Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂er-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*h₂er-

to fit, to fix, to put together

Extensions[edit]

*h₂er-dʰ-
- *h₂or-dʰ-Hō
  - Italic: [Term?]
    - Latin: ordō
- *h₂r̥-dʰ-mó-s
  - Hellenic: *artʰmós
    - Ancient Greek: ἀρθμός (arthmós)

Derived terms[edit]

► Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂er-

*h₂r-éh₁(ye)-ti
- *h₂reh₁- (reanalyzed root)
*h₂ér-dʰr-o-m
- Hellenic: *ártʰron
  - Ancient Greek: ἄρθρον (árthron)
*h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s
- >? Germanic: *ardiz (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian: [Term?]
  - Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ
    - Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí, “prosperity”)
  - Iranian: *Hártiš
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (arəⁱti, “reward”)
- Italic: *artis
  - Latin: ars (see there for further descendants)
- Tocharian: *ārtsä^[1]
  - Tocharian A: ārts
  - Tocharian B: artsa
*h₂r̥-tó-s
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἁμαρτή (hamartḗ) (combined with ἅμα (háma)), ὁμαρτέω (homartéō, combined with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))
- Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tás (see there for further descendants)
- Italic: *artos
  - Latin: artus
*h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: արդ (ard)
    - Armenian: արդ (ard), արդուկ (arduk)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀρτύς (artús), ἀρτύω (artúō)
- Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥túš
  - Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥túṣ
    - Sanskrit: ऋतु (ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)
  - Iranian: *Hr̥túš
    - Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎‎ (ratu)
    - Middle Persian: lt' (rad)
      - Persian: رد‎ (rad)
- Italic: *artus
  - Latin: artus
- Tocharian: *ārtw-^[2]
  - Tocharian A: ārt-
  - Tocharian B: ārtt-
*h₂er-mó-s, *h₂r̥-mó-s
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: արմուկն (armukn)
    - Armenian: արմունկ (armunk)
- Balto-Slavic: *írʔmo-
  - Old Prussian: irmo
- Germanic: *armaz (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic: *armós
  - Ancient Greek: ἁρμός (harmós)
    - Greek: αρμός (armós)
- ⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-d-yéti
  - Hellenic: *armóďďō
    - Ancient Greek: ἁρμόζω (harmózō)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: ईर्म (īrmá, “arm, forequarter”)
  - Iranian: [Term?]
    - Ossetian: арм (arm, “hand”)
- Italic:
  - Latin: armus m (“forequarter”), arma n pl (“arms, weapons”), (possibly) rāmus (“branch, bough, limb”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂r̥-mo-n-ih₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἁρμονίᾱ (harmoníā)
*h₂ér-mn̥ ~ *h₂r̥-mén-s
- Balto-Slavic: *írʔmen-, *órʔmen-
  - Slavic: *òrmę, *òrmo (“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic: *ármə
  - Ancient Greek: ἅρμα (hárma)
    - Greek: άρμα (árma)
- ⇒ *h₂er-mn̥-to-
  - Italic:
    - Latin: armenta
      - ⇒ Latin: armentum (see there for further descendants)
*h₂er-mr̥
- Tocharian: [Term?]
  - Tocharian B: āmpär^[3]
*h₂ér-yōs ~ *h₂r-is-és
- ⇒ *h₂ér-(h₁)-isō
  - Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἀρείων (areíōn)
- ⇒ *h₂ér-is-to-s
  - Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἄριστος (áristos)
- ⇒ *h₂r-is-teró-s
  - Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἀριστερός (aristerós)
*h₂er-eh₂-k-sneh₂ ? (may be with root *(s)neh₁-)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀράχνη (arákhnē), ἀράχνης (arákhnēs)
    - Greek: αράχνη (aráchni)
- Italic:
  - Latin: arānea, arāneus (see there for further descendants)
*h₂ór-o-m
- Indo-Iranian: *Háram
  - Indo-Aryan: *Háram
    - Sanskrit: अरम् (áram)
  - Iranian: *Háram
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨‎ (ar^əm, “fitting”)
? *h₂er, *h₂r̥ (“thus, so”)
- Balto-Slavic: *ir
  - Eastern Baltic:
    - Latgalian: i
    - Latvian: ir
    - Lithuanian: ir̃
  - Old Prussian: ir, er
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἄρα (ára)

Unsorted formations:
- Anatolian: *ʔor- (< o-grade form *h₂or-, with the laryngeal neutralized before */o/)
  - Lycian: [script needed] (ara-, “rite”)
  - Hittite: 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (āra, “right, proper”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: առնեմ (aṙnem), յարեմ (yarem), յարմար (yarmar), (possibly) անարի (anari), (possibly) արմանամ (armanam) (see there for further descendants)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Slavic: *arьmò, *arь̀mъ (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὅμηρος (hómēros) (with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))
- Indo-Iranian: [Term?]
  - Indo-Aryan: [Term?]
    - Sanskrit: अर (ará), आर (āra, “spoke (of a wheel)”)
- Tocharian: *ārӓñce (possibly)^[4]
  - Tocharian B: arañce (“heart”)
- Tocharian: *ārwer (“ready”)^[5]
  - Tocharian A: ārwar
  - Tocharian B: ārwer

References[edit]

^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) , “artsa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 27
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) , “ārtt-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 55
^ Isebaert, Lambert (1977) , “Notes de lexicologie tokharienne I-II”, in Orbis: bulletin international de documentation linguistique (in French), volume 26: “āmpär”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) , “arañce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 23
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) , “ārwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 57

[1] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) , “artsa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 27

[2] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) , “ārtt-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 55

[3] Isebaert, Lambert (1977) , “Notes de lexicologie tokharienne I-II”, in Orbis: bulletin international de documentation linguistique (in French), volume 26: “āmpär”

[4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) , “arañce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 23

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) , “ārwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 57

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂er-

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