-ere

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ere"

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch -eren. Compare also the more native Afrikaans -ers.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Suffix

-ere

1. forms the plurals of six nouns

   ‎been (“leg; bone”) + ‎-ere → ‎beendere (“bones”)

   ‎gelid (“rank”) + ‎-ere → ‎geledere (“ranks”)

   ‎gemoed (“mind”) + ‎-ere → ‎gemoedere (“minds”)

   ‎goed (“good”) + ‎-ere → ‎goedere (“goods”)

   ‎lied (“song; hymn”) + ‎-ere → ‎liedere (“hymns”)

   ‎volk (“people”) + ‎-ere → ‎volkere (“peoples”)

Usage notes

• In most of the above cases, either the word as such or the plural belongs to a more literary register.
• The noun blaar (“leaf”) is a backformation from a plural originally using this suffix (from Dutch blad > bladeren > blaren).

Danish

Etymology

Borrowed as part of Latin, French or German verbs. Cognate to French -er, German -ieren, Swedish -era.

Suffix

-ere

1. Used in verbs derived from Latin, French or German, indicating the action of doing the first part of the word; such as revolutionere (“to revolutionise”), from revolution.

References

Danish terms suffixed with -ere

aktionere

domesticere

duellere

eksperimentere

filetere

grimassere

kursivere

prioritere

revolutionere

ruinere

servicere

skitsere

tortere

• “-ere” in Den Danske Ordbog

Italian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -ēre (second conjugation).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈe.re/
• Rhymes: -ere
• Hyphenation: -é‧re

Suffix

-ére (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular past historic -étti or (traditional) -ètti or -éi, past participle -ùto, auxiliary avére or èssere)

1. stem, to form the infinitive of some Italian verbs

Conjugation

    Conjugation of -ére (-ere) (See Appendix:Italian verbs)

infinitive	-ére
auxiliary verb		avére, èssere	gerund		-èndo
present participle		-ènte	past participle		-ùto
person	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	-o	-i	-e	-iàmo	-éte	-ono
imperfect	-évo	-évi	-éva	-evàmo	-evàte	-évano
past historic	-étti, -ètti1, -éi	-ésti	-étte, -ètte1, -é	-émmo	-éste	-éttero, -èttero1, -érono
future	-erò	-erài	-erà	-erémo	-eréte	-erànno
conditional	-erèi	-erésti	-erèbbe, -erébbe	-erémmo	-eréste	-erèbbero, -erébbero
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	-a	-a	-a	-iàmo	-iàte	-ano
imperfect	-éssi	-éssi	-ésse	-éssimo	-éste	-éssero
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
		-i	-a	-iàmo	-éte	-ano
negative imperative		non -ére	non -a	non -iàmo	non -éte	non -ano

¹Traditional.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -ere (third conjugation).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /e.re/
• Hyphenation: -e‧re

Suffix

-ere (verb-forming suffix)

1. stem, to form the infinitive of some Italian verbs

Usage notes

• See ricevere as an example of a regular -ere verb.
• There are two groups of irregular -ere verbs:
  • Those in the first group have multiple irregularities (sometimes even in the infinitive), but several related verbs are conjugated in the same way.
  • Those in the second group have irregular past participles and/or, in the past historic have an irregular stem in the first- and third-person singular and the third-person plural.

Conjugation

• Identical to above except for the root stress in the infinitive.

Derived terms

• trarre and derivatives
• porre and derivatives
• Derivatives of -durre

First group (see usage notes)

• assistere, radioassistere, servoassistere, consistere, desistere, esistere, coesistere, preesistere, insistere, persistere, resistere, subsistere, sussistere
• avere, benavere, riavere
• battere, abbattere, combattere, controbattere, dibattere, ribattere, sbattere
• bere, ebere, ribere, strabere, trabere
• cadere, accadere, riaccadere, decadere, discadere, ricadere, scadere
• calere
• cernere, concernere, decernere, discernere, scernere, secernere
• cogliere, accogliere, raccogliere, riaccogliere
• comburere
• competere, ripetere
• compiere (compire), ricompiere (ricompire), empiere (empire), adempiere (adempire), riempiere (riempire)
• credere, ricredere
• cuocere, concuocere, decuocere, incuocere, ricuocere, scuocere, stracuocere
• dire, addire, benedire, ribenedire, strabenedire, contradire, contraddire, disdire, indire, interdire, maledire, stramaledire, predire, ridire (despite ending in -ire, these verbs are conjugated similarly to verbs ending in -ere)
• dirimere, esimere
• dolere, ridolere, sdolere
• dovere, ridovere
• -durre, abdurre, addurre, circondurre, condurre, ricondurre, dedurre, edurre, indurre, introdurre, reintrodurre, rintrodurre, produrre, riprodurre, raddurre, redurre, ridurre, autoridurre, sedurre, tradurre, ritradurre, trasdurre (despite ending in -urre, these verbs are conjugated similarly to verbs ending in -ere)
• eccellere
• essere
• fare, assuefare, disassuefare, contraffare, disfare, sodisfare, soddisfare, liquefare, malfare, mansuefare, misfare, putrefare, rarefare, rifare, sfare, sopraffare, strafare, stupefare, tepefare, torrefare, tumefare (despite ending in -are, these verbs are conjugated similarly to verbs ending in -ere)
• fervere
• fottere, sfottere
• fremere
• gemere
• giacere, rigiacere, soggiacere, sottogiacere
• godere, rigodere, stragodere
• imbevere
• incombere, soccombere
• mescere
• mietere
• muovere, commuovere, promuovere, rimuovere, smuovere, sommuovere
• nuocere, rinuocere
• parere, sparere, trasparere
• pascere
• percuotere, ripercuotere, scuotere (escuotere), riscuotere (riscotere)
• permanere, rimanere
• piacere, compiacere, dispiacere, spiacere
• piovere, ripiovere, spiovere
• porre, anteporre, apporre, comporre, decomporre, discomporre, fotocomporre, ricomporre, scomporre, contrapporre, deporre, ovideporre, diporre, disporre, indisporre, predisporre, ridisporre, esporre, riesporre, sottoesporre, sovresporre, sovraesporre, frapporre, infrapporre, giustapporre, imporre, sovrimporre, sovraimporre, interporre, opporre, posporre, preporre, proporre, controproporre, riproporre, riporre, sporre, sopporre, sopraporre, sottoporre, sovrapporre, supporre, presupporre, traporre, trapporre, transporre, trasporre, ritrasporre (despite ending in -orre, these verbs are conjugated similarly to verbs ending in -ere)
• potere, prepotere, ripotere
• premere, spremere
• prudere
• reddere
• sapere, presapere, risapere, soprassapere, strasapere
• scegliere, prescegliere, riscegliere, trascegliere
• sciogliere, disciogliere, ridisciogliere, prosciogliere, risciogliere
• sedere, ossedere, possedere, ripossedere, spossedere, presedere (presiedere), risedere (risiedere), soprassedere
• solere
• spegnere, dispegnere, rispegnere
• splendere, risplendere
• stridere
• tacere, sottacere
• temere
• tenere, appartenere, astenersi, attenere, contenere, detenere, intrattenere, mantenere, manutenere, ottenere, riottenere, ritenere, sostenere, autosostenere, trattenere
• tessere, intessere
• togliere, distogliere, ritogliere, stogliere
• trarre, astrarre, attrarre, contrarre, decontrarre, ricontrarre, detrarre, distrarre, estrarre, protrarre, ritrarre, sottrarre (despite ending in -arre, these verbs are conjugated similarly to verbs ending in -ere)
• urgere
• valere, contravvalere, disvalere, equivalere, invalere, prevalere, rivalersi
• vedere, antivedere, avvedersi, disvedere, intravedere, intravvedere, malvedere, prevedere, provedere, provvedere, riprovvedere, ravvedersi, rivedere, sopravvedere, sprovvedere, stravedere, transvedere, travedere
• vendere, rivendere, svendere
• vertere, controvertere
• vivere, convivere, rivivere, sopravvivere
• volere, disvolere, rivolere, svolere, stravolere

Second group (see usage notes)

• See conjugation tables for details
• accendere, raccendere, riaccendere, incendere
• accidere, ancidere, circoncidere, decidere, incidere, coincidere, intercidere, occidere, precidere, recidere, succidere, uccidere
• accludere, concludere, disconcludere, sconcludere, escludere, includere, intercludere, occludere, precludere, recludere
• accorgersi, scorgere
• affliggere, confliggere, infliggere
• allidere, elidere, collidere
• annettere, connettere, disconnettere, interconnettere, riconnettere, sconnettere
• ardere
• ascondere, disascondere, nascondere, rinascondere
• assidere
• cedere, accedere, antecedere, concedere, riconcedere, decedere, eccedere, incedere, intercedere, precedere, procedere, recedere, retrocedere, ricedere, succedere
• chiedere, dischiedere, inchiedere, rinchiedere, richiedere
• chiudere, conchiudere, dischiudere, racchiudere, richiudere, rinchiudere, schiudere, socchiudere
• cingere, accingere, circoncingere, circumcingere, discingere, incingere, rincingere, precingere, recingere, ricingere, scingere, semicingere, succingere
• comprimere, decomprimere, precomprimere, ricomprimere, deprimere, esprimere, imprimere, disimprimere, rimprimere, opprimere, reprimere, sopprimere
• conoscere (cognoscere), anticonoscere, disconoscere, misconoscere, preconoscere, riconoscere, sconoscere
• convergere
• correre, accorrere, concorrere, decorrere, discorrere, incorrere, rincorrere, intercorrere, occorrere, percorrere, ripercorrere, precorrere, ricorrere, scorrere, soccorrere, trascorrere
• crescere, accrescere, concrescere, decrescere, discrescere, increscere, rincrescere, ricrescere, screscere, sopraccrescere
• depellere, espellere, riespellere, impellere*, propellere, repellere
• detrudere, estrudere, intrudere, protrudere
• diligere, prediligere, negligere
• dirigere, indirigere, erigere (ergere)
• discutere, ridiscutere, escutere, incutere
• distinguere, contraddistinguere, ridistinguere, suddistinguere, estinguere, stinguere
• distruggere (destruggere), ristruggere, struggere
• divellere, evellere, svellere
• dividere, condividere, ridividere, sottodividere, suddividere
• ducere
• esigere, redigere, transigere
• espandere, spandere
• esplodere, riesplodere, implodere
• evadere, invadere, pervadere
• fendere, difendere, offendere, rioffendere, rifendere, sfendere
• figgere, affiggere, configgere, disconfiggere, sconfiggere, crocefiggere, crocifiggere, ricrocifiggere, crucifiggere, defiggere, infiggere, prefiggere, rifiggere, suffiggere, trafiggere
• fingere, confingere, effingere, infingere
• flettere, circonflettere, complettere, deflettere, inflettere, reflettere, riflettere
• fondere, circonfondere, confondere, riconfondere, sconfondere, diffondere, radiodiffondere, telediffondere, effondere, infondere, rinfondere, profondere, soffondere, suffondere, transfondere, trasfondere
• frangere, affrangere, diffrangere, infrangere, rinfrangere, refrangere, rifrangere
• friggere, rifriggere, sfriggere, soffriggere
• fulgere*, circonfulgere*, refulgere*, rifulgere*
• fungere, defungere
• giungere, aggiungere, congiungere, discongiungere, ricongiungere, digiungere, disgiungere, ingiungere, raggiungere, rigiungere, soggiungere, risoggiungere, sopraggiungere, sorgiungere, sovraggiungere
• indigere*
• indulgere
• ledere
• leggere, eleggere, preeleggere, rieleggere, rileggere
• lucere, rilucere, tralucere
• ludere*, alludere, colludere, deludere, eludere, illudere, disilludere, preludere, proludere
• mergere, demergere, emergere, immergere, reimmergere, sommergere, risommergere
• mettere, ammettere, riammettere, commettere, discommettere, fedecommettere, fidecommettere, ricommettere, scommettere, riscommettere, compromettere, dimettere, dismettere, emettere, estromettere, framettere, frammettere, immettere, reimmettere, inframettere, inframmettere, intermettere, intramettere, intromettere, malmettere, manimettere, manomettere, marimettere, omettere, permettere, premettere, pretermettere, promettere, dispromettere, impromettere, ripromettere, spromettere, rimettere, smettere, sommettere, soprammettere, sottomettere, risottomettere, tramettere, trasmettere, radiotrasmettere, ritrasmettere, ricetrasmettere, teletrasmettere, teleradiotrasmettere, videotrasmettere
• mingere
• mordere, demordere, rimordere
• mungere, dimungere, emungere, rimungere, smungere
• nascere, rinascere
• pendere, appendere, riappendere, dipendere, dispendere, propendere, spendere, sopraspendere, sospendere, risospendere, vilipendere
• perdere, disperdere, riperdere, sperdere, straperdere
• piangere, compiangere, rimpiangere, ripiangere
• pingere, depingere, dipingere, ridipingere, dispingere, impingere, ripingere, spingere, respingere, rispingere, sospingere, risospingere
• porgere, riporgere, sporgere
• prendere, apprendere, disapprendere, riapprendere, comprendere, imprendere, intraprendere, misprendere, rapprendere, riprendere, soprapprendere, sorprendere
• proteggere, sproteggere
• pungere, compungere, espungere, interpungere, ripungere, trapungere
• radere, abradere, eradere, sorradere
• redimere
• reggere, correggere, ricorreggere, scorreggere, direggere, ereggere, sorreggere
• rendere, arrendere, arrendersi, rirendere
• ridere, arridere, deridere, intridere, irridere, sorridere, sottoridere
• rispondere (respondere), controrispondere, corrispondere
• rodere, corrodere, erodere
• rompere, corrompere, dirompere, disrompere, erompere*, interrompere, irrompere*, prorompere, rirompere, trarompere
• scendere, ascendere, riascendere, discendere, condiscendere (condescendere), accondiscendere, ridiscendere, riscendere, scoscendere, discoscendere, trascendere, transcendere
• scindere, prescindere, rescindere
• scrivere, ascrivere, circoscrivere, circonscrivere, coscrivere, dattiloscrivere, descrivere, discrivere, inscrivere, reinscrivere, iscrivere, prescrivere, proscrivere, riscrivere, soprascrivere, soscrivere, sottoscrivere, transcrivere, trascrivere, ritrascrivere
• solvere, assolvere, dissolvere, resolvere, risolvere
• sorgere (surgere), assorgere (assurgere), insorgere, risorgere (resurgere, risurgere)
• spargere (dispargere, espargere), cospargere, ricospargere, conspargere, rispargere
• spegnere, dispegnere, rispegnere
• spergere, aspergere, cospergere, conspergere, dispergere, rispergere
• stringere, astringere, costringere, ricostringere, constringere, distringere, restringere, ristringere
• suadere, dissuadere, persuadere
• sumere, assumere, reassumere, riassumere, consumere*, desumere, presumere, prosumere, rassumere, resumere, sussumere
• tangere
• tendere, attendere, disattendere, riattendere, contendere, distendere, ridistendere, estendere, riestendere, intendere, disintendere, fraintendere, rintendere, soprintendere, sopraintendere, sottintendere, sovrintendere, sovraintendere, portendere, pretendere, ripretendere, protendere, ritendere, stendere, prostendere, ristendere, sottendere
• tergere, astergere, detergere, ritergere
• tingere, attingere, riattingere, contingere, intingere, ritingere, stingere
• torcere, attorcere, contorcere, scontorcere, detorcere, distorcere, estorcere, rattorcere, ritorcere, storcere
• ungere
• vincere, avincere, avvincere, riavvincere, convincere, riconvincere, evincere, rivincere, sopravvincere, stravincere
• volgere, avvolgere, ravvolgere, riavvolgere, capivolgere, capovolgere, convolgere, sconvolgere, risconvolgere, divolgere, disvolgere, involgere, coinvolgere, disinvolgere, rinvolgere, rivolgere, svolgere, risvolgere, stravolgere, travolgere, trasvolgere
• volvere, avvolvere, convolvere, devolvere, evolvere, rivolvere, svolvere, travolvere

See also

• -are
• -ire

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛ.re/
• Rhymes: -ɛre
• Hyphenation: -è‧re

Suffix

-ere m (noun-forming suffix, plural -eri, feminine -era)

1. Alternative form of -iere

Usage notes

• Used in particular after stems ending in -gn-, e.g. ingegnere.

Anagrams

• ree

Latin

Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *-ezi, from Proto-Indo-European *-esi, locative case of action nouns, which end in *-os in the nominative. Similar to Ancient Greek -ειν (-ein) < *-ehen, which comes from an alternative locative case form, *-esen.

Note adverbial temere.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɛ.rɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɛː.re]

Suffix

-ere

1. present active infinitive of -ō (third conjugation)

Derived terms

• -āre
• -ēre
• -īre

Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *-ēzi, in which z changed into r due to rhotacism. Formed by analogy with the short-vowel ending -ere for the Proto-Italic and Latin second conjugation (Etymology 1 above).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈeː.rɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɛː.re]

Suffix

-ēre

1. present active infinitive of -eō (second conjugation)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Alternative forms

• -ēris

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈeː.rɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɛː.re]

Suffix

-ēre

1. second-person singular present passive subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
2. second-person singular present passive indicative of -eō (second conjugation)

Etymology 4

From Proto-Italic -ēri, third person plural perfect active ending.

Suffix

-ere

1. Used for the third person present perfect plural form of any regular verb.

Usage notes

• This form is obsolete, having been superseded by -ērunt.

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch *-āri, -ere, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz (masc. agent suffix).

Suffix

-ere m

1. Forms agent nouns from verbs.

Derived terms

Middle Dutch terms suffixed with -ere

dichtere

dorpere

schildere

Descendants

• Dutch: -er, -aar
  • Afrikaans: -er
• Limburgish: -er

Middle English

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old English -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, usually held to be from Latin -ārius, though Gąsiorowski instead suggests a native origin.

The demonymic sense may continue Old English -ware, from Proto-West Germanic *-wari, from Proto-Germanic *-warjaz, though a semantic extension of the agentive sense is perhaps more likely given the lack of demonstrable continuity between Old English formations in -ware and this suffix.

Alternative forms

• -ar, -are, -er

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ər(ə)/
• IPA^(key): /-æːr(ə)/, /-ɛːr(ə)/ (with secondary stress)

Suffix

-ere

2. Forms agent nouns from other nouns or verbs, especially occupational; -er
4. (Late Middle English, rare) Forms nouns denoting a inhabitant or resident of a location; -er

Usage notes

• The use of this suffix on abstract nouns is late and rare.
• Due to vowel reduction, this suffix is sometimes conflated with -er and -our, especially in Late Middle English.

Derived terms

Middle English terms suffixed with -ere (agentive)

amblere

asker

bakere

barker

bemere

berier

berkere

blader

blamer

blomere

blowere

botere

breker

brewere

byldere

byndere

cannere

capper

chalengere

chaungere

clevere

cleyere

clother

clowter

clubber

clymber

conjurer

creper

crowdere

crucifier

delare

delvere

demere

devourere

doer

dremere

dweller

dyggar

endere

erere

favourere

felter

fischer

fithelere

flemer

forswerer

fullere

gamer

glewer

glovere

gospellere

gravere

hakkere

hatere

hattere

hoder

hordere

hornere

hunter

-iere

keler

kerver

knedere

knytter

liggere

lovere

lyvere

maker

moldere

mousere

mowere

mylnere

nayler

nedlere

pakkere

panterere

parisshoner

piker

piper

pissere

pleyer

pottere

quellere

redere

reiser

repere

rerer

reuler

revere

roper

ryder

sadelere

schakere

schaver

scheder

scherer

schethere

schilder

scolere

scornere

sellere

sether

shryver

skynner

slynger

souker

sounere

sowere

spekere

spiller

spynnere

steȝere

stremere

stroutere

swerer

swetere

synger

synnere

thresshere

tilier

tither

toller

trippere

usere

walkere

wasshere

webbere

wevere

whelere

writer

wynder

wynnere

yelpere

Descendants

• English: -er
• Middle Scots: -ar, -ir
  • Scots: -er

References

• “-ē̆r(e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old English -ra, from Proto-West Germanic *-iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô; related to superlative -est.

The change from -ra to -ere is probably due to analogy with apocopated forms of this suffix with an anaptyctic vowel (i.e. -er).

Alternative forms

• -er, -ore, -re

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ər(ə)/, /-rə/

Suffix

-ere

2. Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives; more, -er.
4. Used to form the comparative degree of adverbs; more, -er.

Usage notes

• Unlike in the modern English standard, this suffix may be appended to adjectives or adverbs of any length; in fact, periphrastic comparison with more or mest, most is rather uncommon. Like in Early Modern English and nonstandard modern English, this periphrastic comparative may be combined with the synthetic comparative to form a pleonastic "double comparative"; more grettere (“larger”, literally “more larger”).
• Irregular comparatives formed with this suffix may induce umlaut or shortening of the vowel of the root it is appended to; most of these compete with regular forms, which increasingly predominate in later Middle English (e.g. lengere, longere, both "longer"; deppere, depere, both "deeper").

Descendants

• English: -er
• Middle Scots: -ar, -ir
  • Scots: -er

References

• “-er, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• “-er, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 3

Suffix

-ere

1. Alternative form of -er (agentive suffix)

Etymology 4

Suffix

-ere

1. Alternative form of -re (plural suffix)

Etymology 5

Suffix

-ere

1. Alternative form of -eren

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse -era, through Middle High German -ieren, from Old French -ier, from Latin -āre.

Cognate to French -er, German -ieren and Swedish -era.

Suffix

-ere

1. Used in verbs derived from Latin, French or German, indicating the action of doing the first part of the word; such as revolusjonere (“to revolutionise”), from revolusjon (“revolution”). Equivalent in meaning to English -ize.

References

Norwegian Bokmål terms suffixed with -ere

abortere

absoluttere

akseptere

aksjonere

arkivere

asfaltere

basere

dimensjonere

dokumentere

filetere

fragmentere

havarere

implementere

kopiere

maskinere

meandrere

normere

pollinere

presisere

sementere

simulere

strukturere

torpedere

• “-ere” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

• -era

Etymology

From Old Norse -era, through Middle High German -ieren, from Old French -ier, from Latin -āre.

Cognate to French -er, German -ieren and Swedish -era.

Suffix

-ere

1. Used in verbs derived from Latin, French or German, indicating the action of doing the first part of the word. Equivalent in meaning to English -ize.

References

Norwegian Nynorsk terms suffixed with -ere

akseptere

aksjonere

arkivere

balansere

basere

dimensjonere

fotografere

fragmentere

havarere

maskinere

normere

pollinere

presisere

strukturere

torpedere

• “-ere” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Alternative forms

• -re

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz.

Uncertain ultimate origin, usually held to be from Latin -ārius. Gąsiorowski instead suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which were then masculinised by attaching *-ós. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā.

Cognate with Old Frisian -ere, Old Saxon -āri, Old High German -āri.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /e.re/

Suffix

-ere

1. masculine agent suffix, originally applied only to nouns

   Synonyms: -a, -end

   ‎dōm (“judgement”) + ‎-ere → ‎dōmere (“judge”)

   ‎fugol (“bird”) + ‎-ere → ‎fuglere (“fowler”)

Declension

Strong ja-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	-ere	-eras
accusative	-ere	-eras
genitive	-eres	-era
dative	-ere	-erum

Derived terms

Old English terms suffixed with -ere

bæcere

beatere

biemere

blawere

blysigere

bymere

byrgere

casere

costere

dælere

delfere

demere

domere

dreamere

drincere

ehtere

feohtere

feormere

fiscere

fiþelere

fleardere

folgere

frihtere

fuglere

fullere

gangere

gealdorgalere

gewritere

godspellere

grafere

grammaticere

grindere

hafocere

hiewere

hleapere

hleoþrere

hloþere

hordere

hornblawere

hwistlere

lædere

leasere

leoþere

licettere

mæþere

mangere

metere

mynetere

oferdrincere

pinere

pipere

plegere

predicere

rædere

reafere

ridere

rihtere

rimere

ripere

runere

sangere

sawere

sceawere

scipere

scohere

scolere

sealtere

seamere

swefnreccere

tæflere

tæppere

tannere

trahtere

tumbere

tunglere

tyhtere

þrowere

unrihthæmere

wægnere

wæterberere

wangere

wealcere

weardere

wiglere

wogere

writere

wudere

Descendants

• Middle English: -ere, -ar, -are, -er
  • English: -er
  • Middle Scots: -ar, -ir
    • Scots: -er

Old French

Alternative forms

• -erre, -iere, -ierre

Suffix

-ere

1. nominative singular of -or (agent noun suffix)

   Le chanteor → li chantere