do-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "do"

English

Etymology

From dodeca-, from Ancient Greek δώδεκα (dṓdeka, “twelve”).

Prefix

do-

(chiefly IUPAC) Alternative form of duo-

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with do-

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [do ]

Prefix

do-

a prefix, usually indicating a destination or a completed action or state
‎do- + ‎studovat → ‎dostudovat

‎do- + ‎hořet → ‎dohořet

‎do- + ‎cestovat → ‎docestovat

‎do- + ‎dělat → ‎dodělat

‎do- + ‎vařit → ‎dovařit

‎do- + ‎kouřit → ‎dokouřit

‎do- + ‎číst → ‎dočíst

Derived terms

Czech terms prefixed with do-

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish do-, du-, from Proto-Celtic *dus-, from Proto-Indo-European *dus-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/

Prefix

do-

impossible, extremely difficult
Antonym: in-
ill, evil
Antonym: so-

Derived terms

Mutation

Mutated forms of *do-*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
do-	dho-	ndo-

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Japanese

Romanization

do-

Rōmaji transcription of ど

Kashubian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Balto-Slavic *da

Proto-Slavic *do

Proto-Slavic *do-

Kashubian do-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɔ/

Prefix

do-

verbal prefix
‎do- + ‎wiedzec → ‎dowiedzec

Derived terms

Kashubian terms prefixed with do-

Lower Tanana

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *daˑ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tɔ/

Prefix

do-

An interrogative prefix, used to form wh-questions; what, how.
do'it'a? ― how are you?

do'it'anh? ― what are you doing?
(rare) Appears in a few negative imperatives
dodhit'aną́ ― don't do it!

Derived terms

References

Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 127

Manx

Etymology

From Old Irish do-, du-.

Prefix

do-

non-, un-

Derived terms

Category Manx terms prefixed with do- not found

References

Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “do-, du-”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *dus-, from Proto-Indo-European *dus-.

Alternative forms

du-

Prefix

do-

impossible, extremely difficult
ill, evil
Synonym: mí-

Antonyms

so-, su-

Derived terms

Old Irish terms prefixed with do-

Etymology 2

Prefix

do-

pretonic form of dí-
pretonic form of to-

Mutation

Mutation of *do-*
radical	lenition	nasalization
do-	do- pronounced with /ð-/	ndo-

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “do-, du-”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Balto-Slavic *da

Proto-Slavic *do

Proto-Slavic *do-

Old Polish do-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /dɔ/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /dɔ/

Prefix

do-

appended to verbs to indicate completion
‎do- + ‎mówić → ‎domówić
appended to verbs to indicate addition or furthering a previous process
‎do- + ‎sypać → ‎dosypać
appended to verbs to indicate addition or approaching a goal
Antonyms: od-, ode-

‎do- + ‎ić → ‎dojć

Derived terms

Old Polish terms prefixed with do-

Old Slovak

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Balto-Slavic *da

Proto-Slavic *do

Proto-Slavic *do-

Old Slovak do-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do-. Cf. do.

Prefix

do-

prefix used to express the complete finishing, exhaustion, or cessation of an action: finish, out
‎do- + ‎bojovať (“to fight”) → ‎dobojovať (“to finish fighting/end a struggle”)

‎do- + ‎žať (“to reap/harvest”) → ‎dožať (“to finish reaping/finish the harvest”)
prefix used to indicate a large or full measure of an action, often resulting in damage or exhaustion: all over, up
‎do- + ‎hrýzť (“to bite”) → ‎dohrýzť (“to bite all over/maul”)

‎do- + ‎štípať (“to sting/pinch”) → ‎doštípať (“to sting all over”)
prefix used to indicate movement reaching a specific boundary in space: to, towards, as far as
‎do- + ‎-behnúť (“to run”) → ‎dobehnúť (“to reach/arrive by running”)

‎do- + ‎siahnuť (“to reach for”) → ‎dosiahnuť (“to reach/attain”)
prefix used to indicate the additional performance of a missing part of an action to achieve completeness
‎do- + ‎platiť (“to pay”) → ‎doplatiť (“to pay the balance/pay extra”)

‎do- + ‎variť (“to cook”) → ‎dovariť (“to finish cooking/cook the rest”)
prefix used with reflexive verbs to indicate the successful achievement of a goal or state through effort
‎do- + ‎žiť (“to live”) → ‎dožiť sa (“to live to see/reach a certain age”)

‎do- + ‎volať (“to call”) → ‎dovolať sa (“to succesfully summon by voice”)

Derived terms

Category Old Slovak terms prefixed with do- not found

Descendants

Slovak: do-

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Balto-Slavic *da

Proto-Slavic *do

Proto-Slavic *do-

Old Polish do-

Polish do-

Inherited from Old Polish do-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɔ/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɔ
Syllabification: do-

Prefix

do-

appended to verbs to indicate completion
‎do- + ‎kończyć → ‎dokończyć
appended to verbs to indicate addition or furthering a previous process
‎do- + ‎lać → ‎dolać
appended to verbs to indicate addition or approaching a goal
Antonyms: od-, ode-

‎do- + ‎iść → ‎dojść

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with do-

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish do-, du-.

Prefix

do-

un-

Derived terms

Scottish Gaelic terms prefixed with do-

References

Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “do-, du-”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Slovak

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *de

Proto-Balto-Slavic *da

Proto-Slavic *do

Proto-Slavic *do-

Old Slovak do-

Slovak do-

Inherited from Old Slovak do-. First attested in the 14th century.^[1] Cf. do.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɔ/, [dɔ]

Prefix

do-

prefix used to express the complete finishing, exhaustion, or cessation of an action: finish, out
‎do- + ‎čítať (“to read”) → ‎dočítať (“to finish reading”)

‎do- + ‎jesť (“to eat”) → ‎dojesť (“to finish eating/eat up”)
prefix used to indicate a large or full measure of an action, often resulting in damage or exhaustion: all over, up
‎do- + ‎hrýzť (“to bite”) → ‎dohrýzť (“to bite all over/maul”)

‎do- + ‎štípať (“to sting/pinch”) → ‎doštípať (“to sting all over”)
prefix used to indicate movement reaching a specific boundary in space: to, towards, as far as
‎do- + ‎-behnúť (“to run”) → ‎dobehnúť (“to reach/arrive by running”)

‎do- + ‎hnať (“to drive/chase”) → ‎dohnať (“to drive as far as/to a certain place”)

‎do- + ‎siahnuť (“to reach for”) → ‎dosiahnuť (“to reach/attain”)
prefix used to indicate the additional performance of a missing part of an action to achieve completeness
‎do- + ‎kúpiť (“to buy”) → ‎dokúpiť (“to buy more/buy the remainder”)

‎do- + ‎soliť (“to salt”) → ‎dosoliť (“to add more salt”)
prefix used with reflexive verbs to indicate the successful achievement of a goal or state through effort
‎do- + ‎žiť (“to live”) → ‎dožiť sa (“to live to see/reach a certain age”)

‎do- + ‎volať (“to call”) → ‎dovolať sa (“to reach someone by phone/get through to someone”)

Derived terms

Slovak terms prefixed with do-

References

^ Králik, Ľubor (2016), “do-”, in Stručný etymologický slovník slovenčiny [Concise Etymological Dictionary of Slovak] (in Slovak), Bratislava: VEDA; JÚĽŠ SAV, →ISBN, page 128

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do-. Prefixed form of the preposition do.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɔ-/

Prefix

do-

Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
1. to finish
  ‎do- + ‎zídati (“to build”) → ‎dozídati (“to finish building”)
2. up to, to reach
  ‎do- + ‎téči (“to run”) → ‎dotéči (“to catch up with”)
3. to add
  ‎do- + ‎líti (“to pour”) → ‎dolíti (“to add by pouring”)

Derived terms

Slovene terms prefixed with do-

dotakniti

dovolj

doživeti

[1] Králik, Ľubor (2016), “do-”, in Stručný etymologický slovník slovenčiny [Concise Etymological Dictionary of Slovak] (in Slovak), Bratislava: VEDA; JÚĽŠ SAV, →ISBN, page 128

[1]

English

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Czech

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Irish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Mutation

Further reading

Japanese

Romanization

Kashubian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Lower Tanana

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

References

Manx

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

References

Old Irish

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Prefix

Antonyms

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Prefix

Mutation

References

Old Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Old Slovak

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Descendants

Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

See also

References

Slovak

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

References

Further reading

Slovene

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms