in-
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English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]PIE word |
---|
*h₁én |
From Middle English in-, from Old English in- (“in, into”, prefix), from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. More at in.
Alternative forms
[edit]Prefix
[edit]in-
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of Latinate origin) from Latin in-, from Latin in, from Proto-Indo-European *en (cognate to Germanic in-, above). Often borrowed from French in- (e.g. incise, incite, incline, indication), or as French en-, originally from Latin in.
Prefix
[edit]in-
- in, into
- Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
- Into
- Doing; forming verbs.
- inblind is to make blind, incloister is to cloister
- Having, possessing
- imbannered is having banners, inaureole is to have a halo, incarnate is be crimson
Usage notes
[edit]- In direction sense, used in Latinate terms, and opposed by ex-, e-, rather than Germanic out-; senses not always strict antonyms. Examples include infiltrate/exfiltrate, ingress/egress, invade/evade.
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]PIE word |
---|
*ne |
From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) from Latin in- (“not”). Sometimes the Latin word has passed through French before reaching English (e.g. incapable, incertainty, inclement, incompatible). Doublet of un-.
Prefix
[edit]in-
- (non-productive) Used with certain words to reverse their meaning.
- Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
- (non-productive) Added to adjectives to mean not.
- Added to nouns to mean lacking or without.
- Cannot, unable.
- inannihilable is that cannot be annihilated, inappellable is that cannot be appealed against, inassimilable is that cannot be assimilated
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- inadaptable
- inamiable
- incogent
- imbalanced
- inable
- inacceptable
- inaccordant
- inaccuracy
- inaccuracy
- inaccuracy
- inaccuracy
- inaccurate
- inacquiescent
- inactivate
- inactivist
- inadaptive
- inaddible
- inadept
- inadequate
- inadequate
- inadherent
- inadherent
- inadmissible
- inadmissible
- inadmissibly
- inadventurous
- inadvisable
- inadvised
- inaesthetic
- inaffable
- inaffectation
- inaffected
- inaffectionate
- inaidable
- inalienable
- inalienable
- inalimental
- inamicable
- inamovable
- inamyloid
- inangular
- inanimate
- inanimate
- inanimate
- inanimated
- inapparent
- inappealable
- inappendiculate
- inapplicable
- inapposite
- inappreciable
- inappreciative
- inapprehensive
- inapproachable
- inappropriable
- inappropriate
- inappropriate
- inarable
- inarguable
- inartful
- inarticulable
- inarticulate
- inarticulate
- inarticulated
- inarticulated
- inarticulation
- inarticulation
- inartificial
- inartistic
- inaspirable
- inaudible
- inauspicious
- inauthentic
- inauthoritative
- inavertible
- inavoidable
- incalculable
- incalculable
- incalculable
- incapable
- incapable
- incapable
- incapacious
- incapacity
- incautelous
- incautious
- incelibacy
- incelibate
- incensurable
- incertain
- inchangeability
- inchaste
- incircumscription
- incircumspect
- incirrate
- incivil
- incoagulable
- incoalescence
- incoercible
- incoercible
- incoercible
- incoexistence
- incogitative
- incognizable
- inimicable
- inactivism
- inappetent
- inclarity
- imbonity
- inability
- inability
- inabstinence
- inaccess
- inacquaintance
- inaction
- inadaptation
- inadhesion
- inæsthetical
- inanimate
- inanimation
- inaperturate
- inapparency
- inappetence
- inapplication
- inappreciation
- inapprehension
- inartistic
- inattendance
- inattentive
- incaution
- incelebrity
- inchastity
- incivil
- incivism
- incognizance
Related terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]
|
See also
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Catalan
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).
Prefix
[edit]in- (before l il-, before b, m, or p im-, before r ir-)
Derived terms
[edit]Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From in.
Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Prefix
[edit]in-
- prepended to a noun or adjective, it reinforces the quality signified thereby
- prepended to an adjective to negate its meaning; occurs mostly in borrowed terms from French: in-, un-
Derived terms
[edit]French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Prefix
[edit]in-
Derived terms
[edit]German
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *en. More at in and inne-.
Prefix
[edit]in-
Usage notes
[edit]- In- is more frequent in nominalisations of verbal phrases: in Betrieb nehmen → Inbetriebnahme, in Stand setzen → Instandsetzung. However, these formations cannot be considered to involve a prefix, but rather the preposition in directly.
Alternative forms
[edit]- inne- (in verbs)
Related terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Prefix
[edit]in-
- (rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in, into
- in- + filtrieren (“to filter”) → infiltrieren (“to infiltrate”)
Etymology 3
[edit]Prefix
[edit]in-
- (rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in-, un- (indicates negation)
- Synonyms: un-, nicht-
- in- + konsequent (“consistent”) → inkonsequent (“inconsistent”)
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]Gothic
[edit]Romanization
[edit]in-
- Romanization of 𐌹𐌽-
Indonesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Dutch in-, from French in-, from Latin in- (“un-, not”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Prefix
[edit]in-
- in-: used with certain words to reverse their meaning.
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “in-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Irish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Prefix
[edit]in-
- (productive) able to, -able (+ past participle)
- able to, -able, fit for, fit to be (+ genitive of a (verbal) noun)
Etymology 2
[edit]A prefixed form of the preposition i (“in”). Partly inherited from Old Irish in- (“in”), e.g. in- + ceann (“head”) → inchinn (“brain”), but most words with this suffix are loans or loan translations of ultimately Latin or Greek origin, e.g. ionscóp (“endoscope”)‚ ionsoilsigh (“illuminate”).
Prefix
[edit]in-
Alternative forms
[edit]- ion- (broad)
Derived terms
[edit]Mutation
[edit]Irish mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
in- | n-in- | hin- | t-in- |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
[edit]- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “in-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- “in-”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024
Italian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- im- (assimilated form before b-/m-/p-)
- il- (assimilated form before l-)
- ir- (assimilated form before r-)
Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Latin in-, a prefixation of in (“in, into”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.
Prefix
[edit]in-
Usage notes
[edit]- The prefix is used together with a verbal ending suffix to derive causative verbs from adjectives or nouns:
- Examples:
- in- + arido (“dry”, “arid”) → inaridire (“to parch”, “to dry up”)
- in- + fiamma (“flame”) → infiammare (“to enflame”, “to kindle”)
- When used with verbs, it's usually a reflection of derivation in Latin, and retains the original meaning of “into”, “inside”:
- Example:
- In some cases, the meaning of “into” can also be found in verbs of modern derivation:
- Example:
- in- + carcere (“jail”, “prison”) → incarcerare (“to imprison”, “to incarcerate”)
Etymology 2
[edit]From Latin in- (“un-, not”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, zero grade form of the sentence negative *ne.
Prefix
[edit]in-
Usage notes
[edit]- The suffix is usually found in adjectives (and nouns therefrom derived):
- Examples:
- in- + coerente (“coherent”, “consistent”) → incoerente (“incoherent”, “inconsistent”)
- in- + abile (“able”, “capable”) → inabile (“unable”, “incapable”)
- in- + felice (“happy”) → infelice (“unhappy”)
- in- + desiderabile (“desirable; advisable”) → indesiderabile (“undesirable, unwelcome”)
- More rarely, it is found in adjectives derived from nouns:
Derived terms
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Latin
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /in/, [ɪn]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /in/, [in]
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Italic *ən-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not”), zero-grade form of the negative particle *ne (“not”). Akin to ne-, nē, nī.[1]
Prefix
[edit]in-
Usage notes
[edit]Affixed primarily to adjectives.
The pronunciation or spelling of the prefix may be changed in some situations:
- Before b, p or m, it may become im-. The spelling in- is also found in this context.
- Before l or r, it may become il- or ir-, respectively. These assimilations only became usual in post-Augustan Latin: until a late date, the usual Roman spellings were inl- and inr-.[2]
- in- + labōrātus (“worked, toilsome”) → illabōrātus (“unworked, uncultivated”) (post-Augustan) or inlabōrātus.
- in- + reverēns (“reverent”) → irreverēns (“irreverent”) (post-Augustan) or inreverēns.
- Before gn and sometimes n, it becomes ig- (pronounced [ɪŋ-]).
- Before f or s, it becomes īn- (pronounced [ĩː-]).
- Before g, c or q, the spelling remains in-, but the pronunciation becomes [ɪŋ-].
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- → Catalan: in- (sometimes i-, or im- before p, b and m)
- → French: in-
- → Italian: in-
- → Middle English: in-
- → Portuguese: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, n, or m, and ir- before r)
- → Sicilian: n- (m- before p, b or m, il- before l, and ir- before r)
- → Spanish: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, and ir- before r)
Etymology 2
[edit]
Prefixation of the preposition in.[3]
Alternative forms
[edit]Prefix
[edit]in-
- Prepositional prefix, generally attached to verbs to derive new verbs with a range of meanings.
- in, within, inside
- against; into; on, upon; to, towards
- in- + gradior (“step, go”) → ingredior (“go into, enter”)
- in- + nūbō (“marry”) → innūbō (“marry into”)
- in- + cadō (“fall”) → incidō (“fall into, fall upon”)
- in- + pangō (“set, fix, settle, fasten”) → impingō (“fasten upon, dash against, strike against”)
- in- + flīgō (“strike”) → īnflīgō (“strike on, strike against, inflict, impose upon”)
- in- + vocō (“call”) → invocō (“call on, call upon, invoke”)
- Used as an intensifier.
- Attached to inchoative verbs, can express the sense of a change being started or reaching partial completion
Usage notes
[edit]Affixed primarily to verbs.
The same spelling rules apply as for Etymology 1 above; see the usage notes there.
Not to be confused with Etymology 1 above, which means "not".
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]
From Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after”). Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (ánu-, “after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬎 (anu, “after; corresponding to”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎵𐎺 (a-nu-v /anuv/), and Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”) (whose meaning developed “along” > “past” > “without”).[5]
Alternative forms
[edit]- īn-, ī-
Prefix
[edit]in-
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “1. in-”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 676f.
- ^ William Gardner Hale and Carl Darling Buck, 1903. Latin Grammar, page 25
- ^ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “2. in”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 677f.
- ^ Haverling, Gerd. "On Prefixes and Actionality in Classical and Late Latin." Acta Linguistica Hungarica, vol. 50, no. 1–2, 2003, pp. 113–35, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26189816. Accessed 6 Apr. 2022. Page 117
- ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 241-44
Further reading
[edit]- “in-”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 301
Maltese
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]in-
- Alternative form of il-
Usage notes
[edit]- Used before the letter n. For details on usage, see the main lemma.
Northern Ndebele
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.
Prefix
[edit]in-
- Class 9 noun prefix.
Usage notes
[edit]The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).
Ojibwe
[edit]Initial
[edit]in- (root)
- Alternative form of iN-
Prefix
[edit]in-
- Alternative form of nin-
See also
[edit]Old English
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Prefix
[edit]in-
Descendants
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *in- (“strong”, adj), from Proto-Indo-European *indʰro- (“swelling; strong”), from *oyd- (“to swell”).
Prefix
[edit]in-
- (intensifying) very
Derived terms
[edit]Old Irish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From conflated Proto-Celtic *en- and Proto-Celtic *eni-; these two are variants of the same prefix. Prefix form of i. Conflated with ind- quite early.
Alternative forms
[edit]Prefix
[edit]in-
Usage notes
[edit]Very frequently replaced by ad- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:
Sometimes replaced by as- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:
- as·dloing from *in-dlong-
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, pages 518–22
Etymology 2
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Prefix
[edit]in-
- able to, -able (+ past participle)
- in- + ad·gair (“to sue”) → inaccartha (“to be sued for”)
- in- + mescaigid (“to intoxicate”) → inmescaigthe (“able to intoxicate”)
- able to, -able, fit for, fit to be (+ noun, an o- and a-stems usually yields an i-stem adjective)
Etymology 3
[edit]From Proto-Celtic *an-. In is the regular outcome of *an before voiced stops unless lowered to an via a-affection.
Prefix
[edit]in-
- Alternative form of an- (“un-, not”)
Usage notes
[edit]Used before d and g and occasionally other sounds.[1]
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]Prefix
[edit]in- (class C infixed pronoun)
- Alternative form of id-
References
[edit]- ^ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 872, page 544
Further reading
[edit]- Pedersen, Holger (1913) Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen (in German), volume II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 11
Portuguese
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).
Prefix
[edit]in-
Derived terms
[edit]Spanish
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).
Prefix
[edit]in-
- not (negation)
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “in-”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Swazi
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.
Prefix
[edit]in-
- Class 9 noun prefix.
Usage notes
[edit]The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).
Tagalog
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /ʔin/ [ʔɪn̪]
- Syllabification: in-
Prefix
[edit]in- (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈ᜔)
- prefix form of -in-
Derived terms
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Xhosa
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.
Prefix
[edit]in-
- Class 9 noun prefix.
Usage notes
[edit]The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).
Zulu
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.
Prefix
[edit]ín-
- Class 9 noun prefix.
Usage notes
[edit]The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v). Before l, m or n, the prefix becomes i-.
References
[edit]- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “im-, in-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “im-, in-”
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₁én
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English lemmas
- English prefixes
- English terms with usage examples
- English terms derived from Latin
- English terms borrowed from French
- English terms derived from French
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ne
- English doublets
- English unproductive prefixes
- Catalan terms borrowed from Latin
- Catalan terms derived from Latin
- Catalan lemmas
- Catalan prefixes
- Dutch terms with audio links
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch prefixes
- French terms borrowed from Latin
- French terms derived from Latin
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio links
- French lemmas
- French prefixes
- German 1-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- German lemmas
- German prefixes
- German terms with rare senses
- German terms borrowed from Latin
- German terms derived from Latin
- Gothic non-lemma forms
- Gothic romanizations
- Indonesian terms derived from Dutch
- Indonesian terms derived from French
- Indonesian terms derived from Latin
- Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Indonesian lemmas
- Indonesian prefixes
- Irish terms inherited from Old Irish
- Irish terms derived from Old Irish
- Irish lemmas
- Irish prefixes
- Italian 1-syllable words
- Italian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Italian terms inherited from Latin
- Italian terms derived from Latin
- Italian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Italian lemmas
- Italian prefixes
- Italian terms with obsolete senses
- Italian terms with rare senses
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin lemmas
- Latin prefixes
- Maltese 1-syllable words
- Maltese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Maltese lemmas
- Maltese articles
- Northern Ndebele terms inherited from Proto-Bantu
- Northern Ndebele terms derived from Proto-Bantu
- Northern Ndebele lemmas
- Northern Ndebele prefixes
- Northern Ndebele noun prefixes
- Ojibwe initials
- Ojibwe lemmas
- Ojibwe prefixes
- Ojibwe personal prefixes
- Old English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old English lemmas
- Old English prefixes
- Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish lemmas
- Old Irish prefixes
- Old Irish personal pronouns
- Portuguese terms borrowed from Latin
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese prefixes
- Spanish terms borrowed from Latin
- Spanish terms derived from Latin
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish prefixes
- Swazi terms inherited from Proto-Bantu
- Swazi terms derived from Proto-Bantu
- Swazi lemmas
- Swazi prefixes
- Swazi noun prefixes
- Tagalog 1-syllable words
- Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation
- Tagalog lemmas
- Tagalog prefixes
- Tagalog terms with Baybayin script
- Xhosa terms inherited from Proto-Bantu
- Xhosa terms derived from Proto-Bantu
- Xhosa lemmas
- Xhosa prefixes
- Xhosa noun prefixes
- Zulu terms inherited from Proto-Bantu
- Zulu terms derived from Proto-Bantu
- Zulu lemmas
- Zulu prefixes
- Zulu noun prefixes