

References

• Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “ard”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume 1, London: Transnational Press, page 11

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *ardwos (compare Welsh ardd) from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- (compare Latin arduus).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ar͈d]

Adjective

ard (equative ardithir, comparative ardu, superlative ardam)

1. high
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 23^d23

     Cía thés hí loc bes ardu, ní ardu de; ní samlid són dúnni, air ⟨im⟩mi ardu-ni de tri dul isna lucu arda.

     Though he may go into a higher place, he is not the higher; this is not the case for us, for we are the higher through going into the high places.

Inflection

o/ā-stem

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ard	ard	ard
vocative	aird* ard**
accusative	ard	aird
genitive	aird	ardae	aird
dative	ard	aird	ard
plural	masculine	feminine/neuter
nominative	aird	arda
vocative	ardu arda†
accusative	ardu arda†
genitive	ard
dative	ardaib

*modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative
**modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative
† not when substantivized

Noun

ard n (genitive aird, nominative plural arda)

1. height

Inflection

Neuter o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ardN	ardN	ardL, arda
vocative	ardN	ardN	ardL, arda
accusative	ardN	ardN	ardL, arda
genitive	airdL	ard	ardN
dative	ardL	ardaib	ardaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: ard
• Manx: ard
• Scottish Gaelic: àrd

Mutation

Mutation of ard

radical	lenition	nasalization
ard (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-ard

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ard”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Romanian

Verb

ard

1. inflection of arde:
   1. first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
   2. third-person plural present indicative

Tat

Etymology

Cognate with Persian آرد (ârd).

Noun

ard

1. flour