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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wéy

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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    Pronoun

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    *wéy

    1. we (more than two)

    Inflection

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    Andrew Sihler's reconstruction[1]
    nominative *we-i
    accusative *n̥smé ~ *nō̆s
    genitive *n̥sóm ~ *nō̆s
    ablative *n̥sm-ét
    dative *n̥sm-éy ~ *nō̆s
    • Oblique plural *n̥s- possibly continues earlier **m̥s- (same element of singular oblique stem with plural -s). This n was made common to the whole paradigm, with even enclitic *nos for *mos, but the verb endings *-me(dʰh₂), *-mos(dʰh₂) were not disturbed.[2]
    Donald Ringe's reconstruction[3]
    nominative *wéy
    accusative *n̥smé ~ *nos
    genitive ? ~ *nos
    dative ? ~ *nos
    Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction[4]
    Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European
    nominative *wey
    accusative *n̥s ~ *nōs (?)
    genitive ?
    dative ?
    oblique *n̥s- ~ *nos
    Outer-Anatolian IE
    nominative *wey
    oblique *n̥s-
    enclitic *nos
    Proto-Indo-European
    nominative ?
    accusative ?
    oblique ?
    Robert Beekes' reconstruction[5]
    nominative *wey
    accusative *n̥smé ~ *nōs
    genitive *n̥s(er)o- ~ *nos
    ablative *n̥smed
    dative *n̥smey ~ *n̥s
    locative *n̥smi
    instrumental ?
    poss. adj. *n̥sós
    Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction[6]
    nominative *we-
    accusative *n̥sme
    genitive *nos
    ablative ?
    dative ?
    locative *n̥smi
    Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction[7]
    nominative *wey(s)
    accusative *nōs
    genitive-locative *nos/*nes
    ablative ?
    dative ?
    poss. adj. *ns-tero-s?

    Derived terms

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    • *nóHs[8] or *nōs[5] (accusative)
      • Proto-Albanian: *nōs
        • Albanian: ne (nom./acc.)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naHs
        • Proto-Iranian:
      • Proto-Italic: *nōs (see there for further descendants)
    • *nos[8] (oblique, enclitic)
      • Proto-Albanian:
        • Albanian: na (enclitic dat./acc.)
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠-naš⁠/)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *ny (< *nons / *nōns, influenced by thematic acc.pl.)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nas
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Proto-Iranian:
      • *nos-tero-s (or later formation)
    • *n̥smé[8] (accusative, possibly from *n̥s + *mé indicating "us with (the others)") (see there for further descendants)
    • *nó-h₁ (acc./dat./gen. dual)[8] or *neh₃[9]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: nuodu (dialectal; + (two))
        • Proto-Slavic: *na
          • East Slavic:
            • Old East Slavic: на (na)
          • South Slavic:
            • Old Church Slavonic: на (na)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: νώ (nṓ, nom./acc.)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *naH (enclitic)
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Proto-Iranian:
      • *noh₁-tero-s (or later formation)
        • Proto-Celtic:
    • *wé-h₁ (nom. dual)[10]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *vě (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáH
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬁 (, we two) (can theoretically come from *wé)
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waHám (+ *-ám)
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • *wé dwo (we two)[10][11]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Germanic: *wet, *wit (see there for further descendants)
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Germanic: *uns (< *n̥swé ?[8]) (see there for further descendants)

    Descendants

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    • Proto-Anatolian: *wéyes (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *wīz (< *wéy-s) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wayám (< *wey-óm) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *wes
      • Tocharian A: was
      • Tocharian B: wes

    References

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    1. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 373
    2. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 374
    3. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
    4. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-115
    5. 5.0 5.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
    6. ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006), Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation[2], Leiden University
    7. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “nōs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 413
    8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “2.*nó- 'uns'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 566-574
    9. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “νώ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1029
    10. 10.0 10.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*u̯é- 'wir'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 848-850
    11. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 117

    Further reading

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