-in
See also: Appendix:Variations of "in"
Languages (40)
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English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Etymology tree
Suffix
[edit]-in (noun-forming suffix, countable and uncountable, plural -ins)
- (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).
- A neutral chemical compound.
- An enzyme.
- An antibiotic.
- A pharmaceutical product.
- A neutral chemical compound.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From the particle in, modelled after sit-in. Compare -off.
Suffix
[edit]-in (noun-forming suffix, plural -ins)
- Attached to a word (usually a verb) to denote a protest, demonstration or other type of gathering characterized by the activity denoted by the base word.
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Harder, K. B. (1968), “Coinages of the Type of “Sit-In.””, in American Speech, volume 43, number 1, , pages 58–64
Etymology 3
[edit]Emically usually held to be a clipping of -ing. Etically a prosodically coexistent alternative form thereof in some varieties.
Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
Etymology 4
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
Anagrams
[edit]Azerbaijani
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- Reflexive suffix.
- Suffix creating other types of verbs from other verbs.
Usage notes
[edit]Verbs with monosyllabic vowel-ending stems generally take a y before the suffixes -il, -in, or -iş:
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- Suffix creating nouns from verbs.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Suffix
[edit]| preceding vowel | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a / i | e / ə / i̇ | o / u | ö / ü | |
| postconsonantal except after L |
-ıl | -il | -ul | -ül |
| after L | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
| postvocalic | -n | |||
-in
- Form of -il (“[passive suffix]”) after the vowels E / Ə / İ with the consonant L.
Derived terms
[edit]See -il.
Betawi
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Commonly regarded as a borrowing from Balinese -in. Nothofer argues that it also conflates Proto-Malayic *-ən (ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *-ən) and *-i (ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i), resulting in a different allomorphy and a more extensive use compared to the Balinese suffix. Compare Bangka -en, Minangkabau -an, and Kendayan -atn.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in (active N- -in or nge- -in, passive di- -in)
- used to transitivize a verb
- used to intensify a verb
- used to form a benefactive verb from a basic verb
- used to form a causative verb from a stative verb or an adjective
Descendants
[edit]- → Indonesian: -in
References
[edit]- ^ Nothofer, Bernd (1995), “The history of Jakarta Malay”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 34, number 1, , page 91
Chuukese
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
Czech
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Etymology tree
Suffix
[edit]-in (adjective-forming suffix)
- suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals
- matčin bratr ― mother's brother
Declension
[edit]| singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| animate | inanimate | |||
| nominative | -in | -ina | -ino | |
| genitive | -ina | -iny | -ina | |
| dative | -inu | -ině | -inu | |
| accusative | -ina | -in | -inu | -ino |
| locative | -ině, -inu | -ině | -ině, -inu | |
| instrumental | -iným | -inou | -iným | |
| plural | ||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| animate | inanimate | |||
| nominative | -ini | -iny | -ina | |
| genitive | -iných | |||
| dative | -iným | |||
| accusative | -iny | -ina | ||
| locative | -iných | |||
| instrumental | -inými, -inýma1 | |||
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Hana Prouzová, “Přivlastňovací přídavná jména na -ův, -in v současné češtině”, in Naše řeč [Our Language] (in Czech), vol. 47 (1964), no. 3
- Jaroslava Hlavsová, “K některým místním (nářečním) rozdílům v tvoření vztahových adjektiv v češtině”, in Naše řeč [Our Language] (in Czech), vol. 65 (1982), no. 4
Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).
Suffix
[edit]-in m inan (noun-forming suffix)
- (chemistry) -ine (suffix used to form names of chemical substances)
- adenin ― adenine
- olomoucin ― olomoucine
Declension
[edit]Danish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Partly from Old French -in, -ine, from Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos. And from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).
Suffix
[edit]-in
- (chemistry, nouns) Used to form names of chemical substances, especially basic (alkaline) substances, alkaloidal substances, or halogen elements.
- (adjectives) Of or pertaining to, characteristics.
Inflection Noun
[edit]gender |
singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | -in | -en | -er | -erne |
| genitive | -ins | -ens | -ers | -ernes |
Inflection Adjective
[edit]| positive | comparative | superlative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite common singular | -in | — | —2 |
| indefinite neuter singular | -int | — | —2 |
| plural | -ine | — | —2 |
| definite attributive1 | -ine | — | — |
1 When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite,
the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
2 The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.
Dutch
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Dutch -inne, from Old Dutch *-inna, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in f (plural -innen, diminutive -innetje)
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Afrikaans: -in
Finnish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-in (instrumental suffix), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.
- Forms some diminutive nouns.
- Used to form the combining form of some verbs.
Declension
[edit]| Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -inta | -imia | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| accusative | nom. | -in | -imet |
| gen. | -imen | ||
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -inta | -imia | |
| inessive | -imessa | -imissa | |
| elative | -imesta | -imista | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| adessive | -imella | -imilla | |
| ablative | -imelta | -imilta | |
| allative | -imelle | -imille | |
| essive | -imena | -imina | |
| translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | |
| abessive | -imetta | -imitta | |
| instructive | — | -imin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -intä | -imiä | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| accusative | nom. | -in | -imet |
| gen. | -imen | ||
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -intä | -imiä | |
| inessive | -imessä | -imissä | |
| elative | -imestä | -imistä | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| adessive | -imellä | -imillä | |
| ablative | -imeltä | -imiltä | |
| allative | -imelle | -imille | |
| essive | -imenä | -iminä | |
| translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | |
| abessive | -imettä | -imittä | |
| instructive | — | -imin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-in (superlative suffix) (related to Karelian -in), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma. The oblique stem -impA, -immA is influenced by the oblique stem -mpA, -mmA of comparatives.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Forms superlative adjectives.
Declension
[edit]Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
| Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp–mm gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -in | -immat | |
| genitive | -imman | -impien -inten | |
| partitive | -inta | -impia | |
| illative | -impaan | -impiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -in | -immat | |
| accusative | nom. | -in | -immat |
| gen. | -imman | ||
| genitive | -imman | -impien -inten -impain rare | |
| partitive | -inta | -impia | |
| inessive | -immassa | -immissa | |
| elative | -immasta | -immista | |
| illative | -impaan | -impiin | |
| adessive | -immalla | -immilla | |
| ablative | -immalta | -immilta | |
| allative | -immalle | -immille | |
| essive | -impana | -impina | |
| translative | -immaksi | -immiksi | |
| abessive | -immatta | -immitta | |
| instructive | — | -immin | |
| comitative | — | -impine | |
| Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp–mm gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
| Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp–mm gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -in | -immät | |
| genitive | -immän | -impien -inten | |
| partitive | -intä | -impiä | |
| illative | -impään | -impiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -in | -immät | |
| accusative | nom. | -in | -immät |
| gen. | -immän | ||
| genitive | -immän | -impien -inten -impäin rare | |
| partitive | -intä | -impiä | |
| inessive | -immässä | -immissä | |
| elative | -immästä | -immistä | |
| illative | -impään | -impiin | |
| adessive | -immällä | -immillä | |
| ablative | -immältä | -immiltä | |
| allative | -immälle | -immille | |
| essive | -impänä | -impinä | |
| translative | -immäksi | -immiksi | |
| abessive | -immättä | -immittä | |
| instructive | — | -immin | |
| comitative | — | -impine | |
| Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp–mm gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
Etymology 3
[edit]See -n.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Instructive plural suffix.
- kaksin käsin ― with two hands
- paljain silmin ― with bare eyes
- pitkin askelin ― with long steps
- hyvissä ajoin ― in good time
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]Probably by metathesis.
Suffix
[edit]-in (poetic)
- A variant for the first-person singular possessive suffix -ni.
- rakkain (for rakkaani)
- syödäksein (for syödäkseni)
Usage notes
[edit]The use of this suffix is restricted to cases where it is not preceded by a labial vowel (o, u, y, ö), the vowel i, a long vowel (it is shortened if necessary) or a diphthong (since it itself forms a diphthong). It is not used if the resulting word would be monosyllabic.
Etymology 5
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-in (adjectival suffix), a variant of the diminutive suffix Proto-Finnic *-ma.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- (no longer productive) Forms some adjectives.
Declension
[edit]Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
| Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -inta | -imia | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| accusative | nom. | -in | -imet |
| gen. | -imen | ||
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -inta | -imia | |
| inessive | -imessa | -imissa | |
| elative | -imesta | -imista | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| adessive | -imella | -imilla | |
| ablative | -imelta | -imilta | |
| allative | -imelle | -imille | |
| essive | -imena | -imina | |
| translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | |
| abessive | -imetta | -imitta | |
| instructive | — | -imin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
| Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -intä | -imiä | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| accusative | nom. | -in | -imet |
| gen. | -imen | ||
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -intä | -imiä | |
| inessive | -imessä | -imissä | |
| elative | -imestä | -imistä | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| adessive | -imellä | -imillä | |
| ablative | -imeltä | -imiltä | |
| allative | -imelle | -imille | |
| essive | -imenä | -iminä | |
| translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | |
| abessive | -imettä | -imittä | |
| instructive | — | -imin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 6
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-den (genitive plural suffix for some nouns), from the nominative plural ending *-t + genitive ending *-n (with an epenthetic *-e-).
Suffix
[edit]-in (rare)
- Forms the genitive plural.
Usage notes
[edit]- Suffixed to the nominative singular but the final -i changes to -e-.
- Note, however, that the more common suffix for the genitive plural is -en added to the plural stem ending with i or j. A link consonant d is also sometimes present.
- Nowadays this suffix is rare and usually gives an archaic tone. Certain proper nouns, however, retain this, e.g. Yhdysvaltain, from Yhdysvallat ("United States", singular stem Yhdysvalta-), where also the more modern form Yhdysvaltojen is possible.
See also
[edit]Etymology 7
[edit]See -Vn (illative suffix).
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.
Anagrams
[edit]French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Etymology tree
Inherited from Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ine, masculine plural -ins, feminine plural -ines)
Suffix
[edit]-in m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ins, feminine -ine)
- forms nouns with a diminutive or pejorative quality
Derived terms
[edit]Fula
[edit]Affix
[edit]-in
German
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Etymology tree
From Middle High German -inne, -in, from Old High German -inna, -in, from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ɪn/, [ɪn]
Audio: (file) - For speakers who realise -en as [ən], the distinction between both may at times be weak. However, most speakers have a syllabic nasal in -en and hence keep a very clear distinction.
Suffix
[edit]-in f (genitive -in, plural -innen)
- creates the female form for many nouns for living beings; umlaut usually occurs in monosyllables, but rarely in polysyllables
- Arbeitgeber (“employer”) + -in → Arbeitgeberin (“employer (female person or sexless company)”)
- Autor (“author”) + -in → Autorin (“author (female person, i.e. a female author or authoress, or sexless company, abstract thing)”)
- Gott (“god”) + -in → Göttin (“female god, goddess”)
- Hund (“dog”) + -in → Hündin (“female dog, she-dog, bitch”)
- Katze f (“cat”) + -in → Kätzin (“female cat, she-cat”)
- Sänger (“singer”) + -in → Sängerin (“female singer”)
- Pastor (“pastor”) + -in → Pastorin (“female pastor”)
- (archaic) names the wife of a person
- (obsolete) creates female personal names (for wives and daughters)
- Schwarz (proper noun) → Schwarzin (a female person with the name Schwarz, that is the wife or daughter of someone named Schwarz)
- 1743, Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden […] Fünf und Dreyßigster Band Schle-Schwa, Halle und Leipzig, page 2007:
- Schwartzin, (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.
- Schwartz (Sibylle [given name]) […] was a daughter of Christian Schwartz, […] born in 1621 […] and died on 13th July 1638.
Declension
[edit]Declension of -in [feminine]
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- → Esperanto: -ino
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in n (strong, genitive -ins, plural -ine)
Declension
[edit]Declension of -in [neuter, strong]
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]From Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in n (genitive -ins)
- A suffix found in place names of Slavic origin, especially in northeastern Germany
Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]Ido
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- See -in-.
Indonesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Betawi -in, from Balinese -in.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in (non-active/imperative/basic -in, active ng- -in or nge- -in, passive di- -in) (colloquial, dialectal, originally Jakarta)
- used to form benefactive aspect
- used to intensify a verb
- used to form causative aspect
- used to transitivize a verb
Descendants
[edit]Ingrian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-inën. Cognates include Finnish -inen, -nen and Estonian -ne.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- Forms adjectives indicating the material of which something is made; -en
- Forms diminutive nouns; -ie
Declension
[edit](back-vocalic)
|
(front-vocalic)
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-in. Cognates include Finnish -in and Estonian -i.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- Forms instrumental nouns from verbs.
Declension
[edit](back-vocalic)
|
(front-vocalic)
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- inflection of -ia:
Irish
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in f
Declension
[edit]
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Further reading
[edit]- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “-in”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla [Irish–English Dictionary], Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
Japanese
[edit]Romanization
[edit]-in
Livvi
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Finnic *-in. Cognates include Finnish -in and Estonian -i.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs
Declension
[edit]This nominal needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms
[edit]Luxembourgish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German -inne, -in, -īn. Compare German -in.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- used to form the female versions of agent nouns
Derived terms
[edit]Maltese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Arabic ـِينَ (-īna), oblique case form of ـُونَ (-ūna), masculine personal plural suffix.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- a common plural suffix
See also
[edit]Marshallese
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (phonetics) IPA(key): [ʲ‿inʲ, ˠ‿inʲ, ˠ‿ɯnʲ, ʷ‿inʲ, ʷ‿unʲ]
- (phonemic) IPA(key): /-inʲ/
- Bender phonemes: {-in}
Suffix
[edit]-in
Usage notes
[edit]This suffix is combined with nouns to create construct forms.
References
[edit]- Abo, Takaji; Bender Byron W.; Capelle, Alfred; DeBrum, Tony (2009–), “in”, in Marshallese–English Online Dictionary[2]
Middle Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- -en; creates adjectives for the material of which something is made.
Alternative forms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Dutch: -en
Middle English
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- (Early Middle English) alternative form of -ien (infinitival suffix)
Mizo
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Probably a reduced form of the instrumental marker in.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Marks the ergative case on a noun phrase.
Usage notes
[edit]- The suffix is usually spelled with a hyphen when attached to proper names and English loanwords, and without a hyphen on common nouns.
- naupang (“child”) + -in → naupangin
- English chief minister + -in → chief minister-in
Northern Sami
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the essive case of a possessive adjective in *-j-.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- The ending of the comitative singular case.
Usage notes
[edit]- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the plural essive form.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- The ending of the locative plural case.
Usage notes
[edit]- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from French -ine (“chemical-substance-forming suffix”), from Latin -īna (“feminine form of -īnus”), the feminine of -īnus (“of or pertaining to”), from Proto-Italic *-īnos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos. Some learned formations also reflect Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos, “of or pertaining to”).
Compare Danish -in and Swedish -in, as well as English -ine, French -ine and German -in (“chemical-substance-forming suffix”).
Suffix
[edit]-in m or n (definite singular -inen or -inet, indefinite plural -in or -iner, definite plural -ina or -inene)
- (chemistry, mineralogy) A noun-forming suffix occurring in the names of chemical substances, compounds and minerals.
Usage notes
[edit]- Nouns in -in may be either masculine or neuter. The gender must normally be checked for each individual word:
- Neuter nouns may have an unchanged indefinite plural in -in or a plural in -iner:
- The definite plural is -inene in masculine nouns. Neuter nouns may use -ina or -inene:
- protein (“protein”) → proteina or proteinene (“the proteins”)
- Many substance names are normally uncountable, so plural forms are used only when the meaning permits, for example for different varieties, molecules or individual proteins.
- The suffix does not identify one single chemical class. It occurs in names for fuels, hormones, proteins, alkaloids, minerals and many other substances.
- Most words containing the suffix entered Bokmål as complete international or learned terms rather than being newly formed within Norwegian.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from French -in (“of or pertaining to”), from Latin -īnus (“of or pertaining to”), from Proto-Italic *-īnos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos. Some learned formations also reflect Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos, “of or pertaining to”).
Compare Danish -in and Swedish -in, as well as English -ine, French -in and German -in (“adjective-forming suffix”).
Suffix
[edit]-in (neuter singular -int, definite singular and plural -ine)
- An adjective-forming suffix occurring chiefly in learned and borrowed words, expressing that something belongs to, is characteristic of or resembles what is indicated by the base.
Usage notes
[edit]- Adjectives in -in normally form the neuter singular in -int and the definite singular and plural in -ine:
- alpin (“alpine”) — alpint (“alpine; neuter singular”) — alpine (“alpine; definite singular and plural”)
- feminin (“feminine”) — feminint (“feminine; neuter singular”) — feminine (“feminine; definite singular and plural”)
- marin (“marine”) — marint (“marine; neuter singular”) — marine (“marine; definite singular and plural”)
- maskulin (“masculine”) — maskulint (“masculine; neuter singular”) — maskuline (“masculine; definite singular and plural”)
- The suffix occurs chiefly in established learned and international vocabulary and is not freely added to arbitrary Bokmål words.
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]- -yn (“alkyne-name suffix”)
Anagrams
[edit]References
[edit]Ojibwe
[edit]Final
[edit]-in
- act on by hand (often with a sense of holding an object)
Derived terms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- A suffix denoting the first-person singular to second-person singular form of a transitive animate verb (vta)
See also
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- A local inverse them sign denoting that the second-person prefix gi- is the theme (object) of a transitive animate verb (vta) while the first-person agent (subject) is denoted by the verbal suffixes.
References
[edit]- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final-654923
Old Czech
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in (adjective-forming suffix)
- suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals
Declension
[edit]| singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | -in | -ina | -ino | |
| genitive | -ina | -iny | -ina | |
| dative | -inu | -ině | -inu | |
| accusative | -ininan+anml or -inapers+anml |
-inu | -ino | |
| locative | -ině, -inu | -ině | -ině, -inu | |
| instrumental | -inem | -inú | -inem | |
| dual | ||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | -ina | -ině | ||
| genitive | -inú | |||
| dative | -inýma | |||
| accusative | -ina | -ině | ||
| locative | -inú | |||
| instrumental | -inýma | |||
| plural | ||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | -ini | -iny | -ina | |
| genitive | -iných | |||
| dative | -iným | |||
| accusative | -iny | -ina | ||
| locative | -iných | |||
| instrumental | -inými | |||
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Czech: -in
Old High German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix
[edit]-īn
- used to create adjectives from nouns
Descendants
[edit]- German: -en
Old Norse
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- inflection of -inn (adjective suffix):
- inflection of -inn (participle suffix):
- inflection of -inn (definite article suffix):
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- forms adjectives
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Pali
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Alternative scripts
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Adjective in -ī/-inī/-i, meaning possessing what is denoted by the base.
Usage notes
[edit]Independent vowels and vowel bearers are shown in the list of alternative forms to accord with basic grammar rules. These are converted to dependent vowels when the suffix is used.
Derived terms
[edit]Words using this suffix are listed in their own category. Note that normally only the Latin script forms are listed, as etymology sections are normally restricted to the Latin script form.
Polish
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Etymology tree
Inherited from Old Polish -in.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- forms nouns
Declension
[edit]Declension of -in
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- short form of -iny
Etymology 3
[edit]Etymology tree
Suffix
[edit]-in m inan
Declension
[edit]Declension of -in
Further reading
[edit]Portuguese
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]
Suffix
[edit]-in
Related terms
[edit]Scots
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Used to form present participles of verbs.
- Used to form nouns from verbs.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Forms diminutives or to form collectives.
References
[edit]- “-in, suff.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.
Spanish
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ines)
- alternative form of -ing
Tagalog
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -hin, -nin — after vowels
- -en — colloquial
- -hen, -nen — colloquial, after vowels
Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Philippine *-ən, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ən, from Proto-Austronesian *-ən.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /in/ [ɪn̪], (colloquial) /en/ [ɛn̪]
- Rhymes: -in
- Syllabification: -in
Suffix
[edit]-in (verb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)
- object trigger: to perform the action of the verb to someone or something
- Lulutuin ko ang isda. ― I will cook the fish (literally, “The fish will be cooked by me.”) (The fish is focused.)
- directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of
- Dinalaw namin ang lola ni Olivia. ― We visited the grandmother of Olivia. (literally, “Olivia's grandmother was visited by us.”) (The grandmother is focused.)
- actor trigger: to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon
- Binabaha ang bahay niya. ― His house gets flooded. (His house is focused.)
- object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
- Iniisip ko minsan ang nakaraan ko. ― I sometimes think about my past. (literally, “My past is sometimes thought about by me.”) (My past is focused.)
Suffix
[edit]-in (adjective-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)
- prone to, susceptible to
Suffix
[edit]-in (noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)
- an object of the action expressed by the root
- (dialectal, Quezon) nature and origin suffix
- Quezon (“province”) + -in → Quezonin (“a native of Quezon”)
- Sampaloc (“municipality”) + -in → Sampalukin (“a native of Sampaloc, Quezon”)
- bayan (“town center or poblacion”) + -in → bayanin (“a local from the town center”)
- linang (“farm or remote area”) + -in → linangin (“a local from the farm”)
Usage notes
[edit]- Normally, /h/ is inserted before -in when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.
- Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.
- Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -in.
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Turkish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Turkic *-niŋ.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Genitive case suffix.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Turkic *-iŋ.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Second-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession.
Etymology 3
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- Derives nouns of objects or doers of an action.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- Form of -il (“passive suffix”) after the vowels E / İ and a syllable containing L.
Etymology 5
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- Form of -el (“reflexive suffix”) after the vowels E / İ
Etymology 6
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
- Second person plural form of the imperative case.
Votic
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-inën and *-hinën.
Suffix
[edit]-in
- Forms adjectives from nominal stems.
- Forms diminutives from nouns or nominal stems.
Declension
[edit]Words with this suffix are inflected like sinin.
Derived terms
[edit]Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Brythonic *-in, from Proto-Celtic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in f
- forms nouns characterised by root
- (obsolete) forms adjectives from nouns, usually nouns of material
- forms adjectives from other adjectives
Usage notes
[edit]-in causes i-affection of preceding vowels, e.g., aur (“gold”) + -in → eurin (“golden”), garw (“rough”) + -in → gerwin (“severe, harsh”).
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “-in”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Wolof
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-in
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