Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werh₁-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*werh₁- (perfective)^[1]

to speak, say

Extensions

*wer-dʰh₁- (laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)^[2]
- ⇒ *werdʰh₁om
- Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō
  - Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)
*werh₁-i-dʰh₁-e-ti^[3]^[4]^[5]
- >? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti (or from *wer- (“to heed”))
  - Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /⁠u̯eritit͡si⁠/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *werh₁- (44 c, 0 e)

*wérh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)^[6]
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at), 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀉 (ú-e-ri-et, 3sg.pret.act.)
  - Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)
- (perhaps) Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)
*wér-ye-ti (ye-present)
*wer-yeh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā
  - Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)
*wr̥h₁-tós
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ῥητός (rhētós)

Unsorted formations

Armenian:
- Old Armenian: յորջորջեմ (yorǰorǰem)
- Old Armenian: (possibly) առաւիր (aṙawir)
- Old Armenian: (possibly) վեռ (veṙ)
Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *vьrati (“to lie”)
  - Russian: врать (vratʹ)
Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną (see there for further descendants)
>? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (unrelated according to Lubotsky^[7])
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám
  - Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Iranian: *wratám
  - Old Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬙𐬀 (uruuata), 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta, “rule, order, indication”)

Root

*werh₁-

alternative reconstruction of *wreh₁-

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯erh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 689-690
^ Hackstein, Olav (2002), “Uridg. *CH.CC > *C.CC”, in Historische Sprachforschung‎^[1] (in German), volume 115, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISSN, page 14 of 1–22
^ Oettinger, Norbert (2001), “Hethitisch -ima- oder: Wie ein Suffix affektiv werden kann”, in G. Wilhelm, editor, Akten des IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie, Würzburg, 4.-8. Oktober 1999 (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten), volume 45, page 467
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “u̯erite-^zi / u̯erit-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1003–1004
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “verbum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 664–665
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “u̯er(ii̯e/a)-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1159-1160
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “vratá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 597-8

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯erh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 689-690

[2] Hackstein, Olav (2002), “Uridg. *CH.CC > *C.CC”, in Historische Sprachforschung‎^[1] (in German), volume 115, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISSN, page 14 of 1–22

[3] Oettinger, Norbert (2001), “Hethitisch -ima- oder: Wie ein Suffix affektiv werden kann”, in G. Wilhelm, editor, Akten des IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie, Würzburg, 4.-8. Oktober 1999 (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten), volume 45, page 467

[4] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “u̯erite-^zi / u̯erit-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1003–1004

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “verbum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 664–665

[6] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “u̯er(ii̯e/a)-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1159-1160

[7] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “vratá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 597-8

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