ruma

See also: Ruma, rúma, rūma, and rũma

Betawi

Etymology

From Classical Malay rumah, from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ruma/
• Rhymes: -a
• Hyphenation: ru‧ma

Noun

ruma

1. house (abode)
2. house (building used for something other than a residence)

   Synonym: gedong

3. house (shell of an animal such as a snail, used for protection)
4. home (house or structure in which someone lives)

Derived terms

• ruma baca
• ruma bola
• ruma gadé
• ruma gerètan
• ruma kancing
• ruma sakit

Further reading

• Chaer, A. (2009) [1976], “ruma”, in Kamus dialek Jakarta [Dictionary of the Jakarta dialect], revised edition (in Indonesian), Depok: Masup Jakarta, →ISBN, page 393

Bola

Noun

ruma

1. house

References

• René van den Berg and Brent Wiebe, Bola Grammar Sketch

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Estonian rumal (“stupid”), Ingrian ruma (“ugly”), Livonian rumāli (“dirty”), Livvi ruma, Veps ruma (“ugly; coarse”) and Votic ruma. The Finnic word has been borrowed into Sami; compare Northern Sami ropmi.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -umɑ
• Syllabification^(key): ru‧ma
• Hyphenation^(key): ru‧ma

Adjective

ruma (comparative rumempi, superlative rumin)

1. ugly (displeasing to the eye or ear)

   Synonyms: epäesteettinen, pahannäköinen

   Antonym: kaunis

2. ugly, dirty (offensive to one's sensibilities or morality)

   Synonyms: moraaliton, ikävä, ilkeä, kelju, kurja, paha

   Hän teki meille ruman tempun. ― He played a dirty trick on us.

3. dirty, foul (of a word or language in general: something considered vulgar)

   ruma sana ― dirty word

Declension

Inflection of ruma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		ruma	rumat
genitive		ruman	rumien
partitive		rumaa	rumia
illative		rumaan	rumiin
		singular	plural
nominative		ruma	rumat
accusative	nom.	ruma	rumat
	gen.	ruman
genitive		ruman	rumien rumain rare
partitive		rumaa	rumia
inessive		rumassa	rumissa
elative		rumasta	rumista
illative		rumaan	rumiin
adessive		rumalla	rumilla
ablative		rumalta	rumilta
allative		rumalle	rumille
essive		rumana	rumina
translative		rumaksi	rumiksi
abessive		rumatta	rumitta
instructive		—	rumin
comitative		—	rumine

Possessive forms of ruma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative rumani rumani accusative nom. rumani rumani gen. rumani genitive rumani rumieni rumaini rare partitive rumaani rumiani inessive rumassani rumissani elative rumastani rumistani illative rumaani rumiini adessive rumallani rumillani ablative rumaltani rumiltani allative rumalleni rumilleni essive rumanani ruminani translative rumakseni rumikseni abessive rumattani rumittani instructive — — comitative — rumineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative rumasi rumasi accusative nom. rumasi rumasi gen. rumasi genitive rumasi rumiesi rumaisi rare partitive rumaasi rumiasi inessive rumassasi rumissasi elative rumastasi rumistasi illative rumaasi rumiisi adessive rumallasi rumillasi ablative rumaltasi rumiltasi allative rumallesi rumillesi essive rumanasi ruminasi translative rumaksesi rumiksesi abessive rumattasi rumittasi instructive — — comitative — ruminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative rumamme rumamme accusative nom. rumamme rumamme gen. rumamme genitive rumamme rumiemme rumaimme rare partitive rumaamme rumiamme inessive rumassamme rumissamme elative rumastamme rumistamme illative rumaamme rumiimme adessive rumallamme rumillamme ablative rumaltamme rumiltamme allative rumallemme rumillemme essive rumanamme ruminamme translative rumaksemme rumiksemme abessive rumattamme rumittamme instructive — — comitative — ruminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative rumanne rumanne accusative nom. rumanne rumanne gen. rumanne genitive rumanne rumienne rumainne rare partitive rumaanne rumianne inessive rumassanne rumissanne elative rumastanne rumistanne illative rumaanne rumiinne adessive rumallanne rumillanne ablative rumaltanne rumiltanne allative rumallenne rumillenne essive rumananne ruminanne translative rumaksenne rumiksenne abessive rumattanne rumittanne instructive — — comitative — ruminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative rumansa rumansa accusative nom. rumansa rumansa gen. rumansa genitive rumansa rumiensa rumainsa rare partitive rumaansa rumiaan rumiansa inessive rumassaan rumassansa rumissaan rumissansa elative rumastaan rumastansa rumistaan rumistansa illative rumaansa rumiinsa adessive rumallaan rumallansa rumillaan rumillansa ablative rumaltaan rumaltansa rumiltaan rumiltansa allative rumalleen rumallensa rumilleen rumillensa essive rumanaan rumanansa ruminaan ruminansa translative rumakseen rumaksensa rumikseen rumiksensa abessive rumattaan rumattansa rumittaan rumittansa instructive — — comitative — rumineen ruminensa

Derived terms

• ruma ankanpoikanen
• rumahko
• rumasti
• rumeliini
• rumentaa
• rumeta
• rumilus
• rumistaa
• rumuus

compounds

• rumannäköinen
• rumanvärinen
• rumapiirteinen
• rumasointinen
• rumaääninen
• susiruma

Further reading

• “ruma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

Anagrams

• Amur, mura

Gothic

Romanization

rūma

1. romanization of 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰

Hiri Motu

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Noun

ruma

1. house (abode)

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma. Cognates include Finnish ruma and Veps ruma.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
• Rhymes: -umɑ
• Hyphenation: ru‧ma

Noun

ruma

1. ugly
2. bad, poor (of low quality)

Declension

Declension of ruma (type 3/koira, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumat
genitive	ruman	rummiin
partitive	rummaa	rummia
illative	rummaa	rummii
inessive	rumas	rumis
elative	rumast	rumist
allative	rumalle	rumille
adessive	rumal	rumil
ablative	rumalt	rumilt
translative	rumaks	rumiks
essive	rumanna, rummaan	ruminna, rummiin
exessive1)	rumant	rumint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Synonyms

• (low-quality): prostoi

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 491

Kikuyu

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾuma/

Verb

ruma (infinitive kũruma)

1. to curse, to abuse

Derived terms

(Proverbs)

• kĩonje kĩrumaga mũhiũhia

Related terms

(Nouns)

• kĩrumi class 7

References

• Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

Latin

Alternative forms

• rū̆mis

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈruː.ma], [ˈrʊ.ma]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈruː.ma]
• The length of the U is not directly attested. It should be short based on the attested short vowel in the derivative irrumō, but a pronunciation with long ū may have developed due to influence from and conflation with rūmen.

Etymology 1

Unknown. Possibly from Etruscan 𐌓𐌖𐌌 (rum).

Noun

rū̆ma f (genitive rū̆mae); first declension

1. (anatomy) udder, teat, breast

   Synonyms: ūber, sūmen

   • 116 BCE – 27 BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, Logistorici 7.2, (as cited by Nonius):

     Ruminae propter rumam, id est prisco vocabulo mammam

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 2nd century, Sextus Pompeius Festus, De Verborum Significatione 266:

     Romulum quidam a fico Ruminali, ali quod lupae ruma nutritus est, appellatum esse ineptissime dixerunt.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • Augustine of Hippo, De Civitate Dei 7.11:

     Dixerunt eum Victorem, Inuictum, Opitulum, Inpulsorem, Statorem, Centumpedam, Supinalem, Tigillum, Almum, Ruminum et alia quae persequi longum est. Haec autem cognomina inposuerunt uni deo propter causas potestatesque diuersas, non tamen propter tot res etiam tot deos eum esse coegerunt: quod omnia uinceret, quod a nemine uinceretur, quod opem indigentibus ferret, quod haberet inpellendi, statuendi, stabiliendi, resupinandi potestatem, quod tamquam tigillus mundum contineret ac sustineret, quod aleret omnia, quod ruma, id est mamma, aleret animalia.

     • 1963 translation by William M. Green

       The pagans have called Jupiter by the titles Victor, Invictus, Opitulus, Impulsor, Stator, Centumpeda, Supinalis, Tigillus, Almus, Ruminus, and still others which it would be tedious to enumerate. They have applied all these names to one god for various reasons and because of his various powers. But they have not, though there are so many functions, compelled him to become as many different gods. The functions are that he is victor over all, and invincible, and brings help to the needy, and has the power of impelling, of causing to stand, of stabilizing, and of laying flat; because he maintains and sustains the world like a beam; because he nourishes all things, and nourishes all animals by the breast (ruma).

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	rū̆ma	rū̆mae
genitive	rū̆mae	rū̆mārum
dative	rū̆mae	rū̆mīs
accusative	rū̆mam	rū̆mās
ablative	rū̆mā	rū̆mīs
vocative	rū̆ma	rū̆mae

Derived terms

• irrumō
• rū̆migō
• Rū̆mī̆na
• Rū̆mī̆nus
• subrū̆mō
• subrū̆mus

Etymology 2

From rūmen.

Noun

rūma f (genitive rūmae); first declension

1. (anatomy) throat, gullet
   • Maurus Servius Honoratus, In Vergilii Aeneidos Libros 8.90.9:

     Quamvis ficum ruminalem alii a Romulo velint dictam, quasi Romularem, alii a lacte infantibus dato: nam pars gutturis ruma dicitur.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. (anatomy) rumen

   Synonym: rūmen

3. stomach, abdomen

   Synonyms: venter, pantex

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	rūma	rūmae
genitive	rūmae	rūmārum
dative	rūmae	rūmīs
accusative	rūmam	rūmās
ablative	rūmā	rūmīs
vocative	rūma	rūmae

Further reading

• “ruma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• "ruma", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈru.ma/
• Rhymes: -uma
• Syllabification: ru‧ma

Noun

ruma

1. inflection of rum:
   1. genitive singular
   2. nominative/accusative dual

Muduapa

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Noun

ruma

1. house (abode)

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruː.mɑ/

Adjective

rūma

1. inflection of rūm:
   1. strong nominative/accusative feminine plural
   2. weak nominative masculine singular

Noun

rūma

1. genitive plural of rūm

Portuguese

Verb

ruma

1. inflection of rumar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Puyuma

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.

Noun

ruma

1. house; home

   naniyam ruma piyalaudr tu pitaun.

   The door of our house is to the east.

References

• Stacy Fang-Ching Teng (鄧芳青), A Reference Grammar Of Puyuma, An Austronesian Language Of Taiwan, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2008.

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-dʊ́ma.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾúma/

Verb

-ruma (infinitive okuruma) (transitive)

1. to bite

   Near-synonym: -tema

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ruma

infinitives affirmative okuruma negative okutaruma imperatives affirmative ruma negative (see second-person negative subjunctive forms) tense polarity basic forms relative forms1 present habitual affirmative subject concord + -ruma person noun class singular plural first person nduma turuma second person oruma muruma third person 1/2 aruma baruma 3/4 guruma eruma 5/6 liruma garuma 7/8 kiruma biruma 9/10 eruma ziruma 11/10 ruruma 12/14 karuma buruma 13 — turuma 14/6 buruma garuma 15/6 kuruma 16 haruma — negative ti- + subject concord + -ruma person noun class singular plural first person tinduma tituruma second person toruma timuruma third person 1/2 taruma tibaruma 3/4 tiguruma teruma 5/6 tiriruma tigaruma 7/8 tikiruma tibiruma 9/10 teruma tiziruma 11/10 tiruruma 12/14 tikaruma tiburuma 13 — tituruma 14/6 tiburuma tigaruma 15/6 tikuruma 16 tiharuma — subject concord + -taruma present continuous affirmative ni- + subject concord + -ruma person noun class singular plural first person ninduma nituruma second person nooruma nimuruma third person 1/2 naaruma nibaruma 3/4 niguruma neeruma 5/6 niriruma nigaruma 7/8 nikiruma nibiruma 9/10 neeruma niziruma 11/10 niruruma 12/14 nikaruma niburuma 13 — nituruma 14/6 niburuma nigaruma 15/6 nikuruma 16 niharuma — subject concord + -rukuruma negative ti- + subject concord + -rukuruma person noun class singular plural first person tindukuruma titurukuruma second person torukuruma timurukuruma third person 1/2 tarukuruma tibarukuruma 3/4 tigurukuruma terukuruma 5/6 tirirukuruma tigarukuruma 7/8 tikirukuruma tibirukuruma 9/10 terukuruma tizirukuruma 11/10 tirurukuruma 12/14 tikarukuruma tiburukuruma 13 — titurukuruma 14/6 tiburukuruma tigarukuruma 15/6 tikurukuruma 16 tiharukuruma — subject concord + -tarukuruma present continuative affirmative ni- + subject concord + -kyaruma person noun class singular plural first person ninkyaruma nitukyaruma second person nookyaruma nimukyaruma third person 1/2 naakyaruma nibakyaruma 3/4 nigukyaruma neekyaruma 5/6 nirikyaruma nigakyaruma 7/8 nikikyaruma nibikyaruma 9/10 neekyaruma nizikyaruma 11/10 nirukyaruma 12/14 nikakyaruma nibukyaruma 13 — nitukyaruma 14/6 nibukyaruma nigakyaruma 15/6 nikukyaruma 16 nihakyaruma — subject concord + -rukukyaruma negative ti- + subject concord + -kyaruma person noun class singular plural first person tinkyaruma titukyaruma second person tokyaruma timukyaruma third person 1/2 takyaruma tibakyaruma 3/4 tigukyaruma tekyaruma 5/6 tirikyaruma tigakyaruma 7/8 tikikyaruma tibikyaruma 9/10 tekyaruma tizikyaruma 11/10 tirukyaruma 12/14 tikakyaruma tibukyaruma 13 — titukyaruma 14/6 tibukyaruma tigakyaruma 15/6 tikukyaruma 16 tihakyaruma — subject concord + -takyaruma virtual present affirmative subject concord + -aruma person noun class singular plural first person naruma twaruma second person waruma mwaruma third person 1/2 yaruma baaruma 3/4 gwaruma yaruma 5/6 lyaruma gaaruma 7/8 kyaruma byaruma 9/10 yaruma zaaruma 11/10 rwaruma 12/14 kaaruma bwaruma 13 — twaruma 14/6 bwaruma gaaruma 15/6 kwaruma 16 haaruma — negative ti- + subject concord + aruma person noun class singular plural first person tinaruma titwaruma second person tiwaruma timwaruma third person 1/2 tiyaruma tibaaruma 3/4 tigwaruma tiyaruma 5/6 tiryaruma tigaaruma 7/8 tikyaruma tibyaruma 9/10 tiyaruma tizaaruma 11/10 tirwaruma 12/14 tikaaruma tibwaruma 13 — titwaruma 14/6 tibwaruma tigaaruma 15/6 tikwaruma 16 tihaaruma — subject concord + -taaruma present perfect affirmative subject concord + -rumire person noun class singular plural first person ndumire turumire second person orumire murumire third person 1/2 arumire barumire 3/4 gurumire erumire 5/6 lirumire garumire 7/8 kirumire birumire 9/10 erumire zirumire 11/10 rurumire 12/14 karumire burumire 13 — turumire 14/6 burumire garumire 15/6 kurumire 16 harumire — negative ti- + subject concord + -rumire person noun class singular plural first person tindumire titurumire second person torumire timurumire third person 1/2 tarumire tibarumire 3/4 tigurumire terumire 5/6 tirirumire tigarumire 7/8 tikirumire tibirumire 9/10 terumire tizirumire 11/10 tirurumire 12/14 tikarumire tiburumire 13 — titurumire 14/6 tiburumire tigarumire 15/6 tikurumire 16 tiharumire — subject concord + -tarumire near perfective affirmative subject concord + -akaruma person noun class singular plural first person nakaruma twakaruma second person wakaruma mwakaruma third person 1/2 yakaruma baakaruma 3/4 gwakaruma yakaruma 5/6 lyakaruma gaakaruma 7/8 kyakaruma byakaruma 9/10 yakaruma zaakaruma 11/10 rwakaruma 12/14 kaakaruma bwakaruma 13 — twakaruma 14/6 bwakaruma gaakaruma 15/6 kwakaruma 16 haakaruma — negative ti- + subject concord + -karumire person noun class singular plural first person tinkarumire titukarumire second person tokarumire timukarumire third person 1/2 takarumire tibakarumire 3/4 tigukarumire tekarumire 5/6 tirikarumire tigakarumire 7/8 tikikarumire tibikarumire 9/10 tekarumire tizikarumire 11/10 tirukarumire 12/14 tikakarumire tibukarumire 13 — titukarumire 14/6 tibukarumire tigakarumire 15/6 tikukarumire 16 tihakarumire — subject concord + -takarumire near past affirmative subject concord + -rumirege person noun class singular plural first person ndumirege turumirege second person orumirege murumirege third person 1/2 arumirege barumirege 3/4 gurumirege erumirege 5/6 lirumirege garumirege 7/8 kirumirege birumirege 9/10 erumirege zirumirege 11/10 rurumirege 12/14 karumirege burumirege 13 — turumirege 14/6 burumirege garumirege 15/6 kurumirege 16 harumirege — negative ti- + subject concord + -rumirege person noun class singular plural first person tindumirege titurumirege second person torumirege timurumirege third person 1/2 tarumirege tibarumirege 3/4 tigurumirege terumirege 5/6 tirirumirege tigarumirege 7/8 tikirumirege tibirumirege 9/10 terumirege tizirumirege 11/10 tirurumirege 12/14 tikarumirege tiburumirege 13 — titurumirege 14/6 tiburumirege tigarumirege 15/6 tikurumirege 16 tiharumirege — subject concord + -tarumirege remote past affirmative subject concord + -karuma person noun class singular plural first person nkaruma tukaruma second person okaruma mukaruma third person 1/2 akaruma bakaruma 3/4 gukaruma ekaruma 5/6 likaruma gakaruma 7/8 kikaruma bikaruma 9/10 ekaruma zikaruma 11/10 rukaruma 12/14 kakaruma bukaruma 13 — tukaruma 14/6 bukaruma gakaruma 15/6 kukaruma 16 hakaruma — subject concord + -arumire negative subject concord + -tarume person noun class singular plural first person ntarume tutarume second person otarume mutarume third person 1/2 atarume batarume 3/4 gutarume etarume 5/6 litarume gatarume 7/8 kitarume bitarume 9/10 etarume ziitarume 11/10 rutarume 12/14 katarume butarume 13 — tutarume 14/6 butarume gatarume 15/6 kutarume 16 hatarume — subject concord + -tararumire experiential perfective affirmative subject concord + -rarumire person noun class singular plural first person ndarumire turarumire second person orarumire murarumire third person 1/2 ararumire bararumire 3/4 gurarumire erarumire 5/6 lirarumire gararumire 7/8 kirarumire birarumire 9/10 erarumire zirarumire 11/10 rurarumire 12/14 kararumire burarumire 13 — turarumire 14/6 burarumire gararumire 15/6 kurarumire 16 hararumire — negative ti- + subject concord + -karumaga person noun class singular plural first person tinkarumaga titukarumaga second person tokarumaga timukarumaga third person 1/2 takarumaga tibakarumaga 3/4 tigukarumaga tekarumaga 5/6 tirikarumaga tigakarumaga 7/8 tikikarumaga tibikarumaga 9/10 tekarumaga tizikarumaga 11/10 tirukarumaga 12/14 tikakarumaga tibukarumaga 13 — titukarumaga 14/6 tibukarumaga tigakarumaga 15/6 tikukarumaga 16 tihakarumaga — subject concord + -takarumaga cessative perfective affirmative subject concord + -aarumire person noun class singular plural first person naarumire twarumire second person waarumire mwarumire third person 1/2 yaarumire baarumire 3/4 gwarumire yaarumire 5/6 lyarumire gaarumire 7/8 kyarumire byarumire 9/10 yaarumire zaarumire 11/10 rwarumire 12/14 kaarumire bwarumire 13 — twarumire 14/6 bwarumire gaarumire 15/6 kwarumire 16 haarumire — past habitual affirmative subject concord + -arumaga person noun class singular plural first person narumaga twarumaga second person warumaga mwarumaga third person 1/2 yarumaga baarumaga 3/4 gwarumaga yarumaga 5/6 lyarumaga gaarumaga 7/8 kyarumaga byarumaga 9/10 yarumaga zaarumaga 11/10 rwarumaga 12/14 kaarumaga bwarumaga 13 — twarumaga 14/6 bwarumaga gaarumaga 15/6 kwarumaga 16 haarumaga — negative ti- + subject concord + arumaga person noun class singular plural first person tinarumaga titwarumaga second person tiwarumaga timwarumaga third person 1/2 tiyarumaga tibaarumaga 3/4 tigwarumaga tiyarumaga 5/6 tiryarumaga tigaarumaga 7/8 tikyarumaga tibyarumaga 9/10 tiyarumaga tizaarumaga 11/10 tirwarumaga 12/14 tikaarumaga tibwarumaga 13 — titwarumaga 14/6 tibwarumaga tigaarumaga 15/6 tikwarumaga 16 tihaarumaga — subject concord + -taarumaga near future affirmative subject concord + -raaruma person noun class singular plural first person ndaaruma turaaruma second person oraaruma muraaruma third person 1/2 araaruma baraaruma 3/4 guraaruma eraaruma 5/6 liraaruma garaaruma 7/8 kiraaruma biraaruma 9/10 eraaruma ziraaruma 11/10 ruraaruma 12/14 karaaruma buraaruma 13 — turaaruma 14/6 buraaruma garaaruma 15/6 kuraaruma 16 haraaruma — negative ti- + subject concord + -aarume person noun class singular plural first person tinaarume titwarume second person tiwaarume timwarume third person 1/2 tiyaarume tibaarume 3/4 tigwarume tiyaarume 5/6 tiryarume tigaarume 7/8 tikyarume tibyarume 9/10 tiyaarume tizaarume 11/10 tirwarume 12/14 tikaarume tibwarume 13 — titwarume 14/6 tibwarume tigaarume 15/6 tikwarume 16 tihaarume — subject concord + -taarume remote future affirmative subject concord + -liruma person noun class singular plural first person ndiruma tuliruma second person oliruma muliruma third person 1/2 aliruma baliruma 3/4 guliruma eriruma 5/6 liriruma galiruma 7/8 kiriruma biriruma 9/10 eriruma ziriruma 11/10 ruliruma 12/14 kaliruma buliruma 13 — tuliruma 14/6 buliruma galiruma 15/6 kuliruma 16 haliruma — negative ti- + subject concord + -liruma person noun class singular plural first person tindiruma tituliruma second person toliruma timuliruma third person 1/2 taliruma tibaliruma 3/4 tiguliruma teriruma 5/6 tiririruma tigaliruma 7/8 tikiriruma tibiriruma 9/10 teriruma tiziriruma 11/10 tiruliruma 12/14 tikaliruma tibuliruma 13 — tituliruma 14/6 tibuliruma tigaliruma 15/6 tikuliruma 16 tihaliruma — subject concord + -taliruma future habitual affirmative subject concord + -raarumaga person noun class singular plural first person ndaarumaga turaarumaga second person oraarumaga muraarumaga third person 1/2 araarumaga baraarumaga 3/4 guraarumaga eraarumaga 5/6 liraarumaga garaarumaga 7/8 kiraarumaga biraarumaga 9/10 eraarumaga ziraarumaga 11/10 ruraarumaga 12/14 karaarumaga buraarumaga 13 — turaarumaga 14/6 buraarumaga garaarumaga 15/6 kuraarumaga 16 haraarumaga — negative ti- + subject concord + -aarumege person noun class singular plural first person tinaarumege titwarumege second person tiwaarumege timwarumege third person 1/2 tiyaarumege tibaarumege 3/4 tigwarumege tiyaarumege 5/6 tiryarumege tigaarumege 7/8 tikyarumege tibyarumege 9/10 tiyaarumege tizaarumege 11/10 tirwarumege 12/14 tikaarumege tibwarumege 13 — titwarumege 14/6 tibwarumege tigaarumege 15/6 tikwarumege 16 tihaarumege — subject concord + -taarumege subjunctive affirmative subject concord + rume person noun class singular plural first person ndume turume second person orume murume third person 1/2 arume barume 3/4 gurume erume 5/6 lirume garume 7/8 kirume birume 9/10 erume zirume 11/10 rurume 12/14 karume burume 13 — turume 14/6 burume garume 15/6 kurume 16 harume — negative subject concord + -taruma person noun class singular plural first person ntaruma tutaruma second person otaruma mutaruma third person 1/2 ataruma bataruma 3/4 gutaruma etaruma 5/6 litaruma gataruma 7/8 kitaruma bitaruma 9/10 etaruma zitaruma 11/10 rutaruma 12/14 kataruma butaruma 13 — tutaruma 14/6 butaruma gataruma 15/6 kutaruma 16 hataruma — — subjunctive habitual affirmative subject concord + rumege person noun class singular plural first person ndumege turumege second person orumege murumege third person 1/2 arumege barumege 3/4 gurumege erumege 5/6 lirumege garumege 7/8 kirumege birumege 9/10 erumege zirumege 11/10 rurumege 12/14 karumege burumege 13 — turumege 14/6 burumege garumege 15/6 kurumege 16 harumege — hypothetical affirmative subject concord + -aakuruma person noun class singular plural first person naakuruma twakuruma second person waakuruma mwakuruma third person 1/2 yaakuruma baakuruma 3/4 gwakuruma yaakuruma 5/6 lyakuruma gaakuruma 7/8 kyakuruma byakuruma 9/10 yaakuruma zaakuruma 11/10 rwakuruma 12/14 kaakuruma bwakuruma 13 — twakuruma 14/6 bwakuruma gaakuruma 15/6 kwakuruma 16 haakuruma — negative ti- + subject concord + -aakuruma person noun class singular plural first person tinaakuruma titwakuruma second person tiwaakuruma timwakuruma third person 1/2 tiyaakuruma tibaakuruma 3/4 tigwakuruma tiyaakuruma 5/6 tiryakuruma tigaakuruma 7/8 tikyakuruma tibyakuruma 9/10 tiyaakuruma tizaakuruma 11/10 tirwakuruma 12/14 tikaakuruma tibwakuruma 13 — titwakuruma 14/6 tibwakuruma tigaakuruma 15/6 tikwakuruma 16 tihaakuruma — subject concord + -taakuruma conditional affirmative subject concord + -aakurumire person noun class singular plural first person naakurumire twakurumire second person waakurumire mwakurumire third person 1/2 yaakurumire baakurumire 3/4 gwakurumire yaakurumire 5/6 lyakurumire gaakurumire 7/8 kyakurumire byakurumire 9/10 yaakurumire zaakurumire 11/10 rwakurumire 12/14 kaakurumire bwakurumire 13 — twakurumire 14/6 bwakurumire gaakurumire 15/6 kwakurumire 16 haakurumire — negative ti- + subject concord + -aakurumire person noun class singular plural first person tinaakurumire titwakurumire second person tiwaakurumire timwakurumire third person 1/2 tiyaakurumire tibaakurumire 3/4 tigwakurumire tiyaakurumire 5/6 tiryakurumire tigaakurumire 7/8 tikyakurumire tibyakurumire 9/10 tiyaakurumire tizaakurumire 11/10 tirwakurumire 12/14 tikaakurumire tibwakurumire 13 — titwakurumire 14/6 tibwakurumire tigaakurumire 15/6 tikwakurumire 16 tihaakurumire — subject concord + -taakurumire object concords person noun class singular plural first person -nduma -turuma second person -kuruma -baruma third person 1/2 -muruma 3/4 -guruma -giruma 5/6 -liruma -garuma 7/8 -kiruma -biruma 9/10 -giruma -ziruma 11/10 -ruruma 12/14 -karuma -buruma 13 — -turuma 14/6 -buruma -garuma 15/6 -kuruma 16 -haruma —

¹ The forms in this column are reduced relative forms; full relative forms require an augment before the subject concord.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Short causative: -rumya
  • Passive: -rumwa

References

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[2], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 244
• Rubongoya, L. T. (2013), Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎^[3], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 343

Venda

Verb

ruma

1. to send

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Finnish ruma.

Adjective

ruma

1. ugly
2. coarse, rough

Inflection

Inflection of ruma (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing.	ruma
genitive sing.	ruman
partitive sing.	rumad
partitive plur.	rumid
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumad
accusative	ruman	rumad
genitive	ruman	rumiden
partitive	rumad	rumid
essive-instructive	ruman	rumin
translative	rumaks	rumikš
inessive	rumas	rumiš
elative	rumaspäi	rumišpäi
illative	rumaha	rumihe
adessive	rumal	rumil
ablative	rumalpäi	rumilpäi
allative	rumale	rumile
abessive	rumata	rumita
comitative	rumanke	rumidenke
prolative	rumadme	rumidme
approximative I	rumanno	rumidenno
approximative II	rumannoks	rumidennoks
egressive	rumannopäi	rumidennopäi
terminative I	rumahasai	rumihesai
terminative II	rumalesai	rumilesai
terminative III	rumassai	—
additive I	rumahapäi	rumihepäi
additive II	rumalepäi	rumilepäi

References

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “грубый, некрасивый”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[4], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruma.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
• Rhymes: -umɑ
• Hyphenation: ru‧ma

Adjective

ruma

1. plain, bare
2. rough
3. bad, poor
4. ugly

Inflection

Declension of ruma (type V/poikõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	ruma	rumad
genitive	ruma	rumijõ, rumii
partitive	rumma	rumiitõ, rumii
illative	rummasõ, rumma	rumiisõ
inessive	rumaz	rumiiz
elative	rumassõ	rumiissõ
allative	rumalõ	rumiilõ
adessive	rumallõ	rumiillõ
ablative	rumaltõ	rumiiltõ
translative	rumassi	rumiissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

• Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), “ruma”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn