Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ardwos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós. Cognate with Latin arduus.

Adjective

*ardwos

1. high

Inflection

O/ā-stem

masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ardwos	*ardwou	*ardwoi
vocative	*ardwe	*ardwou	*ardwoi
accusative	*ardwom	*ardwou	*ardwons
genitive	*ardwī	*ardwous	*ardwom
dative	*ardwūi	*ardwobom	*ardwobos
instrumental	*ardwū	*ardwobim	*ardwobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ardwā	*ardwai	*ardwās
vocative	*ardwā	*ardwai	*ardwās
accusative	*ardwam	*ardwai	*ardwans
genitive	*ardwās	*ardwous	*ardwom
dative	*ardwai	*ardwābom	*ardwābos
instrumental	*?	*ardwābim	*ardwābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ardwom	*ardwou	*ardwā
vocative	*ardwom	*ardwou	*ardwā
accusative	*ardwom	*ardwou	*ardwā
genitive	*ardwī	*ardwous	*ardwom
dative	*ardwūi	*ardwobom	*ardwobos
instrumental	*ardwū	*ardwobim	*ardwobis

Declension of the comparative

masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ardwyūs	*?	*ardwyoses
vocative	*ardwyūs	*?	*ardwyoses
accusative	*ardwyosam	*?	*ardwyosans
genitive	*ardwisos	*?	*ardwisom
dative	*ardwisei	*?	*ardwisbos
instrumental	*ardwisī	*?	*ardwisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ardwyūs	*?	*ardwyoses
vocative	*ardwyūs	*?	*ardwyoses
accusative	*ardwyosam	*?	*ardwyosans
genitive	*ardwisos	*?	*ardwisom
dative	*ardwisei	*?	*ardwisbos
instrumental	*ardwisī	*?	*ardwisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ardwis	*?	*?
vocative	*ardwis	*?	*?
accusative	*ardwis	*?	*?
genitive	*ardwisos	*?	*ardwisom
dative	*ardwisei	*?	*ardwisbos
instrumental	*ardwisī	*?	*ardwisbis

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *arð
  • Middle Welsh: arð
    • Welsh: ardd
  • Cornish: ardh, arth
• Old Breton: ard, art
  • Breton: arz
• Old Irish: ard
  • Irish: ard
  • Manx: ard
  • Scottish Gaelic: àrd
• Gaulish: Arduenna (place name)

References

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “ardd”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies