paha

See also: PAHA, Paha, and рана

English

Noun

paha (plural pahas or paha)

1. An elongated landform composed of only loess, or of till capped by loess.

   Synonym: greda

Central Bikol

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpahaʔ/ [ˈpa.haʔ]
• IPA^(key): /ˈpaʔaʔ/ [ˈpa.ʔaʔ] (h-dropping)
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha

Adjective

pahà (plural paraha, Basahan spelling ᜉᜑ)

1. thirsty

   Paha na ako.

   I'm thirsty.

Derived terms

• kapahaan
• magpaha
• makapaha
• mapaha
• pagkapaha
• pahaon

See also

• gutom
• punaw

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Spanish faja.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaha/ [ˈpa.ha]
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha

Noun

páha (Basahan spelling ᜉᜑ)

1. belt

   Synonyms: hagkos, sinturon

2. sash

   Synonym: abay

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha, borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*bāga-), from Proto-Germanic *bēgaz.

Adjective

paha (genitive paha, partitive paha, comparative pahem, superlative kõige pahem)

1. bad
2. evil

Declension

Declension of paha (ÕS type 17u/sõna, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		paha	pahad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	paha
genitive			pahade
partitive		paha	pahu pahasid
illative		pahha pahasse	pahadesse pahusse
inessive		pahas	pahades pahus
elative		pahast	pahadest pahust
allative		pahale	pahadele pahule
adessive		pahal	pahadel pahul
ablative		pahalt	pahadelt pahult
translative		pahaks	pahadeks pahuks
terminative		pahani	pahadeni
essive		pahana	pahadena
abessive		pahata	pahadeta
comitative		pahaga	pahadega

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑ̝ɦɑ̝]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
• Syllabification^(key): pa‧ha
• Hyphenation^(key): pa‧ha

Adjective

paha (comparative pahempi, superlative pahin)

1. bad, evil, ill

   Synonyms: häijy, ilkeä

   Antonyms: hyvä, kiltti

   Se oli paha teko.

   That was a bad thing to do.

2. bad, unsuitable, unfitting, unhealthy

   Synonym: huono

   Antonym: hyvä

   olla pahaksi jollekulle ― to be bad/unhealthy for someone

3. bad, unpleasant, unsavory; distasteful, unpalatable; foul, malodorous

   Antonym: hyvä

   Tämä ruoka on todella pahaa.

   This food is really bad.

4. bad, difficult, serious, severe, urgent

   Synonym: vakava

   Tilanne näyttää todella pahalta.

   The situation looks really bad.

5. difficult, hard, tricky, tough

   Synonym: vaikea

   Antonym: helppo

   paha kysymys ― tricky question

   paha sanoa ― hard to tell

   Paha mennä sanomaan mitään varmaa.

   It's tough to say anything for sure.

6. (chiefly in expressions) bad, sorry

   Minulla on paha mieli. ― I feel sad / offended. (literally, “I have a bad mind.”)

Declension

Inflection of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		paha	pahat
genitive		pahan	pahojen
partitive		pahaa	pahoja
illative		pahaan	pahoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		paha	pahat
accusative	nom.	paha	pahat
	gen.	pahan
genitive		pahan	pahojen pahain rare
partitive		pahaa	pahoja
inessive		pahassa	pahoissa
elative		pahasta	pahoista
illative		pahaan	pahoihin
adessive		pahalla	pahoilla
ablative		pahalta	pahoilta
allative		pahalle	pahoille
essive		pahana	pahoina
translative		pahaksi	pahoiksi
abessive		pahatta	pahoitta
instructive		—	pahoin
comitative		—	pahoine

Possessive forms of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative pahani pahani accusative nom. pahani pahani gen. pahani genitive pahani pahojeni pahaini rare partitive pahaani pahojani inessive pahassani pahoissani elative pahastani pahoistani illative pahaani pahoihini adessive pahallani pahoillani ablative pahaltani pahoiltani allative pahalleni pahoilleni essive pahanani pahoinani translative pahakseni pahoikseni abessive pahattani pahoittani instructive — — comitative — pahoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative pahasi pahasi accusative nom. pahasi pahasi gen. pahasi genitive pahasi pahojesi pahaisi rare partitive pahaasi pahojasi inessive pahassasi pahoissasi elative pahastasi pahoistasi illative pahaasi pahoihisi adessive pahallasi pahoillasi ablative pahaltasi pahoiltasi allative pahallesi pahoillesi essive pahanasi pahoinasi translative pahaksesi pahoiksesi abessive pahattasi pahoittasi instructive — — comitative — pahoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative pahamme pahamme accusative nom. pahamme pahamme gen. pahamme genitive pahamme pahojemme pahaimme rare partitive pahaamme pahojamme inessive pahassamme pahoissamme elative pahastamme pahoistamme illative pahaamme pahoihimme adessive pahallamme pahoillamme ablative pahaltamme pahoiltamme allative pahallemme pahoillemme essive pahanamme pahoinamme translative pahaksemme pahoiksemme abessive pahattamme pahoittamme instructive — — comitative — pahoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative pahanne pahanne accusative nom. pahanne pahanne gen. pahanne genitive pahanne pahojenne pahainne rare partitive pahaanne pahojanne inessive pahassanne pahoissanne elative pahastanne pahoistanne illative pahaanne pahoihinne adessive pahallanne pahoillanne ablative pahaltanne pahoiltanne allative pahallenne pahoillenne essive pahananne pahoinanne translative pahaksenne pahoiksenne abessive pahattanne pahoittanne instructive — — comitative — pahoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative pahansa pahansa accusative nom. pahansa pahansa gen. pahansa genitive pahansa pahojensa pahainsa rare partitive pahaansa pahojaan pahojansa inessive pahassaan pahassansa pahoissaan pahoissansa elative pahastaan pahastansa pahoistaan pahoistansa illative pahaansa pahoihinsa adessive pahallaan pahallansa pahoillaan pahoillansa ablative pahaltaan pahaltansa pahoiltaan pahoiltansa allative pahalleen pahallensa pahoilleen pahoillensa essive pahanaan pahanansa pahoinaan pahoinansa translative pahakseen pahaksensa pahoikseen pahoiksensa abessive pahattaan pahattansa pahoittaan pahoittansa instructive — — comitative — pahoineen pahoinensa

Derived terms

adjectives

• pahainen
• pahanlainen

adverbs

• pahasti
• pahiten
• pahoillaan
• pahoin

nouns

• pahalainen
• pahanen
• pahe
• pahis
• paholainen
• pahus
• pahuus

verbs

• pahastella
• pahastua
• paheksua
• pahentaa
• paheta
• pahoittaa

compounds

• mielipaha
• pahaa-aavistamaton
• paha-aikeinen
• pahaenteinen
• pahahenki
• pahakaikuinen
• pahaluontoinen
• pahamaineinen
• pahanhajuinen
• pahanilkinen
• pahanilmanlintu
• pahankurinen
• pahanlaatuinen
• pahanluontoinen
• pahanmakuinen
• pahannäköinen
• pahanolontunne
• pahanpäiväinen
• pahansisuinen
• pahansuopa
• pahantahtoinen
• pahantapainen
• pahantekijä
• pahanteko
• pahantuulinen
• pahapuolukka
• pahaputki
• pahapäinen
• pahasuinen
• pahatapainen
• pahaääninen
• pahoinvoipa
• pahoinvoiva

Noun

paha

1. the evil

   Synonym: pahuus

   Antonyms: hyvä, hyvyys

Declension

Inflection of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		paha	—
genitive		pahan	—
partitive		pahaa	—
illative		pahaan	—
		singular	plural
nominative		paha	—
accusative	nom.	paha	—
	gen.	pahan
genitive		pahan	—
partitive		pahaa	—
inessive		pahassa	—
elative		pahasta	—
illative		pahaan	—
adessive		pahalla	—
ablative		pahalta	—
allative		pahalle	—
essive		pahana	—
translative		pahaksi	—
abessive		pahatta	—
instructive		—	—
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative pahani — accusative nom. pahani — gen. pahani genitive pahani — partitive pahaani — inessive pahassani — elative pahastani — illative pahaani — adessive pahallani — ablative pahaltani — allative pahalleni — essive pahanani — translative pahakseni — abessive pahattani — instructive — — comitative — — second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative pahasi — accusative nom. pahasi — gen. pahasi genitive pahasi — partitive pahaasi — inessive pahassasi — elative pahastasi — illative pahaasi — adessive pahallasi — ablative pahaltasi — allative pahallesi — essive pahanasi — translative pahaksesi — abessive pahattasi — instructive — — comitative — — first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative pahamme — accusative nom. pahamme — gen. pahamme genitive pahamme — partitive pahaamme — inessive pahassamme — elative pahastamme — illative pahaamme — adessive pahallamme — ablative pahaltamme — allative pahallemme — essive pahanamme — translative pahaksemme — abessive pahattamme — instructive — — comitative — — second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative pahanne — accusative nom. pahanne — gen. pahanne genitive pahanne — partitive pahaanne — inessive pahassanne — elative pahastanne — illative pahaanne — adessive pahallanne — ablative pahaltanne — allative pahallenne — essive pahananne — translative pahaksenne — abessive pahattanne — instructive — — comitative — — third-person possessor singular plural nominative pahansa — accusative nom. pahansa — gen. pahansa genitive pahansa — partitive pahaansa — inessive pahassaan pahassansa — elative pahastaan pahastansa — illative pahaansa — adessive pahallaan pahallansa — ablative pahaltaan pahaltansa — allative pahalleen pahallensa — essive pahanaan pahanansa — translative pahakseen pahaksensa — abessive pahattaan pahattansa — instructive — — comitative — —

Further reading

• “paha”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

Hawaiian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpa.ha/, [ˈpɐ.hə]

Particle

paha

1. Used to indicate the conditional mood, expressed in English as perhaps, might, possibly

Usage notes

Follows the word it modifies.

Conjunction

ā ... paha

1. or

Usage notes

The verb (and its modifying particles) go between ā and paha.

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay paha, from Proto-Malayic *paha(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqa, from Proto-Austronesian *paqa (“thigh”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈpaha/ [ˈpa.ha]
• Rhymes: -aha
• Syllabification: pa‧ha

Noun

paha (plural paha-paha)

1. (anatomy) thigh (upper leg)

Derived terms

• memaha
• sepaha

• paha belalang

Further reading

• “paha”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha and Estonian paha.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑhɑˑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑɣ̥ɑˑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha

Adjective

paha (comparative pahemp)

1. bad

   paha ilma ― bad weather

Declension

Declension of paha (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahat
genitive	pahan	pahhoin
partitive	pahhaa	pahoja
illative	pahhaa	pahhoi
inessive	pahas	pahois
elative	pahast	pahoist
allative	pahalle	pahoille
adessive	pahal	pahoil
ablative	pahalt	pahoilt
translative	pahaks	pahoiks
essive	pahanna, pahhaan	pahoinna, pahhoin
exessive1)	pahant	pahoint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Antonyms

• hyvä

Derived terms

• pahain
• pahalain
• pahameeliin
• pahantekijä
• pahapäivä
• pahhuus

See also

• kurja

References

• Fedor Tumansky (1790), “пага”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 679
• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 371

Karelian

Regional variants of paha

North Karelian (Viena)	paha
South Karelian (Tver)	paha

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha and Estonian paha.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha

Noun

paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua)

1. evil spirit

Adjective

paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua, comparative pahempi / pahembi, superlative pahin)

1. bad

Declension

Viena Karelian declension of paha (type 4/kala, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahat
genitive	pahan	pahojen
partitive	pahua	pahoja
illative	pahah	pahoih
inessive	pahašša	pahoissa
elative	pahašta	pahoista
adessive	pahalla	pahoilla
ablative	pahalta	pahoilta
translative	pahakši	pahoiksi
essive	pahana	pahoina
comitative	—	pahoineh
abessive	pahatta	pahoitta
prolative	—	—
instructive	—	pahoin

Tver Karelian declension of paha (type 4/kala no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahat
genitive	pahan	pahoin
partitive	pahua	pahoida
illative	pahah	pahoih
inessive	pahašša	pahoissa
elative	pahašta	pahoista
adessive	pahalla	pahoilla
ablative	pahalda	pahoilda
translative	pahakši	pahoiksi
essive	pahana	pahoina
comitative	pahanke	pahoinke
abessive	pahatta	pahoitta
prolative	pahačči	pahoičči
instructive	—	pahoin

Possessive forms of paha
1st person	pahani
2nd person	pahaš
3rd person	pahah
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References

• A. V. Punzhina (1994), “paha”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
• P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015), Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN

Livvi

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha and Estonian paha.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha
• Rhymes: -ɑhɑ

Adjective

paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua, comparative pahembi, superlative pahin)

1. bad
2. wicked

Noun

paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua)

1. grief
2. evil

Declension

Declension of paha (Type 1/griba, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahat
genitive	pahan	pahoin
partitive	pahua	pahoi
illative	pahah	pahoih
inessive	pahas	pahois
elative	pahaspäi	pahoispäi
allative	pahale	pahoile
adessive	pahal	pahoil
ablative	pahalpäi	pahoilpäi
translative	pahakse	pahoikse
essive	pahannu	pahoinnu
abessive	pahattah	pahoittah
comitative	pahanke	pahoinke
instructive		pahoin
prolative	pahači

References

• Tatjana Boiko (2019), “paha”, in Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 198

Malay

Alternative forms

• peha (nonstandard)

Pronunciation

• (schwa-variety) IPA^(key): /pəˈhə/ [pəˈhə]
  • Rhymes: -əhə, -ə

• (Baku) IPA^(key): /ˈpaha/ [ˈpa.ha]
  • Rhymes: -aha, -ha, -a
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *paha(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqa, from Proto-Austronesian *paqa (“thigh”). Cognate with Tagalog paa (“foot”).

Noun

paha (Jawi spelling ڤها, plural paha-paha or paha²)

1. thigh (upper leg)

   Paha ayam ― Chicken thigh

   Paha manusia ― Human thigh

Descendants

• > Indonesian: paha (inherited)

Etymology 2

Noun

paha (Jawi spelling ڤها, plural paha-paha or paha²)

1. (archaic, mathematics) a fourth, a quarter

   Synonyms: perempat, suku

Further reading

• "paha" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017

Paraguayan Guarani

Etymology

From pa (“ten”) +‎ -ha (ordinal number suffix).

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -a

Adjective

paha

1. (ordinal number) tenth

References

• Canese, Natalia Krivoshein de; Alcaraz, Feliciano Acosta (2016), “paha”, in Ñe’ẽryru [Dictionary] (overall work in Spanish), Asunción: Instituto Superior de Lenguas, →ISBN, page 84, column 2

Tagalog

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish faja, from Aragonese faxa, from Latin fascia.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈpaha/ [ˈpaː.hɐ]
• Rhymes: -aha
• Syllabification: pa‧ha

Noun

paha (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜑ)

1. girdle; band; binder

   Synonyms: bigkis, tali, laso

2. paper band such as those wrapped around newspapers or magazines for addressing and mailing purposes

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Spanish paja, from Old Spanish paxa, from Latin palea.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈpaha/ [ˈpaː.hɐ]
• Rhymes: -aha
• Syllabification: pa‧ha

Noun

paha (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜑ)

1. straw

   Synonym: dayami

References

• “paha”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, 2018

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish بها (baha, paha), from Persian بها (bahâ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paˈha/
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha

Noun

paha (definite accusative pahayı, plural pahalar)

1. price, value

Declension

Declension of paha

singular plural nominative paha pahalar definite accusative pahayı pahaları dative pahaya pahalara locative pahada pahalarda ablative pahadan pahalardan genitive pahanın pahaların Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular paham pahalarım 2nd singular pahan pahaların 3rd singular pahası pahaları 1st plural pahamız pahalarımız 2nd plural pahanız pahalarınız 3rd plural pahaları pahaları definite accusative singular plural 1st singular pahamı pahalarımı 2nd singular pahanı pahalarını 3rd singular pahasını pahalarını 1st plural pahamızı pahalarımızı 2nd plural pahanızı pahalarınızı 3rd plural pahalarını pahalarını dative singular plural 1st singular pahama pahalarıma 2nd singular pahana pahalarına 3rd singular pahasına pahalarına 1st plural pahamıza pahalarımıza 2nd plural pahanıza pahalarınıza 3rd plural pahalarına pahalarına locative singular plural 1st singular pahamda pahalarımda 2nd singular pahanda pahalarında 3rd singular pahasında pahalarında 1st plural pahamızda pahalarımızda 2nd plural pahanızda pahalarınızda 3rd plural pahalarında pahalarında ablative singular plural 1st singular pahamdan pahalarımdan 2nd singular pahandan pahalarından 3rd singular pahasından pahalarından 1st plural pahamızdan pahalarımızdan 2nd plural pahanızdan pahalarınızdan 3rd plural pahalarından pahalarından genitive singular plural 1st singular pahamın pahalarımın 2nd singular pahanın pahalarının 3rd singular pahasının pahalarının 1st plural pahamızın pahalarımızın 2nd plural pahanızın pahalarınızın 3rd plural pahalarının pahalarının

Derived terms

• ne pahasına olursa olsun
• paha biçilmez
• paha biçmek
• pahalı

Further reading

• “paha”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “paha²”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3753

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha.

Adjective

paha

1. bad
2. unkind
3. disgusting, distasteful
4. harmful

Inflection

Inflection of paha (inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing.	paha
genitive sing.	pahan
partitive sing.	pahad
partitive plur.	pahoid
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahad
accusative	pahan	pahad
genitive	pahan	pahoiden
partitive	pahad	pahoid
essive-instructive	pahan	pahoin
translative	pahaks	pahoikš
inessive	pahas	pahoiš
elative	pahaspäi	pahoišpäi
illative	pahaze	pahoiže
adessive	pahal	pahoil
ablative	pahalpäi	pahoilpäi
allative	pahale	pahoile
abessive	pahata	pahoita
comitative	pahanke	pahoidenke
prolative	pahadme	pahoidme
approximative I	pahanno	pahoidenno
approximative II	pahannoks	pahoidennoks
egressive	pahannopäi	pahoidennopäi
terminative I	pahazesai	pahoižesai
terminative II	pahalesai	pahoilesai
terminative III	pahassai	—
additive I	pahazepäi	pahoižepäi
additive II	pahalepäi	pahoilepäi

Derived terms

• paheta

References

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “вредный, гадкий, недобрый, отвратительный”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[2], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *paha.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivčülä) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑhɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
• Hyphenation: pa‧ha

Adjective

paha

1. bad, poor
2. bad, evil, ill
3. mischievous

Inflection

Declension of paha (type III/jalkõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	paha	pahad
genitive	paha	pahojõ
partitive	pahha	pahoit
illative	pahasõ, pahha	pahoisõ
inessive	pahaz	pahoiz
elative	pahass	pahoiss
allative	pahallõ	pahoillõ
adessive	pahall	pahoill
ablative	pahalt	pahoilt
translative	pahassi	pahoissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. For dialectal differences between case endings, see Appendix:Votic dialects.

References

• Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), “paha”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language]‎^[3], 2nd edition, Tallinn