Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂er-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂er-^[1]^[2]^[3]

to fit, to fix, to put together, to slot

Alternative reconstructions

*h₁ar-^[1]^[4]^[5]

Extensions

^? *h₂or-d-^[6]
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *ord-i-
  - ⇒ Latin: ōrdior
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *ordō
  - Latin: ōrdō (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂er- (52 c, 0 e)

*h₂ér-t ~ *h₂r-ént (athematic root aorist)^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Epic Greek: ἄρμενος (ármenos, “fitting”, med.ptc.)
^? *h₂er, *h₂r̥ (“thus, so”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ir (or from *h₂í-r^[7])
  - Eastern Baltic:
    - Latgalian: i
    - Latvian: ir
    - Lithuanian: ir̃
  - Old Prussian: ir, er
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἄρα (ára)
*h₂r-éh₁(ye)-ti
- ⇒ *h₂reh₁- (reanalyzed root)
- ⇒ *h₂er-eh₂-k-sneh₂ (possibly, maybe with root *(s)neh₁-)
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - >? Ancient Greek: ἀράχνη (arákhnē), ἀράχνης (arákhnēs) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic:
    - >? Latin: arānea, arāneus (see there for further descendants)
*h₂ér-dʰro-m
- Proto-Hellenic: *ártʰron
  - Ancient Greek: ἄρθρον (árthron)
*h₂ér-mn̥ ~ *h₂r̥-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *ármə
  - Ancient Greek: ἅρμα (hárma)
    - Greek: άρμα (árma)
    - → Classical Syriac: ܐܪܡܐ (ʔarmā)
- ⇒ *h₂er-mn̥-to-^[8]
  - Proto-Italic:
    - Latin: armenta
      - ⇒ Latin: armentum (see there for further descendants)
*h₂er-mó-s ~ *h₂r̥-mó-s^[8]
- Proto-Hellenic: *armós
  - Ancient Greek: ἁρμός (harmós) (or from *h₂(e)r-smo-s) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-d-yéti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *armóďďō
    - Ancient Greek: ἁρμόζω (harmózō)
- ⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-n-ih₂
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἁρμονίᾱ (harmoníā)
      - → Latin: harmonia (see there for further descendants)
      - → Russian: гармония (garmonija)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: arma n pl (“arms, weapons”)
(unrelated?^[9]) *h₂erH-mo-s ~ *h₂r̥H-mó-s (“arm”)^[10]
- ⇒ Old Armenian: արմուկն (armukn, “elbow”)
  - Armenian: արմունկ (armunk)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀma-, *írˀmen-, *árˀmen-^[11]
  - Latvian: ir̃mi (“legs”)
  - ⇒ Lithuanian: irmėdė (“gout”)
  - Old Prussian: irmo (“arm”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *òrmę, *òrmo (“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *armaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥Hmás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: ईर्म (īrmá, “arm, forequarter”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀 (arma, “arm, forequarter”)
    - Ossetian: арм (arm, “hand”)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (ārra, “arm; hand paw”)
    - Wakhi: (/⁠yurm⁠/)
      Arabic script: یؤرم
      
      Cyrillic script: юрм (yurm)
    - Yidgha: یارمه (yārmë, “shoulder”)
    - Zazaki: erme (/⁠arma⁠/), ermı (/⁠arme⁠/), harme (/⁠hārma⁠/), herme (/⁠harma⁠/)
    - Old Persian: *𐎠𐎼𐎶 (*a-r-m /⁠*arma⁠/, “arm”)
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠arm⁠/)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlm)
        
        Classical Persian: ارم (arm, “arm”)
- Proto-Italic: *armos
  - Latin: armus m (“forequarter”), (possibly) rāmus (“branch, bough, limb”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂er-mr̥
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: āmpär^[12]
*h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *ardiz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hártiš
    - Avestan: (“reward”)
      Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌 (arəⁱti)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬌 (aṣ̌i)
- Proto-Italic: *artis
  - Latin: ars (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Tocharian: *ārtsä^[13]
  - Tocharian A: ārts
  - Tocharian B: artsa (“each”)
*h₂érti (possibly a loc.sg. of a noun on *-t-,^[14] or with adverbial suffix *-ti^[5])
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: արդ (ard, “(just) now”)
    - Armenian: արդ (ard)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: arti̇̀ (“near”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἄρτι (árti)
- Phrygian: αρτ (art, “near”)
*h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: արդ (ard, “shape, order”)
    - Armenian: արդ (ard), արդուկ (arduk)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀρτύς (artús), ἀρτύω (artúō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥túš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥túṣ
    - Sanskrit: ऋतु (ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥túš
    - Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (ratu, “judgement; period of time”)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (rūtā, “season”)
    - Sogdian: (/⁠rətu ~ ratu⁠/, “period of 10 seconds”)
      Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫤𐫇 (rtw), 𐫡𐫤𐫤𐫇 (rttw)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠rad⁠/, “chief, master; judge”)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lt')
      - Classical Persian: رد (rad, “sage, wise man”)
      - → Aramaic: ܪܕ (rd /⁠rad⁠/, “ruler”)
- Proto-Italic: *artus
  - Latin: artus (“joint”)
    - Italian: arto
- Proto-Tocharian: *ārtw-^[15]
  - Tocharian A: ārt-
  - Tocharian B: ārtt-
*h₂ér-yos
- Proto-Germanic: *arjaz
  - Proto-West Germanic: *ari
  - Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*arjaʀ) (attested in ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arjosteʀ))
    - Old Norse: *err
  - Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*arjis)
*h₂ér-yōs ~ *h₂r-is-és
- ⇒ *h₂ér-(h₁)-isō
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἀρείων (areíōn, “better”)
- ⇒ *h₂ér-is-to-s
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἄριστος (áristos, “best”)
      - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀριστερός (aristerós, “left”)
        Greek: αριστερός (aristerós)
^? *h₂ór-o-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háram
    - Sanskrit: अरम् (áram)
      - Sanskrit: अलम् (álam) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Háram
    - Avestan: (“fitting, just”)
      Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬇𐬨 (arə̄m)
      
      Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (ar^əm)
*h₂r̥-tó-s (“fitted”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἁμαρτή (hamartḗ) (combined with ἅμα (háma)), ὁμαρτέω (homartéō, combined with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *artos
  - Latin: artus (“close, firm”)
    - Italian: arto

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian: *ʔor- (< *h₂or-, with the laryngeal neutralized before */o/^[3])
- Lycian: [script needed] (ara-, “rite”)
- Hittite: 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (āra, “right, proper”)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: առնեմ (aṙnem), յարեմ (yarem), յարմար (yarmar), (possibly) անարի (anari), (possibly) արմանամ (armanam) (see there for further descendants)
Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *arьmò, *arь̀mъ (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἀραρίσκω (ararískō)
- Ancient Greek: ὅμηρος (hómēros) (with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))
- Ancient Greek: ἀρθμός (arthmós)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: अर (ará, “spoke (of a wheel)”)
(unlikely^[16]) Proto-Tocharian: *āräñce (“heart”)
- Tocharian A: āriñc
- Tocharian B: arañce
Proto-Tocharian: *ārwer (“ready”)^[17]
- Tocharian A: ārwar
- Tocharian B: ārwer

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*h₂er-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 269-270
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἀραρίσκω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 123
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198f
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024), “1.*h₂er-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*h₁ára, *h₁árti”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 288-292
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 434
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 337
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “arma, -ōrum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 54
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἅρμα 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 133-4
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “armus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 55
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “irmėdė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 203-4
^ Isebaert, Lambert (1977), “Notes de lexicologie tokharienne I-II”, in Orbis: bulletin international de documentation linguistique (in French), volume 26: “āmpär”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “artsa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 27
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “143”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page ἄρτι
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ārtt-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 55
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “arañce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 23
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ārwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 56-57