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-in-

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "in"

Cebuano

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Austronesian *-in-

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-in-

Cebuano -in-

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-in-, from Proto-Austronesian *-in-.

Infix

-in-

Added to mostly noun roots but also verb roots.
1. in the manner of
  Synonym: -in- -ay
  
  ‎igsuon (“sibling”) → ‎inigsuon (“brotherly, sisterly”)
  
  ‎kabayo (“horse”) → ‎kinabayo (“in the manner of a horse”)
2. Forms language names.
  ‎Bisaya (“Bisaya person”) → ‎Binisaya (“Bisaya (Cebuano) language”)
  
  ‎Ingles (“Englishman”) → ‎Iningles (“English language”)
Added to verb roots conjugated with -on or i-, forming nouns.
1. something done by the action of the root
  ‎hatag (“give”) → ‎hinatag (“something given, gift”)
2. something put somewhere or in something
  ‎asin (“salt”) → ‎inasin (“something salted”)

Derived terms

Cebuano terms infixed with -in-

References

John U. Wolff (1972), A dictionary of Cebuano Visayan‎^[1] (overall work in Cebuano and English), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pages 378-379

Esperanto

Wikidata has a Lexeme related to:

-in- (L291789)

Interfix

-in-

Root form of -ino

Further reading

“-in”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN
“-in”, in Reta Vortaro [Online Dictionary] (in Esperanto), 1997-2026

Ido

Suffix

-in-

Root form of -ino

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay -in-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-in-, from Proto-Austronesian *-in-. Doublet of di-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɪn]
Hyphenation: in

Infix

-in- (no longer productive)

a product or result of something
implies a perpetuation of action; continuous

Derived terms

Indonesian terms infixed with -in-

Further reading

“-in-”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Malay

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-in-, from Proto-Austronesian *-in-. Doublet of di-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-in-/
Hyphenation: -in-

Infix

-in- (Jawi spelling ـينـ) (unproductive)

product of
‎batang (“rod, stick, stalk”) + ‎-in- → ‎binatang (“animal”)
continuous
‎sambung (“to continue”) + ‎-in- → ‎sinambung (“to continue”)

Derived terms

Malay terms infixed with -in-

Old Javanese

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-in-, from Proto-Austronesian *-in-.

Infix

-in-

passive voice marker

Derived terms

Old Javanese terms infixed with -in-

Old Sundanese

Etymology

Proto-Austronesian *-in-, cognates with Old Javanese -in-

Infix

-in-

passive voice marker
- c. 1518, Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian, folio 18, verso:
  ...batu gaṅsa, lĕmah bĕnĕr, ginawe woṅ-woṅan, sasapuan...
  stone and bronze monuments, and image shrines, having created and purified these spaces.

Sundanese

Etymology

From Old Sundanese -in-, influenced by Javanese. Ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-in-

Infix

-in- (Sundanese spelling -ᮄᮔ᮪-)

passive voice marker
‎serat + ‎-in- → ‎sinerat (“written”)

‎ganjar + ‎-in- → ‎ginanjar (“granted”)
adjective-forming prefix: in the manner of, resembling
‎satria + ‎-in- → ‎sinatria (“knightly, chivalrous”)

Usage notes

No longer productive in daily use; it is mostly applied for literary purposes.

Derived terms

Sundanese terms infixed with -in-

Further reading

D. K. Ardiwinata (1984) [1916], Ayatrohaedi, transl., Tata Bahasa Sunda (ILDEP)‎^[2] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, translation of Elmoening Basa Soenda pikeun pangadjaran di sakola2, djiiid I

Tagalog

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *-in-. Compare Malay di-.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /in/ [ɪn̪]
Syllabification: -in-

Infix

-in- (Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔)

forms the complete aspect in all verb triggers except the active trigger
‎ibigay + ‎-in- → ‎ibinigay (“given”)
1. (particularly) forms the complete aspect of patient trigger verbs marked with -in, affixed to the base form of the word
  ‎kain (kainin) + ‎-in- → ‎kinain (“eaten”)
  
  ‎basa (basahin) + ‎-in- → ‎binasa (“read”)
(with CV- reduplication): forms the progressive aspect in all verb triggers except in the active trigger
1. ‎kain (kainin) + ‎CinV- → ‎kinakain (“being eaten”)
  
  ‎basa (basahin) + ‎CinV- → ‎binabasa (“being read”)

Usage notes

The infix is typically placed in between the first consonant and first vowel of the word.
- In most prefixed words, -in- is added to the prefix itself and not the root word.
  ‎palamigin → ‎pinalamig, not *palinamig
- In words prefixed with i-, -in- is added to the succeeding syllable instead.
  ‎ipaglaban → ‎ipinaglaban, not *inipaglaban or *ipaglinaban
- In loan words or unassimilated foreign words that begin with a consonant cluster, the infix may be added after the first consonant (1) or after the consonant cluster (2). Some prefer using the prefix ni- instead (3).
  (1) tinrabaho
  
  (2) trinabaho
  
  (3) nitrabaho
In words that start with a vowel, the prefix in- is used instead.
- Although technically, it should still be an infix as all words that start with a vowel in Tagalog are typically pronounced with a glottal stop, itself a largely unwritten consonant.
In words that start with an ⟨l⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨y⟩, or sometimes ⟨w⟩, the prefix ni- may be used.
The patient trigger suffix -in is absent in the presence of the infix -in- or its substitutes. This is unlike other verb triggers, where the trigger affix is present.
‎inumin + ‎in- → ‎ininom (the suffix -in is absent)

‎sulatan + ‎-in- → ‎sinulatan (the suffix -an is present)

Derived terms

Tagalog terms infixed with -in-

kinamiyerkolesan

pinagsamantalahan

pinagsasamantalahan

pinapaletadahan

pinapalitadahan

Related terms

Further reading

Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*<in>”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Anagrams

ni

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