Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wer-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wer-

2. to burn

Alternative reconstructions

• *werH-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wer- (burn) (10 c, 0 e)

• *wōr-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārīˀtei
    • Latgalian: vōreit
    • Latvian: vàrît (alternatively a borrowing from Slavic)
    • Proto-Slavic: *variti (see there for further descendants)
• *werH-u-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wārús (see there for further descendants)
• *wr̥H-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirˀtei, *wirˀētei
    • Latvian: vir̂t
    • Lithuanian: vi̇̀rti
    • Samogitian: vėrtė
    • Proto-Slavic: *vьrěti (see there for further descendants)
• *wr̥-néw-ti
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒉿𒅈𒉡𒊻𒍣 (wa-ar-nu-uz-zi)
• *wor-no- (“black bird; raven; crow”) (presumably originally an adjective “black”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *warnás, *wárˀnāˀ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *branos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: [script needed] (urāni, “burns”)
  • Hittite: 𒉿𒊏 (wa-ar, “to burn”)
    • → Old Armenian: (possibly) վառեմ (vaṙem)
• Balto-Slavic:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wirtei
    • Lithuanian: vi̇́rti, vérdu (“to cook”)

Root

*wer-

2. to sense
3. to note

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wer- (heed) (68 c, 0 e)

• *wr̥-néw-ti (néw-present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥náwti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥náwti
      • Sanskrit: वृ॒णोति॑ (vṛṇóti) (see there for further descendants)
• *wor-t-ús, *wor-t-ós
  • Proto-Germanic: *wardaz (“guard; keeper”), *werdaz (see there for further descendants)
• *w(e)r-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
  • Proto-Italic: *werēōr (see there for further descendants)
• *wor-eh₂-ye-ti
  • Proto-Germanic: *warōną (“to watch; to protect”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *worā́ō
    • Ancient Greek: ὁρᾰ́ω (horắō, “to see”)
• *wor-eh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *worā
    • Ancient Greek: ὤρᾱ (ṓrā, “care; concern”)
• *wor-o-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *waraz (“cautious”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *woros
    • Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros, “watcher; guardian”) ⇒ ἔφορος (éphoros), φρουρός (phrourós), τῑμωρός (tīmōrós)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wā́ras
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wā́ras
      • Sanskrit: वार॑ (vā́ra, “obstacle; cover; gate”)
• *wor-yo-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *warjaz
• *wor-n-éh₂
  • Proto-Germanic: *warnō (“warding off; refusal; denial; warning?”)
    • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *warnōną (“to warn”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-West Germanic: *warnu (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *warnijan (“to refuse; to deny”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Albanian:
  • Albanian: vërej (“to look; to observe”)
• Proto-Anatolian:
  • >? Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /⁠u̯eritit͡si⁠/, “to fear; to be frightened”)
• Proto-Celtic: *werati
  • Old Irish: feraid (“to grant; to provide”)
    • Middle Irish: feraid
      • Irish: fear (“to shed, excrete”)
• Proto-Germanic: *warjaną (“ward off”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáras
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáras
    • Sanskrit: वर॑ (vára)
• Central Kurdish: وریا (wirya, “attentive; alert”)

Root

*wer-

2. squirrel or marten

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wer- (squirrel) (9 c, 0 e)

• *wer-n-
  • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *aikwernô (see there for further descendants)
• *wer-wer-
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Iranian: *warwar-akah
      • Baluchi: ورورک (varvarak) (loanword from another Iranian language)
      • Gilaki: وروره (varvarə)
      • Persian: وروره (varvarah) (loanword from another Iranian language)
• *we-wer-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wēweris, *waiwer-, *wāwer-
    • East Baltic:
      • Latgalian: vuovere
      • Latvian: vāvere
      • Lithuanian: vaiveri̇̀s (“male polecat or marten”), voverė, vaiverė, (dialectal) voveri̇̀s, (dialectal) vėveri̇̀s
      • Samogitian: vuoverie
    • West Baltic:
      • Old Prussian: weware
    • Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verь
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *vě̀verica, *vě̀verъka (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *wiweros (see there for further descendants)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: viverra (“ferret”) (see there for further descendants)

References

• Watkins, Calvert. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. 1969.