Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/túh₂

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*tī̆, *tū̆, *tuH, *tíh₁, *tu-

Etymology

Often compared with similar pronouns in other language families of Eurasia, e.g. Proto-Uralic *tinä. Kloekhorst (2008)^[1] proposes that per Anatolian forms such as Hittite 𒍣𒄿𒅅 (zīk), *i rather than *u should be reconstructed in the nominative, which would then suggest an original Indo-Uralic root *ti-.

Pronoun

*túh₂ (plural *yúHs)^[2]

you, thou (second-person singular pronoun)

Inflection

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Andrew Sihler's reconstruction^[3]
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	tī̆́ (tū̆́)	yū́h₁ (^?yūh₁)	yū́s (^?yúHs)
accusative	t-wé ~ te	uh₁-wé ~ wō̆h₁	usmé ~ wō̆s
genitive	té-we ~ tos (adj.)	?	usóm ~ wō̆s
ablative	*tw-ét	?	*usm-ét
dative	tébʰi ~ tey, *toy	?	usm-éy ~ wō̆s

Donald Ringe's reconstruction^[4]
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*túh₂	*yú	*yū́
accusative	twé ~ te	uh₃wé ~ woh₃	uswé ~ wos
genitive	téwe ~ toy	?	? ~ *wos
dative	tébʰye ~ toy	?	? ~ *wos

Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction^[1]
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
accusative	twe(ge) ~ twē (?)	us ~ wōs (?)
genitive	tewe ~ toy	?
dative	tebʰi ~ toy	?
oblique	*twe-	us- ~ wos
Outer-Anatolian IE	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
oblique	tew-/tu-	*us-
enclitic	*toy	*wos
Proto-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	*tíh₁	?
accusative	*tu-	?
oblique	*tu-	?

Robert Beekes' reconstruction^[5]
	singular	plural
nominative	*tuH	*yuH
accusative	*twé	usmé ~ wōs
genitive	téwe ~ toy	yus(er)o- ~ wos
ablative	*twed	*usmed
dative	tébʰio ~ toy	*usmey
locative	*tóy	*usmi
instrumental	*tóy	?
poss. adj.	*twos	*usos

Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction^[6]
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tu-	*yuh₁-	*yu-
accusative	*twe	*uh₁e	*usme
genitive	*tewe	*woh₁	*wos
ablative	*twed	?	?
dative	*tubʰi	?	?
locative	*toy	*uh₁i	*usmi

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction^[7]
	singular	plural
nominative	*tí(H)	*yúH(s)
accusative	*twé	*wōs
genitive	téwe ~ toy	wos/wes
ablative	*twéd	?
dative	*toy	?
poss. adj.	*twos	*us-tero-s?

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

*te (enclitic accusative) (see there for further descendants)
*toy (enclitic dative (+ genitive)) (or *tey) (see there for further descendants)
*twé (accusative)
- Proto-Tocharian: (or from *téwe^[8])
  - Tocharian A: cu
  - Tocharian B: ci
- ⇒ *twḗm^? (innovative emphatic accusative?)
  - >? Proto-Albanian: *twā
    - Albanian: ty
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twā́m
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twā́m
      - >? Sanskrit: त्वाम् (tvām)
*téwe (genitive) (see there for further descendants)
*tuh₂-óm^[8]^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tuHám (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *tuwe
  - Tocharian A: tu
  - Tocharian B: tuwe
*tew-ó-s (“your”) (vṛddhi derivative,^[2] or thematisation of gen.sg. *téwe)
*tw-ó-s (“your”)

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *tū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez) (< *twé), դուք (dukʻ) (< *tú-s)
  - Armenian: դու (du), քեզ (kʻez); դուք (dukʻ)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ, *tu (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *tū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *þū (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *tú (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túH (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *tū (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-115
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “1.*tú-, 2.*té- 'du, dich, dir'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 805-814
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 372-373
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006), Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation‎^[2], Leiden University
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 631,691
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “tuwe”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN