Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂er-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂er-

1. to fit, to fix, to put together

Extensions

• *h₂er-dʰ-
  • *h₂or-dʰ-h₃onh₂-
    • Italic: [Term?]
      • Latin: ordō
  • *h₂r̥-dʰ-mó-s
    • Hellenic: *artʰmós
      • Ancient Greek: ἀρθμός (arthmós)

Derived terms

► Terms derived from the PIE root *h₂er-

• *h₂r-éh₁(ye)-ti
  • *h₂reh₁- (reanalyzed root)
• *h₂ér-dʰr-o-m
  • Hellenic: *ártʰron
    • Ancient Greek: ἄρθρον (árthron)
• *h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s
  • >? Germanic: *ardiz (see there for further descendants)
  • Indo-Iranian: [Term?]
    • Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ
      • Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí, “prosperity”)
    • Iranian: *Hártiš
      • Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (arəiti, “reward”)
  • Italic: *artis
    • Latin: ars (see there for further descendants)
  • Tocharian: *ārtsä
    • Tocharian A: ārts
    • Tocharian B: artsa
• *h₂r̥-tó-s
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἁμαρτή (hamartḗ) (combined with ἅμα (háma)), ὁμαρτέω (homartéō, combined with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))
  • Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tás (see there for further descendants)
  • Italic: *artos
    • Latin: artus
• *h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: արդ (ard)
      • Armenian: արդ (ard), արդուկ (arduk)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἀρτύς (artús), ἀρτύω (artúō)
  • Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥túš
    • Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥túṣ
      • Sanskrit: ऋतु (ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)
    • Iranian: *Hr̥túš
      • Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎‎ (ratu)
      • Middle Persian: lt' (rad)
        • Persian: رد‎ (rad)
  • Italic: *artus
    • Latin: artus
  • Tocharian: *ārtw-(ā)-
    • Tocharian A: ārt-
    • Tocharian B: ārtt-
• *h₂er-mó-s, *h₂r̥-mó-s
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: արմուկն (armukn)
      • Armenian: արմունկ (armunk)
  • Balto-Slavic: *írʔmo-
    • Old Prussian: irmo
  • Germanic: *armaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic: *armós
    • Ancient Greek: ἁρμός (harmós)
      • Greek: αρμός (armós)
  • ⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-d-yéti
    • Hellenic: *armóďďō
      • Ancient Greek: ἁρμόζω (harmózō)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: ईर्म (īrmá, “arm, forequarter”)
    • Iranian: [Term?]
      • Ossetian: арм (arm, “hand”)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: armus m (“forequarter”), arma n pl (“arms, weapons”), (possibly) rāmus (“branch, bough, limb”) (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂r̥-mo-n-ih₂
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἁρμονίᾱ (harmoníā)
• *h₂ér-mn̥ ~ *h₂r̥-mén-s
  • Balto-Slavic: *írʔmen-, *órʔmen-
    • Slavic: *òrmę, *òrmo (“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic: *ármə
    • Ancient Greek: ἅρμα (hárma)
      • Greek: άρμα (árma)
  • ⇒ *h₂er-mn̥-to-
    • Italic:
      • Latin: armenta
        • ⇒ Latin: armentum (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂er-mr̥
  • Tocharian: [Term?]
    • Tocharian B: āmpär
• *h₂ér-yōs ~ *h₂r-is-és
  • ⇒ *h₂ér-(h₁)-isō
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ἀρείων (areíōn)
  • ⇒ *h₂ér-is-to-s
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ἄριστος (áristos)
  • ⇒ *h₂r-is-teró-s
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ἀριστερός (aristerós)
• *h₂er-eh₂-k-sneh₂ ? (may be with root *(s)neh₁-)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἀράχνη (arákhnē), ἀράχνης (arákhnēs)
      • Greek: αράχνη (aráchni)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: arānea, arāneus (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂ór-o-m
  • Indo-Iranian: *Háram
    • Indo-Aryan: *Háram
      • Sanskrit: अरम् (áram)
    • Iranian: *Háram
      • Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨‎ (arəm, “fitting”)
• ? *h₂er, *h₂r̥ (“thus, so”)
  • Balto-Slavic: *ir
    • Eastern Baltic:
      • Latvian: ir
      • Lithuanian: ir̃
    • Old Prussian: ir, er
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἄρα (ára)

• Unsorted formations:
  • Anatolian: *ʔor- (< o-grade form *h₂or-, with the laryngeal neutralized before */o/)
    • Lycian: [script needed] (ara-, “rite”)
    • Hittite: 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (āra, “right, proper”)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: առնեմ (aṙnem), յարեմ (yarem), յարմար (yarmar), (possibly) անարի (anari), (possibly) արմանամ (armanam) (see there for further descendants)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Slavic: *arьmò, *arь̀mъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ὅμηρος (hómēros) (with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))
  • Indo-Iranian: [Term?]
    • Indo-Aryan: [Term?]
      • Sanskrit: अर (ará), आर (āra, “spoke (of a wheel)”)
  • Tocharian: *ārӓñce (possibly)
    • Tocharian B: arañce (“heart”)
  • Tocharian: *ārwer (“ready”)
    • Tocharian A: ārwar
    • Tocharian B: ārwer

Further reading

• Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198f
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 123
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 55