Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arjaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eryos. Cognate with Sanskrit आर्य (ārya, “kind, hospitable”), Proto-Celtic *aryos (“nobleman, free man”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Adjective[edit]
*arjaz (comparative *arjōzô, superlative *arjōstaz)
Inflection[edit]
Declension of *arjaz (ja-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *arjaz | *arjai | *arjō | *arjôz | *arją, -atō | *arjō |
| Accusative | *arjanǭ | *arjanz | *arjǭ | *arjōz | *arją, -atō | *arjō |
| Genitive | *arjas, -is | *arjaizǫ̂ | *arjaizōz | *arjaizǫ̂ | *arjas, -is | *arjaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *arjammai | *arjaimaz | *arjaizōi | *arjaimaz | *arjammai | *arjaimaz |
| Instrumental | *arjanō | *arjaimiz | *arjaizō | *arjaimiz | *arjanō | *arjaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *arjô | *arjaniz | *arjǭ | *arjōniz | *arjô | *arjōnō |
| Accusative | *arjanų | *arjanunz | *arjōnų | *arjōnunz | *arjô | *arjōnō |
| Genitive | *ariniz | *arjanǫ̂ | *arjōniz | *arjōnǫ̂ | *ariniz | *arjanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *arini | *arjammaz | *arjōni | *arjōmaz | *arini | *arjammaz |
| Instrumental | *arinē | *arjammiz | *arjōnē | *arjōmiz | *arinē | *arjammiz |
Descendants[edit]
The positive form is not attested in any of the daughter languages, but might exist in some personal names, such as the first element in Ariovistus.
The superlative is attested, the meaning and form of which is debated, but generally given as meaning "most distinguished". The nominative plural ending *-ᛖᛉ (*-eʀ) is explained (by Boutkan among others) as Proto-Germanic *-ai > Northwest Germanic *-ē + *-z, and is the ancestor of Old Norse masculine nominative plural -ir.
- Proto-West Germanic: *ari
- Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*arjaʀ) (attested in ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arjosteʀ))
- Old Norse: *err
- Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*arjis)
Further reading[edit]
- Elmer H., Antonsen (2002) Runes and Germanic Linguistics (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs), volume 140, Berlin, New York: Mouton De Gruyter, →ISBN
- Dirk Boutkan, (1995), The Germanic 'Auslautgesetze'. A New Interpretation. (Leiden Studies in Indo-European) Amsterdam, Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, page 101