Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/armaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑr.mɑz/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érmos, *h₂ŕ̥mos, from the root *h₂er- (“to fit”).^[1]

Cognate with Lithuanian i̇̀rmėdė (“gout”), Old Prussian irmo (“arm”), Ancient Greek ἁρμός (harmós, “joint”), Latin armus (“shoulder (of an animal)”), Proto-Slavic *òrmo (“shoulder”), Sanskrit ईर्म (īrmá, “arm”).

Noun

*armaz m^[1]

arm

Inflection

Declension of *armaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*armaz	armōz, armōs
vocative	*arm	armōz, armōs
accusative	*armą	*armanz
genitive	armas, armis	*armǫ̂
dative	*armai	*armamaz
instrumental	*armō	*armamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *arm
- Old English: earm, arm — Anglian
  - Middle English: arm
    - English: arm
    - Middle Scots: arm, arme
      - Scots: airm
    - Yola: arrm
- Old Frisian: erm
  - North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum: iarem
    Halligen: eerm
    Heligoland: iaarem
    Mooring: ärm
    Sylt: Jerem
  - Saterland Frisian: Íerm, Äirm (Strukelje)
  - West Frisian: earm
- Old Saxon: arm
  - Middle Low German: arm
    - Low German:
      - German Low German:
        Hamburgisch: Arm
        Westphalian:
        Ravensbergisch: Ārm
        Lippisch: Arm
        Sauerländisch: Ārm, Ārem, Oarm
        Westmünsterländisch: Arm
      - Plautdietsch: Oam, Oarm
- Old Dutch: arm
  - Middle Dutch: arm
    - Dutch: arm
      - Afrikaans: arm
      - Javindo: arrem
      - Negerhollands: arm, erm
    - Limburgish: erm
- Old High German: arm, aram, arma
  - Middle High German: arm, arn
    - Alemannic German: Aare, Arm, Are, Arme
    - Bavarian: Oarm
      Cimbrian: arm
    - Central Franconian: Ärm, Arm, Orm (Moselle Franconian)
      Hunsrik: Aarem
    - German: Arm
    - Luxembourgish: Aarm
    - Rhine Franconian:
      - Pennsylvania German: Aarm
    - Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)
Old Norse: armr
- Icelandic: armur
- Faroese: armur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: arm; (dialectal) arm’e
- Old Swedish: armber
  - Swedish: arm
- Old Danish: arm
  - Danish: arm
    - Norwegian Bokmål: arm
- Gutnish: arm, harm
Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms)

Etymology 2

From Pre-Germanic *h₃orbʰmos, with loss of -b- before -m-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-, whence English orphan. Compare the Norse variant aumr, as from *arbmaz with no loss of -b-, which mirrors the dissimilation of Old Norse haustr from *harbistaz.^[2]

Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erm- (“poor, ill”) and cognate with Hittite 𒅕𒈠𒀭 (erman, “sickness”).^[3]

Adjective

*armaz (comparative *armōzô, superlative *armōstaz)^[2]

poor, miserable
pitiful, pitiable

Inflection

Declension of *armaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*armaz	*armō	*armą, -atō	*armai	*armôz	*armō
accusative	*armanǭ	*armǭ	*armą, -atō	*armanz	*armōz	*armō
genitive	*armas, -is	*armaizōz	*armas, -is	*armaizǫ̂	*armaizǫ̂	*armaizǫ̂
dative	*armammai	*armaizōi	*armammai	*armaimaz	*armaimaz	*armaimaz
instrumental	*armanō	*armaizō	*armanō	*armaimiz	*armaimiz	*armaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*armô	*armǭ	*armô	*armaniz	*armōniz	*armōnō
accusative	*armanų	*armōnų	*armô	*armanunz	*armōnunz	*armōnō
genitive	*arminiz	*armōniz	*arminiz	*armanǫ̂	*armōnǫ̂	*armanǫ̂
dative	*armini	*armōni	*armini	*armammaz	*armōmaz	*armammaz
instrumental	*arminē	*armōnē	*arminē	*armammiz	*armōmiz	*armammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *arm
- Old English: earm
  - Middle English: arm
    - English: arm
    - Scots: arm
- Old Frisian: erm
  - Saterland Frisian: äärm
  - West Frisian: earm
- Old Saxon: *arm
  - Middle Low German: arm
    - German Low German: arm
    - Plautdietsch: oam, oarm
- Old Dutch: arm
  - Middle Dutch: arm
    - Dutch: arm
      - Afrikaans: arm
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: arum
      - Jersey Dutch: arm
      - Negerhollands: aerm
      - Petjo: arm
    - Limburgish: erm
- Old High German: arm
  - Middle High German: arm
    - Cimbrian: arm
    - German: arm
    - Luxembourgish: aarm
    - Plautdietsch: aarem
    - Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)
Old Norse: armr
- Danish: arm
- Faroese: armur
- Icelandic: armur
- Norwegian Bokmål: arm
- Norwegian Nynorsk: arm
- Swedish: arm
Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms)
→ Proto-Finnic: *armas, *armo

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arma- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arma- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35
^ Mallory, J.P., and D.Q. Adams. 2006. The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. P. 196

[EDPG1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arma- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35

[EDPG_2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arma- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35

[3] Mallory, J.P., and D.Q. Adams. 2006. The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. P. 196

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