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Proto-Indo-European [ edit ]
*túh₂
you , thou ( second-person singular pronoun )
Andrew Sihler 's reconstruction[1]
singular
dual
plural
nominative
*tī̆ (tū̆)
*yuh₁ (?yūh₁)
*yūs (?yuHs)
accusative
*t-wé ~ *te
*uh₁-wé ~ *wō̆h₁
*usmé ~ *wō̆s
genitive
*té-we ~ *tos ( adj. )
?
*usóm ~ *wō̆s
ablative
*tw-ét
?
*usm-ét
dative
*tébʰi ~ *tey, *toy
?
*usm-éy ~ *wō̆s
Donald Ringe 's reconstruction[2]
singular
dual
plural
nominative
*túh₂
*yú
*yū́
accusative
*twé ~ *te
*uh₃wé ~ *woh₃
*uswé ~ *wos
genitive
*téwe ~ *toy
?
? ~ *wos
dative
*tébʰye ~ *toy
?
? ~ *wos
Alwin Kloekhorst 's reconstruction[3]
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European
singular
plural
nominative
*tuH
*yuH
accusative
*twe(ge) ~ *twē (?)
*us ~ *wōs (?)
genitive
*tewe ~ *toi
?
dative
*tebʰi ~ *toy
?
oblique
*twe-
*us- ~ *wos
Outer-Anatolian IE
singular
plural
nominative
*tuH
*yuH
oblique
*tew-/*tu-
*us-
enclitic
*toy
*wos
Proto-Indo-European
singular
plural
nominative
*tíh₁
?
accusative
*tu-
?
oblique
*tu-
?
Robert Beekes ' reconstruction[4]
singular
plural
nominative
*tuH
*yuH
accusative
*twé
*usmé ~ *wōs
genitive
*téwe ~ *toy
*yus(er)o- ~ *wos
ablative
*twed
*usmed
dative
*tébʰio ~ *toi
*usmey
locative
*tóy
*usmi
instrumental
*tóy
?
poss. adj.
*twos
*usos
Frederik Kortlandt 's reconstruction[5]
singular
dual
plural
nominative
*tu-
*yuh₁-
*yu-
accusative
*twe
*uh₁e
*usme
genitive
*tewe
*woh₁
*wos
ablative
*twed
?
?
dative
*tubʰi
?
?
locative
*toy
*uh₁i
*usmi
Michiel de Vaan 's reconstruction[6]
singular
plural
nominative
*tí(H)
*yúH(s)
accusative
*twé
*wōs
genitive
*téwe ~ *toy
*wos/*wes
ablative
*twéd
?
dative
*toy
?
poss. adj.
*twos
*us-tero-s?
*tewos (from gen. *téwe )
Hellenic:
Ancient Greek: τεός ( teós )
Proto-Italic: *towos
Old Latin: tovos
Latin: tuus (see there for further descendants )
Proto-Albanian: *tū (see there for further descendants )
Proto-Anatolian: *tī́ǵ (see there for further descendants )
Armenian:
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tūˀ , *tu (see there for further descendants )
Proto-Celtic: *tū (see there for further descendants )
Proto-Germanic: *þū (see there for further descendants )
Proto-Hellenic: *tú (see there for further descendants )
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túH (see there for further descendants )
Proto-Italic: *tū (see there for further descendants )
Tocharian:
Tocharian A: tu
Tocharian B: tuwe
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995 ) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin , Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Ringe, Donald , Taylor, Ann (2014 ) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN , page 57
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008 ) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN , page 111
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011 ) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction , 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan , Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 233
^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2006 ) Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation [1] , Leiden University
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008 ) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN , page 631,691
Bičanová, Lenka , Blažek, Václav (2014 ) “Indo-European personal pronouns: limits of theirs internal reconstruction ”, in Linguistica Brunensia , volume 62 , number 1, page 29
Oshiro, Terumasa (1988 ) “Some Luwian words of Indo-European origin ”, in Orient , volume 24 , page 50 : “(8) your (1097) ”