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essere

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: èssere

Afar

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /esːeˈre/ [ʔɛsːɛˈɾɛ]
  • Hyphenation: es‧se‧re

Verb

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esseré

  1. (transitive) ask
    • Saytun Qhuraan kee kay maqnah tarjamaty Qafar afal tani [The clear Qur'an and its explanation translated into the Afar language]‎[3], Suurat Al-Faatica, verse 5:
      Diggah nanu Ni Rabbow koo inkittosnaah Qibaada dibuk koo caglisna, nanu ni-caagiidah inkih cato koo esserra.
      Our God, with strength we make you whole, only you we give [our] adoration, we as one ask you for help with our affairs.
  2. (transitive) visit

Conjugation

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    Conjugation of essere (type II verb)
1st singular 2nd singular 3rd singular 1st plural 2nd plural 3rd plural
m f
perfective V-affirmative esseréh essertéh esseréh essertéh esserréh esserteeníh essereeníh
N-affirmative esseré esserté esseré esserté esserré essertén esserén
negative mésserinniyo mésserinnito mésserinna mésserinna mésserinnino mésserinniton mésserinnon
imperfective V-affirmative esseráh essertáh esseráh essertáh esserráh essertaanáh esseraanáh
N-affirmative esserá essertá esserá essertá esserrá essertán esserán
negative méssera mésserta méssera mésserta mésserra méssertan mésseran
prospective V-affirmative esseréliyoh
esseréyyoh		 esserélitoh
esseréttoh		 esseréleh esseréleh esserélinoh
esserénnoh		 esserélitoonuh
esseréttoonuh		 esseréloonuh
N-affirmative esseréliyo
esseréyyo		 esserélito
esserétto		 esseréle esseréle esserélino
esserénno		 esseréliton
esserétton		 esserélon
conjunctive I V-affirmative esséruh essértuh esséruh essértuh esséruh essertóonuh esseróonuh
N-affirmative esséru essértu esséru essértu esséru essertón esserón
negative esseré wáyuh esseré wáytuh esseré wáyuh esseré wáytuh esseré wáynuh esseré waytóonuh esseré wóonuh
conjunctive II V-affirmative esseránkeh essertánkeh esseránkeh essertánkeh esserránkeh essertaanánkeh esseraanánkeh
N-affirmative esseránke essertánke esseránke essertánke esserránke essertaanánke esseraanánke
negative esseré wáankeh esseré waytánkeh esseré wáankeh esseré waytánkeh esseré waynánkeh esseré waytaanánkeh esseré wáankeh
jussive affirmative esséray essértay esséray essértay essérray essertóonay esseróonay
negative esseré wáay esseré wáytay esseré wáay esseré wáytay esseré wáynay esseré waytóonay esseré wóonay
past
conditional 		affirmative esserinniyóy esserinnitóy esserinnáy esserinnáy esserinninóy esserinnitoonúy esserinnoonúy
negative esseré wanniyóy esseré wannitóy esseré wannáy esseré wannáy esseré wanninóy esseré wannitoonúy esseré wanninoonúy
present
conditional I 		affirmative esserék esserték esserék esserték esserrék esserteeník essereeník
negative esseré wéek esseré wayték esseré wéek esseré wayték esseré waynék esseré wayteeník esseré weeník
singular plural singular plural
consultative affirmative esseróo esserróo imperative affirmative essér esséra
negative messeróo messerróo negative mésserin mésserina
-h converb -i form -k converb -in(n)uh converb -innuk converb infinitive indefinite participle
V-focus N-focus
essérah esséri essérak esserínnuh esserínnuk esseríyya esserináanih esserináan
Compound tenses
dependent verb sequential perfective + -m
simultaneous imperfective + -m
past perfect affirmative perfective + perfective of én or sugé
present perfect affirmative perfective + imperfective of én
future perfect affirmative perfective + prospective of sugé
past progressive -k converb + imperfective of én or sugé
present progressive affirmative imperfect + imperfective of én
future progressive -k converb + prospective of sugé
immediate future affirmative conjunctive I + imperfective of wée
imperfect potential I affirmative conjunctive I + imperfective of takké
imperfect
potential II 		affirmative imperfective + -m + takké
negative esseré + imperfective of wée + -m + takké
perfect
potential 		affirmative perfective + -m + takké
negative esseré + perfective of wée + -m + takké
present
conditional II 		affirmative imperfective + object pronoun + tekkék
negative esseré + perfective of wée + object pronoun + tekkék
perfect
conditional 		affirmative perfective + imperfective of sugé + -k
negative perfective + sugé + imperfective of wée -k
irrealis esseré + perfective of xaaxé or raaré

References

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  • E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), “essere”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN

Italian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Inherited from Latin sum, esse. The infinitive form is attested already from Early Medieval Latin essere. The past participle stato, shared with the verb stare, is from Latin stātus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈɛs.se.re/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɛssere
  • Hyphenation: ès‧se‧re

Verb

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èssere (first-person singular present sóno, first-person singular past historic fùi, past participle stàto, first-person singular imperfect èro, first-person singular future sarò, first-person singular subjunctive sìa, first-person singular imperfect subjunctive fóssi, second-person singular imperative sìi, auxiliary èssere)

  1. Used as a copula. to be
    Siamo qui. ― We are here.
    Sei bellissima. ― You are very beautiful.
    Giovanni è di Napoli. ― Giovanni is from Naples.
    Chi è stato? ― Who was it?
    Sarò a casa tra cinque minuti. ― I will be home in five minutes.
    Non è come dici. ― It is not as you say.
  2. Denotes absolute time.
    È venerdì, domani sarà sabato. ― It is Friday, tomorrow it will be Saturday.
    È l'una. Sono le tre e mezza. ― It is one o' clock. It is a half past three.
    È ora di andarsene. ― It is time to go.
    È estate. ― It is summer
    È presto. È tardi. ― It is early. It is late.
    È giorno. È notte. ― It is daytime. It is nighttime.
    È buio fuori. ― It is dark outside.
  3. Used with as an auxiliary in the conjugation of other verbs, before their past participle.
    1. Forms composite forms of some intransitive verbs. See the full list.
      Sono andato. ― I went, I had gone.
      Sarei tornato. ― I would have come back.
    2. Forms composite forms for passive voice for all verbs.
      Avrà fatto. Sarà fatto. ― He will have done. It will be done.
      Ha mangiato. È mangiato. È stato mangiato. ― He ate. It is eaten. It has been eaten.
    3. Forms composite forms for reflexive voice for all verbs
      Ho visto. Mi sono visto. ― I saw. I saw myself.
      Essendosi calmato, si scusò. ― Having calmed down, he apologised.
  4. (intransitive) to exist, there be
    1. Most commonly with ci or vi, see the appropriate entries at esserci and esservi for more information.
    2. (archaic) Without any clitics.
      • 1314 (volume), 1321 (full book), Dante Alighieri, “III”, in Divina Commedia [Divine Commedy], volume Inferno [hell] (allegorical-didactic poem, lyric poetry), lines 7–8:
        Dinanzi a me non fuor cose create / se non etterne, […]
        Before me existed not created things / if not eternal, […]
        (literally, “Before me [there] weren’t created things / if not eternal, […]”)
      • 1314 (volume), 1321 (full book), Dante Alighieri, “III”, in Divina Commedia [Divine Commedy], volume Inferno [Hell] (allegorical-didactic poem, lyric poetry), lines 49–51:
        Fama di loro il mondo esser non lassa; / misericordia e giustizia li sdegna: / non ragioniam di lor, ma guarda e passa.
        Fame of them the world does not let exist; / mercy and justice disdains them: / let us not think about them, but look and pass by.
      • 1316 (volume), 1321 (full book), Dante Alighieri, “XVI”, in Divina Commedia [Divine Commedy], volume Purgatorio [Purgatory] (allegorical-didactic poem), line 97:
        Le leggi son, ma chi pon mano ad esse?
        The laws exist, but who put its hand on them?
      • 1840, Alessandro Manzoni, “XII”, in I Promessi Sposi [The bethroted spouses], 3rd: la Quarantana [the Forty] edition (novel, historical fiction), page 251:
        Spesso, in simili circostanze, l’annunzio d’una cosa la fa essere.
        Often, in similar circumstances, the announcement of a thing makes it happen.
      • 2008 [c. 600 BCE], chapter 1, in CEI 2008 (Bibbia) [Bible]‎[4], volume Genesi [Genesis] (religious text, creation myth), line 3:
        Dio disse: «Sia la luce!». E la luce fu.
        God said: «Let there be light», and the light was.
  5. (intransitive) to be real
    Non può essere! ― It can't be!
    Sarà, ma non ne sono convinto. ― It may be true, but I'm not convinced.
  6. (intransitive) to happen, occur; to be
    Quel che è stato, è stato. ― Whatever happened, happened.
    Cosa sarà di noi? ― What will be of us?
  7. (intransitive) to cost
    Synonyms: (both more common in questions) costare, venire
    Quant'è? ― How much does it cost? (literally, “How much is it?”)
    Sono venti euro. ― It will be twenty euros.
  8. Denotes spatial and temporal distance.
    È un quarto d'ora a piedi. ― It is a fifteen-minute walk.
    Da Roma a Frascati sono venti chilometri. ― From Rome to Frascati there are twenty kilometers.
  9. (intransitive, literary) to live, be alive
    • 1350–1353, Giovanni Boccaccio, “Giornata quinta [Fifth day]”, in Decameron or Decamerone [The Decameron] (collection of Novellas), Novella nona [Ninth novella], page 395:
      Dovete adunque sapere che Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, il quale fu nella nostra cittá, e forse è ancora, uomo di grande e di reverenda autoritá ne’ di nostri, […]
      You must therefore know that Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, who lived in our city, and maybe still lives there, was, and maybe still is, a man of great and reverend authority in our days […]
      (literally, “You must therefore know that Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, who was in our city, and maybe still is, a man of great and reverend authority in of our […]”)
    • 1821, Alessandro Manzoni, Il cinque maggio [The Fifth of May] (poetry, ode), page 689, line 1:
      Ei fu.
      He died.
      (literally, “He was.”)
  10. (intransitive, dated) to be about to [with per (+ infinitive)]
    Synonym: stare

Usage notes

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  • The present participle essente is very rare, and is usually replaced with stante, the present participle of stare, or with the present participles of its synonyms. Similarly the past participle essuto has disappeared, with stato, the past participle of stare, being used instead.[1]
  • The verb essere, including all of its conjugated forms, is the word that occurs most frequently in speech.
  • When stating an amount, for example amount of money to pay for a service, Italian, unlike English, uses the third plural sono, not third singular è.

Conjugation

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    Conjugation of èssere (root-stressed -ere; irregular) (See Appendix:Italian verbs)
infinitive èssere
auxiliary verb èssere gerund essèndo
present participle — past participle stàto
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative io tu lui/lei, esso/essa noi voi loro, essi/esse
present sóno sèi è1 siàmo siéte, siète2 sóno
imperfect èro èri èra eravàmo eravàte èrano
past historic fùi fósti fù3 fùmmo fóste fùrono
future sarò sarài sarà sarémo saréte sarànno
conditional sarèi sarésti sarèbbe, sarébbe sarémmo saréste sarèbbero, sarébbero
subjunctive che io che tu che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa che noi che voi che loro, che essi/che esse
present sìa sìa sìa siàmo siàte sìano
imperfect fóssi fóssi fósse fóssimo fóste fóssero
imperative — tu Lei noi voi Loro
sìi sìa siàmo siàte sìano
negative imperative non èssere non sìa non siàmo non siàte non sìano

1With written accent.
2Traditional.
3With syntactic gemination after the verb.

Including lesser-used forms:

    Conjugation of èssere (root-stressed -ere; irregular) (See Appendix:Italian verbs)
infinitive èssere
auxiliary verb èssere gerund essèndo, sèndo4
present participle essènte9, ènte4 past participle stàto, essùto4, sùto4
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative io tu lui/lei, esso/essa noi voi loro, essi/esse
present sóno sèi è1 siàmo, sémo2 siéte, siète3, sète4 sóno, ènno2, èmmo4
imperfect èro, èra7 èri èra eravàmo, eràmo4, èramo4 eravàte, eràte4 èrano
past historic fùi fósti, fùsti4 fù6 fùmmo fóste, fùste4 fùrono, fùro4, fóre4, fòro4, fuòro4
future sarò sarài sarà, fìa4, fìe4 sarémo saréte sarànno, fìano4, fìeno4, fìaro8, fìero8
conditional sarèi, sarìa4, fòra4 sarésti sarèbbe, sarìa4, fòra4 sarémmo saréste sarèbbero, sarìano4, fòro4
subjunctive che io che tu che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa che noi che voi che loro, che essi/che esse
present sìa sìa, sìi5 sìa siàmo siàte sìano, sìeno5
imperfect fóssi, fùssi4 fóssi, fùssi4 fósse, fùsse4 fóssimo, fùssimo4 fóste, fùste4 fóssero, fùssero4
imperative — tu Lei noi voi Loro
sìi sìa siàmo siàte sìano, sìeno5
negative imperative non èssere non sìa non siàmo non siàte non sìano, non sìeno5

1With written accent.
2Archaic or regional.
3Traditional.
4Archaic.
5Literary.
6With syntactic gemination after the verb.
7Archaic or literary.
8Poetic.
9Rare.

  • Truncated apocopic forms exist for many of the above forms:
Apocopic forms
Form Inflection Apocopic equivalent
èssere infinitive èsser
sóno 1st singular present indicative; 3rd plural present indicative són
siàmo 1st plural present indicative/subjunctive/imperative siàm
sémo archaic or regional 1st plural present indicative sém
ènno archaic or regional 3rd plural present indicative èn
eravàmo 1st plural imperfect indicative eravàm
eràmo 1st plural imperfect indicative eràm[2]
èrano 3rd plural imperfect indicative èran
fùmmo 1st plural past historic fùm
fùrono 3rd plural past historic fùron
fùro archaic 3rd plural past historic fùr
fòro archaic 3rd plural past historic fòr
fuòro archaic 3rd plural past historic fuòr
sarémo 1st plural future sarém
sarànno 3rd plural future saràn
fìano archaic 3rd plural future fìan
fìeno archaic 3rd plural future fìen
sìano 3rd plural present subjunctive/imperative sìan
sìeno literary 3rd plural present subjunctive/imperative sìen
fóssimo 1st plural imperfect subjunctive fóssim

Classical Roman Dialect:

    Conjugation of èssere (root-stressed -ere; irregular) (See Appendix:Italian verbs)
infinitive èssere
auxiliary verb èssere gerund essèndo
present participle essènte past participle stàto
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative io tu lui/lei, esso/essa noi voi loro, essi/esse
present sò sèi, sì1 è2 sémo, sìmo1 séte, sìte1 sò, sònno3, sòco1
imperfect èro èri èra èrimo èrivo èreno
past historic fùi fùssi, fùsti fù fùssimo, fùmio fùssivo fùrno
future sarò2, serràio1 sarài, serrài1 sarà2, serrào1 sarémo, serrémo1 saréte, serrete1 saròrno, sarànno, serràco1
conditional sarébbi, sarébbe, sarìa3, fòra1 saréssi, fòri1 sarébbe, sarìa3, fòra1 saréssimo saréssivo sarébbeno, sarìano3, fórano1
subjunctive che io che tu che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa che noi che voi che loro, che essi/che esse
present sìi sìi sìi sémo séte sìino
imperfect fùssi fùssi fùsse fùssimo fùssivo fùssino
imperative — tu Lei noi voi Loro
èssi sìi sémo séte, sìte1 sìino
negative imperative non èssere non sìi non sémo non séte, non sìte1 non sìino

1Archaic.
2With written accent.
3Obsolete.

Derived terms

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Noun

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essere m (plural esseri, diminutive (informal) esserìno, endearing esserùccio)

  1. (uncountable, substantival use of the verbal voice, the condition of have life, reality, existence, the act of be living) being, living
    Synonyms: essenza, esistere, esistenza
    l’essere ed il nulla ― being and nothingness
  2. (countable, substantival use of the verbal voice, the condition of have life, reality, existence, the act of be living) being, living
    Synonym: (more common) vivere
    passare dall’essere al non essere ― to pass from the living to the non-living
    scienza/problema dell’essere ― science/problem of being
    L’essere semplicissimo/Il semplicissimo essere ― The very simple being
    L’essere stesso/Il semplicissimo essere ― The being itself
    la totalità dell’essere ― the totality of being
  3. (uncountable, substantival use of the verbal voice, the act/fact of exist, existence, life) being
    Synonyms: (countable) esistenza, (countable) vita
    • 14–19 May 1835, Giacomo Leopardi, “Dialogo di un fisico e di un metafisico [Dialogue of a physicist and a metaphysician]”, in Operette morali [Moral operettas] (collection of phylosophical novellas and dialogues), page 66:
      […] Nel qual modo, accrescerai propriamente la vita umana, ed empiendo quegli smisurati intervalli di tempo nei quali il nostro essere è piuttosto durare che vivere, ti potrai dar vanto di prolungarla. […]
      […] In this way, you will properly increase human life, and by filling up those immense intervals of time in which our being is rather lasting than living, you can boast of prolonging it. […]
  4. (uncountable, way of being, condition, state, in relation to intrinsic qualities and properties, usually accompanied by a determination) being
    Synonyms: modo di essere, condizione, stato, essenza
    conoscere una persona/una cosa/un fatto nel suo vero essere ― to know a person/a thing/a fact in its true being
    (lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa/uno/una) gli domandò/chiese dell’esser suo ― he/she/it/one asked him about his being.
    • 1802–1874, Niccolò Tommaseo, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
      […] l’essere dell’uomo dista grandemente da quel delle bestie […]
      […] the being of the man is very far from that of the beasts […]
  5. (uncountable, in ancient phrases) being; living; existence; condition
    trovarsi in essere ― to be in being/to be living (literally, “to found oneself/oneselves in being”)
    • 1626–1697, Francesco Redi, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
      […] le sue lettere son tutte in essere […]
      […] his letters are all in existence […]
  6. (uncountable, in ancient phrases) being, condition
    Synonym: (countable) condizione
    in buon/cattivo essere ― in good/bad being/conditions
    mobili/casa in cattivo essere ― furniture/house/home in bad conditions
  7. (uncountable, in ancient phrases) being, in good conditions
    Synonym: buone condizioni
    mio nonno è sempre in essere ― my grandad/grandfather is always in good conditions/healthy/in prosperity
  8. (uncountable, in ancient phrases) ready
    Synonym: (countable) pronto
    avere in essere ― to have ready
    • 1507–1566, Annibale Caro, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
      […] fate che al mio ritorno la scena sia in essere […]
      […] let the scene be ready at my return […]
  9. (uncountable, in ancient phrases) place, operation
    Synonym: (uncountable) esercizio
    porre in essere ― to put in place/into operation
  10. (uncountable, concrete) being
    • 1321 (volume and full book), Dante Alighieri, “I”, in Divina Commedia [Divine Commedy], volume Paradiso [Paradise] (allegorical-didactic poem, epic poetry), lines 110, 112–113:
      […] Tutte nature […] si muovono a diversi porti / per lo gran mar de l’essere […]
      […] All natures […] move to different ports / via the great sea of being/god […]
      (literally, “[…] All natures […] move themselves to different ports / via the great sea of being […]”)
  11. (countable, concrete) being, creature
    È un essere spregevole. ― it is a despicable being/creature.
  12. (countable, concrete, by extension) living being, creature
    Synonyms: essere vivente, creatura
    Lo stesso essere (vivente) ― The same (living) being/creature
  13. (uncountable, philosophy, followed by ci) existence
    Synonym: esistenza
    l’esserci ― the existence

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ [2]
  • essere1 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
  • essere2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

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Latin

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Verb

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essere (Early Medieval Latin)

  1. alternative form of esse, present active infinitive of sum (“to be”)
    • Roman epitaph (uncertain date but after the 4th–5th c. AD)[1]
      omns·qvị[- - -]inhancavlamọ[- - -]/rationem·orateprmẹ/peccatoresid͞mabeatis/protectoremqviacod/estisfvi·etqvodsvm/essereabetisetsiqvis/sepresv̄seritcontra/hoctvmvlv̄mev̄biola/[- - -]ạbeāindeinqvisitio/[- - -]ṭetribvnald͞nin͞r͞i/[- - -]bivcatv̄cv̄/[- - -]irase
      omn[e]s quị ... in hanc aulam ... [o?]rationem orate pr[o] mẹ peccatore si d(eu)m [h]abeatis protectorem quia [qu]od estis fui et quod sum essere [h]abetis et si quis se pr[a]esu(m)[p]serit contra hoc tumulu(m) meu(m) [v]iola⟨re h⟩ạbea[t] inde inquisitio⟨nem an⟩ṭe tribunal d(omi)ni n(ost)ri ... ⟨sub?⟩iu[g?]atu(m) cu(m)...
      All who... in this court... Pray for me, the sinner that I was, if you have God as your protector. For I once was what you are, and you will one day be what I am [sc. a corpse]. Should anyone dare desecrate this grave of mine, may he be judged for it before the tribunal of our Lord...
    • Lex Curiensis (8th c.)[2]
      ...tam de facultatem quam et de colonaria familia qui exinde causam cum altero habuerit infra annum prosequat cuius essere debeat...
      ...whose it ought to be...
    • Alvarus' Confessio (mid-9th c. AD)[3]
      Hic enim seritur quod illic metitur nec fas est credi illum lucifluum seculum peccantes recipere in quo tu eum sustinendo dignatus est abitare quem locum retributjonis iustitje essere uoluisti.
      For here is sown what there is reaped, and it is impossible to believe that the brilliant world you have deigned to live in, and sustain, which you intended to be a place for the dispensing of justice, accepts sinners.
    • Cartulário de San Vicente de Oviedo n.ᵒ6 (AD 905)[4]
      Gundesalvus Nepotiani dum essere pausati in domo istius Gundefredi presentes fuimus.
      I, Gundesalvus Nepotani, was present (as witness for the signing of this document) whilst being lodged at the home of this very same Gundefredus.

Descendants

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References

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  1. ^ https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1201030367B
  2. ^ Meyer-Marthaler, Elisabeth. 1968. Römisches Recht in Rätien im frühen und hohen Mittelalter. Zurich: Leemann. Page 114.
  3. ^ Gil, Juan. 1973. Corpus scriptorum muzarabicorum. Vol. I. Madrid: CSIC. Page 328.
  4. ^ Cruz, Guilherme Braga da. 1979. Obras Esparsas. Vol. 1. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora. Page 72.

Neapolitan

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Verb

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essere

  1. alternative form of èssere

Sardinian

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Etymology

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Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈessere/, [ˈɛs.sɛ.ɾɛ̆]

Verb

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essere

  1. (intransitive) to be (to exist)
    Eo so su chi so ― I am who I am (literally, “I am that which I am”)
  2. (intransitive) to be (to occupy a place)
    Est in Tatari ― [He] is in Sassari

Noun

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essere m (plural esseres)

  1. being
    sos esseres umanos ― [the] human beings

Tarantino

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Etymology

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From Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse.

Verb

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essere

  1. (intransitive) to be

Usage notes

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  • Not used as an auxiliary verb.

Conjugation

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    Conjugation of essere
infinitive essere
gerund ? past participle ?
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative ije tu jidde / jèdde nuje vuje lóre
present so' sì, sìnde jè, jé, éte síme síte sò, sònde
imperfect ére ìre ére, jéve èreme írene èrene, jèvene
perfect fuéve fuìste fu' fuèmme fuèsteve fúrene
subjunctive cu ije cu tu cu jidde / cu jèdde cu nuje cu vuje cu lóre
present sije sía sije síme síte síene
imperfect fòsse fuèsse fòsse fòsseme fuèsseve fòssere
imperative – tu jidde / jèdde nuje vuje lóre
— ? ? ? ? ?
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