ὁράω

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

ὁρέω (horéō) — Ionic
ὄρημῐ (órēmĭ) — Aeolic
ὁρόω (horóō) — Epic

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to watch, guard”). There may have been an intermediate form *ϝορᾰ́ω (*worắō), from Proto-Hellenic *worā́ō. If there was such a form with ϝ- (w-), then it is unclear why the augmented stem ἑωρ- (heōr-) occurs only in Attic, while ὡρ- (hōr-) is used in Homer and inscriptions.^[1]

Cognate with οὖρος (oûros, “watcher; guardian”), ὤρᾱ (ṓrā, “care; concern”), Latin vereor (“fear”), English aware (“vigilant; conscious”) and wary (“cautious of danger”).

Forms in ὀψ- (ops-), ὀπ- (op-) are from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) (whence ὄψ (óps), ὄμμᾰ (ómmă)).^[2]

Forms in εἰδ- (eid-) are from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”) (whence εἶδος (eîdos), ῐ̔́στωρ (hĭ́stōr)).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ho.rá.ɔː/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)oˈra.o/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /oˈra.o/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /oˈra.o/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /oˈra.o/

Verb

ὁρᾰ́ω • (horắō)

(intransitive) to look with the eyes [with εἰς (eis, + accusative) ‘at something or someone’]
(intransitive) to be able to see; (with negative) to be unable to see, to be blind
(copulative) to look a certain way [with accusative adjective or adverb]
1. Infinitive is added to an adjective, adverb, and so on to indicate that the description relates to sight: to see; to look at; to behold
  δεινὸς ἰδεῖν
  deinòs ideîn
  horrible to look at
(transitive) to see; to perceive; to observe [with accusative ‘someone’ and participle ‘doing something’]
(transitive) to find out [with indirect question]
ὅρᾱ εἰ ...
hórā ei ...
see if/whether ...
(transitive) to make sure [with infinitive ‘that ...’]
(ambitransitive, figurative) to see with the mind; to understand
ὁρᾷς; ὁρᾶτε;
horāîs? horâte?
Do you see?
(transitive) to provide [with accusative ‘something’ and dative ‘for someone’]

Usage notes

One of a small group of verbs which use a different accent paradigm in the second-person singular aorist active imperative (ῐ̓δέ (ĭdé) alongside ῐ̓́δε (ĭ́de)), along with λᾰμβᾰ́νω (lămbắnō, “to take”), ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go”), εὑρῐ́σκω (heurĭ́skō, “to find”) and εἶπον (eîpon, “to say”). This does not carry over to derived compounds, however, which use the standard accent paradigm.

Conjugation

Present: ὁρᾰ́ω, ὁρᾰ́ομαι (Attic, uncontracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὁρᾰ́ω	ὁρᾰ́εις	ὁρᾰ́ει	ὁρᾰ́ετον	ὁρᾰ́ετον	ὁρᾰ́ομεν	ὁρᾰ́ετε	ὁρᾰ́ουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ὁρᾰ́ω	ὁρᾰ́ῃς	ὁρᾰ́ῃ	ὁρᾰ́ητον	ὁρᾰ́ητον	ὁρᾰ́ωμεν	ὁρᾰ́ητε	ὁρᾰ́ωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ὁρᾰ́οιμῐ	ὁρᾰ́οις	ὁρᾰ́οι	ὁρᾰ́οιτον	ὁρᾰοίτην	ὁρᾰ́οιμεν	ὁρᾰ́οιτε	ὁρᾰ́οιεν
	imperative		ὅρᾰε	ὁρᾰέτω	ὁρᾰ́ετον	ὁρᾰέτων		ὁρᾰ́ετε	ὁρᾰόντων
middle/passive	indicative	ὁρᾰ́ομαι	ὁρᾰ́ῃ, ὁρᾰ́ει	ὁρᾰ́εται	ὁρᾰ́εσθον	ὁρᾰ́εσθον	ὁρᾰόμεθᾰ	ὁρᾰ́εσθε	ὁρᾰ́ονται
	subjunctive	ὁρᾰ́ωμαι	ὁρᾰ́ῃ	ὁρᾰ́ηται	ὁρᾰ́ησθον	ὁρᾰ́ησθον	ὁρᾰώμεθᾰ	ὁρᾰ́ησθε	ὁρᾰ́ωνται
	optative	ὁρᾰοίμην	ὁρᾰ́οιο	ὁρᾰ́οιτο	ὁρᾰ́οισθον	ὁρᾰοίσθην	ὁρᾰοίμεθᾰ	ὁρᾰ́οισθε	ὁρᾰ́οιντο
	imperative		ὁρᾰ́ου	ὁρᾰέσθω	ὁρᾰ́εσθον	ὁρᾰέσθων		ὁρᾰ́εσθε	ὁρᾰέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ὁρᾰ́ειν				ὁρᾰ́εσθαι
participle	m	ὁρᾰ́ων				ὁρᾰόμενος
	f	ὁρᾰ́ουσᾰ				ὁρᾰομένη
	n	ὁρᾰ́ον				ὁρᾰόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Present: ὁρῶ, ὁρῶμαι (Attic, contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὁρῶ	ὁρᾷς	ὁρᾷ	ὁρᾶτον	ὁρᾶτον	ὁρῶμεν	ὁρᾶτε	ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ὁρῶ	ὁρᾷς	ὁρᾷ	ὁρᾶτον	ὁρᾶτον	ὁρῶμεν	ὁρᾶτε	ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ὁρῴην, ὁρῷμῐ	ὁρῴης, ὁρῷς	ὁρῴη, ὁρῷ	ὁρῷτον, ὁρῴητον	ὁρῴτην, ὁρῳήτην	ὁρῷμεν, ὁρῴημεν	ὁρῷτε, ὁρῴητε	ὁρῷεν, ὁρῴησᾰν
	imperative		ὅρᾱ	ὁρᾱ́τω	ὁρᾶτον	ὁρᾱ́των		ὁρᾶτε	ὁρώντων
middle/passive	indicative	ὁρῶμαι	ὁρᾷ	ὁρᾶται	ὁρᾶσθον	ὁρᾶσθον	ὁρώμεθᾰ	ὁρᾶσθε	ὁρῶνται
	subjunctive	ὁρῶμαι	ὁρᾷ	ὁρᾶται	ὁρᾶσθον	ὁρᾶσθον	ὁρώμεθᾰ	ὁρᾶσθε	ὁρῶνται
	optative	ὁρῴμην	ὁρῷο	ὁρῷτο	ὁρῷσθον	ὁρῴσθην	ὁρῴμεθᾰ	ὁρῷσθε	ὁρῷντο
	imperative		ὁρῶ	ὁρᾱ́σθω	ὁρᾶσθον	ὁρᾱ́σθων		ὁρᾶσθε	ὁρᾱ́σθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ὁρᾶν				ὁρᾶσθαι
participle	m	ὁρῶν				ὁρώμενος
	f	ὁρῶσᾰ				ὁρωμένη
	n	ὁρῶν				ὁρώμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Present: ὁρῶ, ὁρόομαι (Epic, uncontracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὁρῶ, ὁρόω	ὁρᾷς, ὁρᾰ́ᾳς	ὁροῖ, ὁρᾷ	ὁρόετον	ὁρόετον	ὁρόομεν	ὁρόετε	ὁρόουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ὁρόω(μῐ)	ὁρόῃσ(θᾰ)	ὁρόῃσῐ(ν), ὁρόῃ	ὁρόητον	ὁρόητον	ὁρόωμεν	ὁρόητε	ὁρόωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ὁρόοιμῐ	ὁρόοισ(θᾰ)	ὁρόοι	ὁρόοιτον	ὁροοίτην	ὁρόοιμεν	ὁροῖτε, ὁρόῳτε	ὁρόοιεν
	imperative		ὅροε	ὁροέτω	ὁρόετον	ὁροέτων		ὁρόετε	ὁροόντων
middle	indicative	ὁρόομαι, ὁρῶμαι	ὁρόεαι, ὁρόῃ	ὁρόεται, ὁρᾶται	ὁρόεσθον	ὁρόεσθον	ὁροόμε(σ)θᾰ	ὁρόεσθε	ὁρόονται
	subjunctive	ὁρόωμαι	ὁρόηαι, ὁρόῃ	ὁρόηται	ὁρόησθον	ὁρόησθον	ὁροώμε(σ)θᾰ	ὁρόησθε	ὁρόωνται
	optative	ὁροοίμην	ὁρόοιο	ὁρόοιτο	ὁρόοισθον	ὁροοίσθην	ὁροοίμε(σ)θᾰ	ὁρόοισθε	ὁροοίᾰτο
	imperative		ὁρόεο, ὁρόευ	ὁροέσθω	ὁρόεσθον	ὁροέσθων		ὁρόεσθε	ὁροέσθων
		active
infinitive		ὁροῦν, ὁρᾶν				ὁρᾶσθαι, ὁρᾰ́ᾰσθαι
participle	m	ὁρῶν, ὁρόων				ὁρούμενος, ὁρώμενος
	f	ὁροῦσᾰ, ὁρόουσᾰ				ὁρουμένη, ὁρωμένη
	n	ὁροῦν, ὁρόον				ὁρούμενον, ὁρώμενον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Present: ὁρῶ, ὁρόομαι (Epic, contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὁρῶ, ὁρόω	ὁρᾷς, ὁρᾰ́ᾳς	ὁροῖ, ὁρᾷ	ὁροῦτον	ὁροῦτον	ὁροῦμεν	ὁροῦτε	ὁροῦσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ὁρῶ(μῐ)	ὁροῖσ(θᾰ)	ὁροῖσῐ(ν), ὁροῖ	ὁρῶτον	ὁρῶτον	ὁρῶμεν	ὁρῶτε	ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ὁροῖμι	ὁροῖσ(θᾰ)	ὁροῖ	ὁροῖτον	ὁροίτην	ὁροῖμεν	ὁροῖτε, ὁρόῳτε	ὁροῖεν
	imperative		ὅρου	ὁρούτω	ὁροῦτον	ὁρούτων		ὁροῦτε	ὁρούντων
middle	indicative	ὁρόομαι, ὁρῶμαι	ὁροῖ	ὁρόεται, ὁρᾶται	ὁροῦσθον	ὁροῦσθον	ὁρούμε(σ)θᾰ	ὁροῦσθε	ὁροῦνται
	subjunctive	ὁρῶμαι	ὁροῖ	ὁρῶται	ὁρῶσθον	ὁρῶσθον	ὁρώμε(σ)θᾰ	ὁρῶσθε	ὁρῶνται
	optative	ὁροίμην	ὁροῖο	ὁροῖτο	ὁροῖσθον	ὁροίσθην	ὁροίμε(σ)θᾰ	ὁροῖσθε	ὁροίᾰτο
	imperative		ὁροῦ	ὁρούσθω	ὁροῦσθον	ὁρούσθων		ὁροῦσθε	ὁρούσθων
		active
infinitive		ὁροῦν, ὁρᾶν				ὁρᾶσθαι, ὁρᾰ́ᾰσθαι
participle	m	ὁρῶν, ὁρόων				ὁρούμενος, ὁρώμενος
	f	ὁροῦσᾰ, ὁρόουσᾰ				ὁρουμένη, ὁρωμένη
	n	ὁροῦν, ὁρόον				ὁρούμενον, ὁρώμενον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Present: ὁρῶ, ὁροῦμαι (Aeolic, contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὁρῶ	ὁρεῖς	ὁρεῖ	ὁρεῖτον	ὁρεῖτον	ὁροῦμεν	ὁρεῖτε	ὁροῦσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ὁρῶ	ὁρῇς	ὁρῇ	ὁρῆτον	ὁρῆτον	ὁρῶμεν	ὁρῆτε	ὁρῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ὁροῖμι	ὁροῖς	ὁροῖ	ὁροῖτον	ὁροίτην	ὁροῖμεν	ὁροῖτε	ὁροῖεν
	imperative		ὅρει	ὁρείτω	ὁρεῖτον	ὁρείτων		ὁρεῖτε	ὁρούντων
middle/passive	indicative	ὁροῦμαι	ὁρῇ	ὁρεῖται	ὁρεῖσθον	ὁρεῖσθον	ὁρούμεθᾰ	ὁρεῖσθε	ὁροῦνται
	subjunctive	ὁρῶμαι	ὁρῇ	ὁρῆται	ὁρῆσθον	ὁρῆσθον	ὁρώμεθᾰ	ὁρῆσθε	ὁρῶνται
	optative	ὁροίμην	ὁροῖο	ὁροῖτο	ὁροῖσθον	ὁροίσθην	ὁροίμεθᾰ	ὁροῖσθε	ὁροῖντο
	imperative		ὁροῦ	ὁρείσθω	ὁρεῖσθον	ὁρείσθων		ὁρεῖσθε	ὁρείσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ὁρεῖν				ὁρεῖσθαι
participle	m	ὁρῶν				ὁρούμενος
	f	ὁροῦσᾰ				ὁρουμένη
	n	ὁροῦν				ὁρούμενον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Imperfect: ἑώρᾰον, ἑωρᾰόμην (Attic, uncontracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἑώρᾰον	ἑώρᾰες	ἑώρᾰε(ν)	ἑωρᾰ́ετον	ἑωρᾰέτην	ἑωρᾰ́ομεν	ἑωρᾰ́ετε	ἑώρᾰον
middle/passive	indicative	ἑωρᾰόμην	ἑωρᾰ́ου	ἑωρᾰ́ετο	ἑωρᾰ́εσθον	ἑωρᾰέσθην	ἑωρᾰόμεθᾰ	ἑωρᾰ́εσθε	ἑωρᾰ́οντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Imperfect: ἑώρων, ἑωρώμην (Attic, contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἑώρων	ἑώρᾱς	ἑώρᾱ	ἑωρᾶτον	ἑωρᾱ́την	ἑωρῶμεν	ἑωρᾶτε	ἑώρων
middle/passive	indicative	ἑωρώμην	ἑωρῶ	ἑωρᾶτο	ἑωρᾶσθον	ἑωρᾱ́σθην	ἑωρώμεθᾰ	ἑωρᾶσθε	ἑωρῶντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Imperfect: ὅρᾰον, ὁρᾰόμην (Epic, uncontracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὅρᾰον	ὅρᾰες	ὅρᾰε(ν)	ὁρᾰ́ετον	ὁρᾰέτην	ὁρᾰ́ομεν	ὁρᾰ́ετε	ὅρᾰον
middle	indicative	ὁρᾰόμην	ὁρᾰ́εο, ὁρᾰ́ευ	ὁρᾰ́ετο	ὁρᾰ́εσθον	ὁρᾰέσθην	ὁρᾰόμε(σ)θᾰ	ὁρᾰ́εσθε	ὁρᾰ́οντο
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Imperfect: ὅρων, ὁρώμην (Epic, contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὅρων	ὅρᾱς	ὅρᾱ	ὁρᾶτον	ὁρᾱ́την	ὁρῶμεν	ὁρᾶτε	ὅρων
middle	indicative	ὁρώμην	ὁρῶ	ὁρᾶτο	ὁρᾶσθον	ὁρᾱ́σθην	ὁρώμε(σ)θᾰ	ὁρᾶσθε	ὁρῶντο
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Imperfect: ὥρᾰον, ὡρᾰόμην (Ionic, uncontracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὥρᾰον	ὥρᾰες	ὥρᾰε(ν)	ὡρᾰ́ετον	ὡρᾰέτην	ὡρᾰ́ομεν	ὡρᾰ́ετε	ὥρᾰον
middle/passive	indicative	ὡρᾰόμην	ὡρᾰ́εο, ὡρᾰ́ευ	ὡρᾰ́ετο	ὡρᾰ́εσθον	ὡρᾰέσθην	ὡρᾰόμεθᾰ	ὡρᾰ́εσθε	ὡρᾰ́οντο
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Imperfect: ὥρων, ὡρώμην (Ionic, contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὥρων	ὥρᾱς	ὥρᾱ	ὡρᾶτον	ὡρᾱ́την	ὡρῶμεν	ὡρᾶτε	ὥρων
middle/passive	indicative	ὡρώμην	ὡρῶ	ὡρᾶτο	ὡρᾶσθον	ὡρᾱ́σθην	ὡρώμεθᾰ	ὡρᾶσθε	ὡρῶντο
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Future: ὄψομαι, ὀφθήσομαι (Attic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle	indicative	ὄψομαι	ὄψῃ, ὄψει	ὄψεται	ὄψεσθον	ὄψεσθον	ὀψόμεθᾰ	ὄψεσθε	ὄψονται
middle	optative	ὀψοίμην	ὄψοιο	ὄψοιτο	ὄψοισθον	ὀψοίσθην	ὀψοίμεθᾰ	ὄψοισθε	ὄψοιντο
passive	indicative	ὀφθήσομαι	ὀφθήσῃ, ὀφθήσει	ὀφθήσεται	ὀφθήσεσθον	ὀφθήσεσθον	ὀφθησόμεθᾰ	ὀφθήσεσθε	ὀφθήσονται
passive	optative	ὀφθησοίμην	ὀφθήσοιο	ὀφθήσοιτο	ὀφθήσοισθον	ὀφθησοίσθην	ὀφθησοίμεθᾰ	ὀφθήσοισθε	ὀφθήσοιντο
					middle		passive
infinitive					ὄψεσθαι		ὀφθήσεσθαι
participle	m				ὀψόμενος		ὀφθησόμενος
	f				ὀψομένη		ὀφθησομένη
	n				ὀψόμενον		ὀφθησόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Future: ὄψομαι (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle	indicative	ὄψομαι	ὄψεαι, ὄψῃ	ὄψεται	ὄψεσθον	ὄψεσθον	ὀψόμε(σ)θᾰ	ὄψεσθε	ὄψονται
middle	optative	ὀψοίμην	ὄψοιο	ὄψοιτο	ὄψοισθον	ὀψοίσθην	ὀψοίμε(σ)θᾰ	ὄψοισθε	ὀψοίᾰτο
					middle
infinitive					ὄψεσθαι
participle	m				ὀψόμενος
	f				ὀψομένη
	n				ὀψόμενον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: εἶδον, εἰδόμην, ὤφθην (Attic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	εἶδον	εἶδες	εἶδε(ν)	εἴδετον	εἰδέτην	εἴδομεν	εἴδετε	εἶδον
	subjunctive	ῐ̓́δω	ῐ̓́δῃς	ῐ̓́δῃ	ῐ̓́δητον	ῐ̓́δητον	ῐ̓́δωμεν	ῐ̓́δητε	ῐ̓́δωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῐ̓́δοιμῐ	ῐ̓́δοις	ῐ̓́δοι	ῐ̓́δοιτον	ῐ̓δοίτην	ῐ̓́δοιμεν	ῐ̓́δοιτε	ῐ̓́δοιεν
	imperative		ῐ̓δέ, ῐ̓́δε	ῐ̓δέτω	ῐ̓́δετον	ῐ̓δέτων		ῐ̓́δετε	ῐ̓δόντων
middle	indicative	εἰδόμην	εἴδου	εἴδετο	εἴδεσθον	εἰδέσθην	εἰδόμεθᾰ	εἴδεσθε	εἴδοντο
	subjunctive	ῐ̓́δωμαι	ῐ̓́δῃ	ῐ̓́δηται	ῐ̓́δησθον	ῐ̓́δησθον	ῐ̓δώμεθᾰ	ῐ̓́δησθε	ῐ̓́δωνται
	optative	ῐ̓δοίμην	ῐ̓́δοιο	ῐ̓́δοιτο	ῐ̓́δοισθον	ῐ̓δοίσθην	ῐ̓δοίμεθᾰ	ῐ̓́δοισθε	ῐ̓́δοιντο
	imperative		ῐ̓δοῦ, ῐ̓δού	ῐ̓δέσθω	ῐ̓́δεσθον	ῐ̓δέσθων		ῐ̓́δεσθε	ῐ̓δέσθων
passive	indicative	ὤφθην	ὤφθης	ὤφθη	ὤφθητον	ὠφθήτην	ὤφθημεν	ὤφθητε	ὤφθησᾰν
	subjunctive	ὀφθῶ	ὀφθῇς	ὀφθῇ	ὀφθῆτον	ὀφθῆτον	ὀφθῶμεν	ὀφθῆτε	ὀφθῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ὀφθείην	ὀφθείης	ὀφθείη	ὀφθεῖτον, ὀφθείητον	ὀφθείτην, ὀφθειήτην	ὀφθεῖμεν, ὀφθείημεν	ὀφθεῖτε, ὀφθείητε	ὀφθεῖεν, ὀφθείησᾰν
	imperative		ὄφθητῐ	ὀφθήτω	ὄφθητον	ὀφθήτων		ὄφθητε	ὀφθέντων
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ῐ̓δεῖν			ῐ̓δέσθαι		ὀφθῆναι
participle	m	ῐ̓δών			ῐ̓δόμενος		ὀφθείς
	f	ῐ̓δοῦσᾰ			ῐ̓δομένη		ὀφθεῖσᾰ
	n	ῐ̓δόν			ῐ̓δόμενον		ὀφθέν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: ῐ̓́δον, ῐ̓δόμην (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ῐ̓́δον	ῐ̓́δες	ῐ̓́δε(ν)	ῐ̓́δετον	ῐ̓δέτην	ῐ̓́δομεν	ῐ̓́δετε	ῐ̓́δον
	subjunctive	ῐ̓́δω(μῐ)	ῐ̓́δῃσ(θᾰ)	ῐ̓́δῃσῐ(ν), ῐ̓́δῃ	ῐ̓́δητον	ῐ̓́δητον	ῐ̓́δωμεν	ῐ̓́δητε	ῐ̓́δωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῐ̓́δοιμῐ	ῐ̓́δοισ(θᾰ)	ῐ̓́δοι	ῐ̓δεῖτον	ῐ̓δείτην	ῐ̓δεῖμεν	ῐ̓δεῖτε	ῐ̓δεῖεν
	imperative		ῐ̓δέ, ῐ̓́δε	ῐ̓δέτω	ῐ̓́δετον	ῐ̓δέτων		ῐ̓́δετε	ῐ̓δόντων
middle	indicative	ῐ̓δόμην	ῐ̓́δεο	ῐ̓́δετο	ῐ̓́δεσθον	ῐ̓δέσθην	ῐ̓δόμε(σ)θᾰ	ῐ̓́δεσθε	ῐ̓́δοντο
	subjunctive	ῐ̓́δωμαι	ῐ̓́δηαι	ῐ̓́δηται	ῐ̓́δησθον	ῐ̓́δησθον	ῐ̓δώμε(σ)θᾰ	ῐ̓́δησθε	ῐ̓́δωνται
	optative	ῐ̓δοίμην	ῐ̓́δοιο	ῐ̓́δοιτο	ῐ̓́δοισθον	ῐ̓δοίσθην	ῐ̓δοίμε(σ)θᾰ	ῐ̓́δοισθε	ῐ̓δοίᾰτο
	imperative		ῐ̓́δεο	ῐ̓δέσθω	ῐ̓́δεσθον	ῐ̓δέσθων		ῐ̓́δεσθε	ῐ̓δέσθων
		active			middle
infinitive		ῐ̓δεῖν, ῐ̓δέμεν(αι), ῐ̓δέειν			ῐ̓δέσθαι
participle	m	ῐ̓δών			ῐ̓δόμενος
	f	ῐ̓δοῦσᾰ			ῐ̓δομένη
	n	ῐ̓δόν			ῐ̓δόμενον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: ἑώρᾱκᾰ, ἑώρᾱμαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἑώρᾱκᾰ	ἑώρᾱκᾰς	ἑώρᾱκε(ν)	ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον	ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον	ἑωρᾱ́κᾰμεν	ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτε	ἑωρᾱ́κᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἑωρᾱ́κω	ἑωρᾱ́κῃς	ἑωρᾱ́κῃ	ἑωρᾱ́κητον	ἑωρᾱ́κητον	ἑωρᾱ́κωμεν	ἑωρᾱ́κητε	ἑωρᾱ́κωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἑωρᾱ́κοιμῐ, ἑωρᾱκοίην	ἑωρᾱ́κοις, ἑωρᾱκοίης	ἑωρᾱ́κοι, ἑωρᾱκοίη	ἑωρᾱ́κοιτον	ἑωρᾱκοίτην	ἑωρᾱ́κοιμεν	ἑωρᾱ́κοιτε	ἑωρᾱ́κοιεν
	imperative		ἑώρᾱκε	ἑωρᾱκέτω	ἑωρᾱ́κετον	ἑωρᾱκέτων		ἑωρᾱ́κετε	ἑωρᾱκόντων
middle/passive	indicative	ἑώρᾱμαι	ἑώρᾱσαι	ἑώρᾱται	ἑώρᾱσθον	ἑώρᾱσθον	ἑωρᾱ́μεθᾰ	ἑώρᾱσθε	ἑώρᾱνται
	subjunctive	ἑωρᾱμένος ὦ	ἑωρᾱμένος ᾖς	ἑωρᾱμένος ᾖ	ἑωρᾱμένω ἦτον	ἑωρᾱμένω ἦτον	ἑωρᾱμένοι ὦμεν	ἑωρᾱμένοι ἦτε	ἑωρᾱμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἑωρᾱμένος εἴην	ἑωρᾱμένος εἴης	ἑωρᾱμένος εἴη	ἑωρᾱμένω εἴητον, εἶτον	ἑωρᾱμένω εἰήτην, εἴτην	ἑωρᾱμένοι εἴημεν, εἶμεν	ἑωρᾱμένοι εἴητε, εἶτε	ἑωρᾱμένοι εἴησᾰν, εἶεν
	imperative		ἑώρᾱσο	ἑωρᾱ́σθω	ἑώρᾱσθον	ἑωρᾱ́σθων		ἑώρᾱσθε	ἑωρᾱ́σθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ἑωρᾱκέναι				ἑωρᾶσθαι
participle	m	ἑωρᾱκώς				ἑωρᾱμένος
	f	ἑωρᾱκυῖᾰ				ἑωρᾱμένη
	n	ἑωρᾱκός				ἑωρᾱμένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: ἑόρᾱκᾰ, ἑόρᾱμαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἑόρᾱκᾰ	ἑόρᾱκᾰς	ἑόρᾱκε(ν)	ἑορᾱ́κᾰτον	ἑορᾱ́κᾰτον	ἑορᾱ́κᾰμεν	ἑορᾱ́κᾰτε	ἑορᾱ́κᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἑορᾱ́κω	ἑορᾱ́κῃς	ἑορᾱ́κῃ	ἑορᾱ́κητον	ἑορᾱ́κητον	ἑορᾱ́κωμεν	ἑορᾱ́κητε	ἑορᾱ́κωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἑορᾱ́κοιμῐ, ἑορᾱκοίην	ἑορᾱ́κοις, ἑορᾱκοίης	ἑορᾱ́κοι, ἑορᾱκοίη	ἑορᾱ́κοιτον	ἑορᾱκοίτην	ἑορᾱ́κοιμεν	ἑορᾱ́κοιτε	ἑορᾱ́κοιεν
	imperative		ἑόρᾱκε	ἑορᾱκέτω	ἑορᾱ́κετον	ἑορᾱκέτων		ἑορᾱ́κετε	ἑορᾱκόντων
middle/passive	indicative	ἑόρᾱμαι	ἑόρᾱσαι	ἑόρᾱται	ἑόρᾱσθον	ἑόρᾱσθον	ἑορᾱ́μεθᾰ	ἑόρᾱσθε	ἑόρᾱνται
	subjunctive	ἑορᾱμένος ὦ	ἑορᾱμένος ᾖς	ἑορᾱμένος ᾖ	ἑορᾱμένω ἦτον	ἑορᾱμένω ἦτον	ἑορᾱμένοι ὦμεν	ἑορᾱμένοι ἦτε	ἑορᾱμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἑορᾱμένος εἴην	ἑορᾱμένος εἴης	ἑορᾱμένος εἴη	ἑορᾱμένω εἴητον, εἶτον	ἑορᾱμένω εἰήτην, εἴτην	ἑορᾱμένοι εἴημεν, εἶμεν	ἑορᾱμένοι εἴητε, εἶτε	ἑορᾱμένοι εἴησᾰν, εἶεν
	imperative		ἑόρᾱσο	ἑορᾱ́σθω	ἑόρᾱσθον	ἑορᾱ́σθων		ἑόρᾱσθε	ἑορᾱ́σθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ἑορᾱκέναι				ἑορᾶσθαι
participle	m	ἑορᾱκώς				ἑορᾱμένος
	f	ἑορᾱκυῖᾰ				ἑορᾱμένη
	n	ἑορᾱκός				ἑορᾱμένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: ὄπωπᾰ

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὄπωπᾰ	ὄπωπᾰς	ὄπωπε(ν)	ὀπώπᾰτον	ὀπώπᾰτον	ὀπώπᾰμεν	ὀπώπᾰτε	ὀπώπᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ὀπώπω	ὀπώπῃς	ὀπώπῃ	ὀπώπητον	ὀπώπητον	ὀπώπωμεν	ὀπώπητε	ὀπώπωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ὀπώποιμῐ, ὀπωποίην	ὀπώποις, ὀπωποίης	ὀπώποι, ὀπωποίη	ὀπώποιτον	ὀπωποίτην	ὀπώποιμεν	ὀπώποιτε	ὀπώποιεν
	imperative		ὄπωπε	ὀπωπέτω	ὀπώπετον	ὀπωπέτων		ὀπώπετε	ὀπωπόντων
		active
infinitive		ὀπωπέναι
participle	m	ὀπωπώς
	f	ὀπωπυῖᾰ
	n	ὀπωπός
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: ὄπωπᾰ, ὦμμαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ὄπωπᾰ	ὄπωπᾰς	ὄπωπε(ν)	ὀπώπᾰτον	ὀπώπᾰτον	ὀπώπᾰμεν	ὀπώπᾰτε	ὀπώπᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ὀπώπω	ὀπώπῃς	ὀπώπῃ	ὀπώπητον	ὀπώπητον	ὀπώπωμεν	ὀπώπητε	ὀπώπωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ὀπώποιμῐ, ὀπωποίην	ὀπώποις, ὀπωποίης	ὀπώποι, ὀπωποίη	ὀπώποιτον	ὀπωποίτην	ὀπώποιμεν	ὀπώποιτε	ὀπώποιεν
	imperative		ὄπωπε	ὀπωπέτω	ὀπώπετον	ὀπωπέτων		ὀπώπετε	ὀπωπόντων
middle/passive	indicative	ὦμμαι	ὦψαι	ὦπται	ὦφθον	ὦφθον	ὤμμεθᾰ	ὦφθε	ὤπᾰται
	subjunctive	ὠμμένος ὦ	ὠμμένος ᾖς	ὠμμένος ᾖ	ὠμμένω ἦτον	ὠμμένω ἦτον	ὠμμένοι ὦμεν	ὠμμένοι ἦτε	ὠμμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	ὠμμένος εἴην	ὠμμένος εἴης	ὠμμένος εἴη	ὠμμένω εἴητον, εἶτον	ὠμμένω εἰήτην, εἴτην	ὠμμένοι εἴημεν, εἶμεν	ὠμμένοι εἴητε, εἶτε	ὠμμένοι εἴησᾰν, εἶεν
	imperative		ὦψο	ὤφθω	ὦφθον	ὤφθων		ὦφθε	ὤφθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ὀπωπέναι				ὦφθαι
participle	m	ὀπωπώς				ὠμμένος
	f	ὀπωπυῖᾰ				ὠμμένη
	n	ὀπωπός				ὠμμένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: ἑορώρηκᾰ (Ionic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἑορώρηκᾰ	ἑορώρηκᾰς	ἑορώρηκε(ν)	ἑορωρήκᾰτον	ἑορωρήκᾰτον	ἑορωρήκᾰμεν	ἑορωρήκᾰτε	ἑορωρήκᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἑορωρήκω	ἑορωρήκῃς	ἑορωρήκῃ	ἑορωρήκητον	ἑορωρήκητον	ἑορωρήκωμεν	ἑορωρήκητε	ἑορωρήκωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἑορωρήκοιμῐ, ἑορωρηκοίην	ἑορωρήκοις, ἑορωρηκοίης	ἑορωρήκοι, ἑορωρηκοίη	ἑορωρήκοιτον	ἑορωρηκοίτην	ἑορωρήκοιμεν	ἑορωρήκοιτε	ἑορωρήκοιεν
	imperative		ἑορώρηκε	ἑορωρηκέτω	ἑορωρήκετον	ἑορωρηκέτων		ἑορωρήκετε	ἑορωρηκόντων
		active
infinitive		ἑορωρηκέναι
participle	m	ἑορωρηκώς
	f	ἑορωρηκυῖᾰ
	n	ἑορωρηκός
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: ἑώρηκᾰ (Ionic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἑώρηκᾰ	ἑώρηκᾰς	ἑώρηκε(ν)	ἑωρήκᾰτον	ἑωρήκᾰτον	ἑωρήκᾰμεν	ἑωρήκᾰτε	ἑωρήκᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἑωρήκω	ἑωρήκῃς	ἑωρήκῃ	ἑωρήκητον	ἑωρήκητον	ἑωρήκωμεν	ἑωρήκητε	ἑωρήκωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἑωρήκοιμῐ, ἑωρηκοίην	ἑωρήκοις, ἑωρηκοίης	ἑωρήκοι, ἑωρηκοίη	ἑωρήκοιτον	ἑωρηκοίτην	ἑωρήκοιμεν	ἑωρήκοιτε	ἑωρήκοιεν
	imperative		ἑώρηκε	ἑωρηκέτω	ἑωρήκετον	ἑωρηκέτων		ἑωρήκετε	ἑωρηκόντων
		active
infinitive		ἑωρηκέναι
participle	m	ἑωρηκώς
	f	ἑωρηκυῖᾰ
	n	ἑωρηκός
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: ἑώρᾱκᾰ (Doric)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἑώρᾱκᾰ	ἑώρᾱκᾰς	ἑώρᾱκε(ν)	ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον	ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτον	ἑωρᾱ́κᾰμες	ἑωρᾱ́κᾰτε	ἑωρᾱκᾰ́τι, ἑωρᾱ́κᾰντῐ
	subjunctive	ἑωρᾱ́κω	ἑωρᾱ́κῃς	ἑωρᾱ́κῃ	ἑωρᾱ́κητον	ἑωρᾱ́κητον	ἑωρᾱ́κωμες	ἑωρᾱ́κητε	ἑωρᾱ́κωντῐ
	optative	ἑωρᾱ́κοιμῐ, ἑωρᾱκοίην	ἑωρᾱ́κοις, ἑωρᾱκοίης	ἑωρᾱ́κοι, ἑωρᾱκοίη	ἑωρᾱ́κοιτον	ἑωρᾱκοίτᾱν	ἑωρᾱ́κοιμες	ἑωρᾱ́κοιτε	ἑωρᾱ́κοιεν
	imperative		ἑώρᾱκε	ἑωρᾱκέτω	ἑωρᾱ́κετον	ἑωρᾱκέτων		ἑωρᾱ́κετε	ἑωρᾱκόντω
		active
infinitive		ἑωρᾱκέναι
participle	m	ἑωρᾱκώς
	f	ἑωρᾱκυῖᾰ
	n	ἑωρᾱκός
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Pluperfect: ἑωρᾱ́κειν, ἑωρᾱ́μην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἑωρᾱ́κειν, ἑωρᾱ́κη	ἑωρᾱ́κεις, ἑωρᾱ́κης	ἑωρᾱ́κει(ν)	ἑωρᾱ́κετον	ἑωρᾱκέτην	ἑωρᾱ́κεμεν	ἑωρᾱ́κετε	ἑωρᾱ́κεσᾰν
middle/passive	indicative	ἑωρᾱ́μην	ἑώρᾱσο	ἑώρᾱτο	ἑώρᾱσθον	ἑωρᾱ́σθην	ἑωρᾱ́μεθᾰ	ἑώρᾱσθε	ἑώρᾱντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

ἀνοράω (anoráō)
ἀντεφοράω (antephoráō)
ἀφοράω (aphoráō)
διοράω (dioráō)
ἐγκαθοράω (enkathoráō)
εἰσκαθοράω (eiskathoráō)
εἰσοράω (eisoráō)
ἐνοράω (enoráō)
ἐξοράω (exoráō)
ἐπικαθοράω (epikathoráō)
ἐποράω (eporáō)
ἐσοράω (esoráō)
ἐφοράω (ephoráō)
θεωρός (theōrós)
καθοράω (kathoráō)
ὅραμα (hórama)
ὅρασις (hórasis)
ὁρατός (horatós)
παροράω (paroráō)
περιοράω (perioráō)
προεφοράω (proephoráō)
προκαθοράω (prokathoráō)
προοράω (prooráō)
προσκαθοράω (proskathoráō)
προσοράω (prosoráō)
συγκαθοράω (sunkathoráō)
συνδιοράω (sundioráō)
συνεφοράω (sunephoráō)
συνοράω (sunoráō)
ὑπεροράω (huperoráō)
ὕποπτος (húpoptos)
ὑφοράω (huphoráō)

Related terms

τῑμωρός (tīmōrós)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὁράω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1095-6
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὄπωπα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1094