Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ardwos
Appearance
Proto-Celtic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós. Cognate with Latin arduus.
Adjective
[edit]*ardwos
Inflection
[edit]O/ā-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *ardwos | *ardwou | *ardwoi |
vocative | *ardwe | *ardwou | *ardwoi |
accusative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwoms |
genitive | *ardwī | *ardwous | *ardwom |
dative | *ardwūi | *ardwobom | *ardwobos |
instrumental | *ardwū | *ardwobim | *ardwobis |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *ardwā | *ardwai | *ardwās |
vocative | *ardwā | *ardwai | *ardwās |
accusative | *ardwam | *ardwai | *ardwams |
genitive | *ardwās | *ardwous | *ardwom |
dative | *ardwai | *ardwābom | *ardwābos |
instrumental | *? | *ardwābim | *ardwābis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
vocative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
accusative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
genitive | *ardwī | *ardwous | *ardwom |
dative | *ardwūi | *ardwobom | *ardwobos |
instrumental | *ardwū | *ardwobim | *ardwobis |
Declension of the comparative | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *ardwyūs | *? | *ardwyoses |
vocative | *ardwyūs | *? | *ardwyoses |
accusative | *ardwyosam | *? | *ardwyosams |
genitive | *ardwisos | *? | *ardwisom |
dative | *ardwisei | *? | *ardwisbos |
instrumental | *ardwisī | *? | *ardwisbis |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *ardwyūs | *? | *ardwyoses |
vocative | *ardwyūs | *? | *ardwyoses |
accusative | *ardwyosam | *? | *ardwyosams |
genitive | *ardwisos | *? | *ardwisom |
dative | *ardwisei | *? | *ardwisbos |
instrumental | *ardwisī | *? | *ardwisbis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *ardwis | *? | *? |
vocative | *ardwis | *? | *? |
accusative | *ardwis | *? | *? |
genitive | *ardwisos | *? | *ardwisom |
dative | *ardwisei | *? | *ardwisbos |
instrumental | *ardwisī | *? | *ardwisbis |
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Brythonic: *arð
- Old Breton: ard, art
- Breton: arz
- Old Irish: ard
- Gaulish: Arduenna (place name)
References
[edit]R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ardd”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies