Appendix:Finnish declension/kala

Kotus type 9 (kala)	NSK type 10 (kala)

Two-syllable nominals, first vowel ⟨a⟩/⟨e⟩/⟨i⟩, ending with ⟨-a⟩ (not ⟨-ä⟩); consonant gradation possible.

⟨-a⟩ of stem changes to ⟨-o-⟩ before plural marker ⟨-i-⟩. Partitive ending ⟨-a⟩ and genitive plural ending ⟨-en⟩.

Basic declension without consonant gradation

Inflection of kala (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		kala	kalat
genitive		kalan	kalojen
partitive		kalaa	kaloja
illative		kalaan	kaloihin
		singular	plural
nominative		kala	kalat
accusative	nom.	kala	kalat
	gen.	kalan
genitive		kalan	kalojen kalainrare
partitive		kalaa	kaloja
inessive		kalassa	kaloissa
elative		kalasta	kaloista
illative		kalaan	kaloihin
adessive		kalalla	kaloilla
ablative		kalalta	kaloilta
allative		kalalle	kaloille
essive		kalana	kaloina
translative		kalaksi	kaloiksi
abessive		kalatta	kaloitta
instructive		—	kaloin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of kala (type kala)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kalani kalani accusative nom. kalani kalani gen. kalani genitive kalani kalojeni kalainirare partitive kalaani kalojani inessive kalassani kaloissani elative kalastani kaloistani illative kalaani kaloihini adessive kalallani kaloillani ablative kalaltani kaloiltani allative kalalleni kaloilleni essive kalanani kaloinani translative kalakseni kaloikseni abessive kalattani kaloittani instructive — — comitative — kaloineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kalasi kalasi accusative nom. kalasi kalasi gen. kalasi genitive kalasi kalojesi kalaisirare partitive kalaasi kalojasi inessive kalassasi kaloissasi elative kalastasi kaloistasi illative kalaasi kaloihisi adessive kalallasi kaloillasi ablative kalaltasi kaloiltasi allative kalallesi kaloillesi essive kalanasi kaloinasi translative kalaksesi kaloiksesi abessive kalattasi kaloittasi instructive — — comitative — kaloinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kalamme kalamme accusative nom. kalamme kalamme gen. kalamme genitive kalamme kalojemme kalaimmerare partitive kalaamme kalojamme inessive kalassamme kaloissamme elative kalastamme kaloistamme illative kalaamme kaloihimme adessive kalallamme kaloillamme ablative kalaltamme kaloiltamme allative kalallemme kaloillemme essive kalanamme kaloinamme translative kalaksemme kaloiksemme abessive kalattamme kaloittamme instructive — — comitative — kaloinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kalanne kalanne accusative nom. kalanne kalanne gen. kalanne genitive kalanne kalojenne kalainnerare partitive kalaanne kalojanne inessive kalassanne kaloissanne elative kalastanne kaloistanne illative kalaanne kaloihinne adessive kalallanne kaloillanne ablative kalaltanne kaloiltanne allative kalallenne kaloillenne essive kalananne kaloinanne translative kalaksenne kaloiksenne abessive kalattanne kaloittanne instructive — — comitative — kaloinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative kalansa kalansa accusative nom. kalansa kalansa gen. kalansa genitive kalansa kalojensa kalainsarare partitive kalaansa kalojaan kalojansa inessive kalassaan kalassansa kaloissaan kaloissansa elative kalastaan kalastansa kaloistaan kaloistansa illative kalaansa kaloihinsa adessive kalallaan kalallansa kaloillaan kaloillansa ablative kalaltaan kalaltansa kaloiltaan kaloiltansa allative kalalleen kalallensa kaloilleen kaloillensa essive kalanaan kalanansa kaloinaan kaloinansa translative kalakseen kalaksensa kaloikseen kaloiksensa abessive kalattaan kalattansa kaloittaan kaloittansa instructive — — comitative — kaloineen kaloinensa

Consonant gradation

Summary

	Kotus	*A	*B	*C	*D	*E	*F	*G	*H	*I	*J	*K
	grade	kk → k	pp → p	tt → t	k → ∅	p → v	t → d	nk → ng	mp → mm	lt → ll	nt → nn	rt → rr	dd → d
nominative	strong	markka	kauppa	mitta	lika	halpa	rauta	lanka	kampa	ilta	ranta	parta	Vedda
genitive	weak	markan	kaupan	mitan	lian	halvan	raudan	langan	kamman	illan	rannan	parran	Vedan
partitive	strong	markkaa	kauppaa	mittaa	likaa	halpaa	rautaa	lankaa	kampaa	iltaa	rantaa	partaa	Veddaa
elative	weak	markasta	kaupasta	mitasta	liasta	halvasta	raudasta	langasta	kammasta	illasta	rannasta	parrasta	Vedasta
illative	strong	markkaan	kauppaan	mittaan	likaan	halpaan	rautaan	lankaan	kampaan	iltaan	rantaan	partaan	Veddaan

Complete declension example with consonant gradation (t → d)

Inflection of rauta (Kotus type 9*F/kala, t-d gradation)
nominative		rauta	raudat
genitive		raudan	rautojen
partitive		rautaa	rautoja
illative		rautaan	rautoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		rauta	raudat
accusative	nom.	rauta	raudat
	gen.	raudan
genitive		raudan	rautojen rautainrare
partitive		rautaa	rautoja
inessive		raudassa	raudoissa
elative		raudasta	raudoista
illative		rautaan	rautoihin
adessive		raudalla	raudoilla
ablative		raudalta	raudoilta
allative		raudalle	raudoille
essive		rautana	rautoina
translative		raudaksi	raudoiksi
abessive		raudatta	raudoitta
instructive		—	raudoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of rauta (type kala)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative rautani rautani accusative nom. rautani rautani gen. rautani genitive rautani rautojeni rautainirare partitive rautaani rautojani inessive raudassani raudoissani elative raudastani raudoistani illative rautaani rautoihini adessive raudallani raudoillani ablative raudaltani raudoiltani allative raudalleni raudoilleni essive rautanani rautoinani translative raudakseni raudoikseni abessive raudattani raudoittani instructive — — comitative — rautoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative rautasi rautasi accusative nom. rautasi rautasi gen. rautasi genitive rautasi rautojesi rautaisirare partitive rautaasi rautojasi inessive raudassasi raudoissasi elative raudastasi raudoistasi illative rautaasi rautoihisi adessive raudallasi raudoillasi ablative raudaltasi raudoiltasi allative raudallesi raudoillesi essive rautanasi rautoinasi translative raudaksesi raudoiksesi abessive raudattasi raudoittasi instructive — — comitative — rautoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative rautamme rautamme accusative nom. rautamme rautamme gen. rautamme genitive rautamme rautojemme rautaimmerare partitive rautaamme rautojamme inessive raudassamme raudoissamme elative raudastamme raudoistamme illative rautaamme rautoihimme adessive raudallamme raudoillamme ablative raudaltamme raudoiltamme allative raudallemme raudoillemme essive rautanamme rautoinamme translative raudaksemme raudoiksemme abessive raudattamme raudoittamme instructive — — comitative — rautoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative rautanne rautanne accusative nom. rautanne rautanne gen. rautanne genitive rautanne rautojenne rautainnerare partitive rautaanne rautojanne inessive raudassanne raudoissanne elative raudastanne raudoistanne illative rautaanne rautoihinne adessive raudallanne raudoillanne ablative raudaltanne raudoiltanne allative raudallenne raudoillenne essive rautananne rautoinanne translative raudaksenne raudoiksenne abessive raudattanne raudoittanne instructive — — comitative — rautoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative rautansa rautansa accusative nom. rautansa rautansa gen. rautansa genitive rautansa rautojensa rautainsarare partitive rautaansa rautojaan rautojansa inessive raudassaan raudassansa raudoissaan raudoissansa elative raudastaan raudastansa raudoistaan raudoistansa illative rautaansa rautoihinsa adessive raudallaan raudallansa raudoillaan raudoillansa ablative raudaltaan raudaltansa raudoiltaan raudoiltansa allative raudalleen raudallensa raudoilleen raudoillensa essive rautanaan rautanansa rautoinaan rautoinansa translative raudakseen raudaksensa raudoikseen raudoiksensa abessive raudattaan raudattansa raudoittaan raudoittansa instructive — — comitative — rautoineen rautoinensa

See also

• Appendix:Finnish declension/koira

Template

{{fi-decl-kala}}

List

See Finnish kala-type nominals.