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-us

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Translingual

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Etymology

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    Learned borrowing from Latin -us.

    Suffix

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    -us m

    1. (taxonomy) Used to form taxonomic names.

    Derived terms

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    English

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    Ainu

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    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    -us (Kana spelling ウㇱ)

    1. -y, -ful, -ous, -ose
      (An adjective-forming suffix meaning ‘full of’ or ‘characterized by’ something; often conveys abundance or a plentiful amount of the base noun.)
      kemuna (hair, fur) + ‎-us → ‎kemunaus (hairy, fluffy)
      upas (snow) + ‎-us → ‎upasus (snowy)
      turu (filth, dirty) + ‎-us → ‎turuus (horrendous, disgusting)

    Antonym: -po

    Derived terms

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    Category Ainu terms suffixed with -us not found

    Cornish

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    Etymology

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    From Middle Cornish -us, from Old Cornish -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus. Cognate with Breton and Welsh -us.

    Suffix

    [edit]

    -us

    1. Forms adjectives; -ous, -ful, -y, -ive etc.
      peryl (danger) + ‎-us → ‎peryllus (dangerous)
      liw (colour) + ‎-us → ‎liwus (colourful)

    Derived terms

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    Esperanto

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    Etymology

    [edit]

    The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

    This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us.An International Language (1928)

    In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    • IPA(key): /-us/
    • Audio:(file)
    • Rhymes: -us
    • Syllabification: -us

    Suffix

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    -us

    1. Ending of the conditional in verbs.

    Estonian

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    Etymology

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    A merger of Proto-Finnic *-us (in the first sense) and Proto-Finnic *-uc (in the second sense). Cognate with Finnish -us.

    Suffix

    [edit]

    -us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)

    1. Derives nouns from verbs.
      armastama "to love" → armastus "love"
      võistlema "to compete" → võistlus "competition"
      joonistama "to draw" → joonistus "a drawing"
    2. Derives nouns from adjectives.
      aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"
      pikk "long" → pikkus "length"

    Declension

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    Declension of -us (ÕS type 11/harjutus, no gradation)
    singular plural
    nominative -us -used
    accusative nom.
    gen. -use
    genitive -uste
    partitive -ust -usi
    illative -usse
    -usesse
    -ustesse
    -usisse
    inessive -uses -ustes
    -usis
    elative -usest -ustest
    -usist
    allative -usele -ustele
    -usile
    adessive -usel -ustel
    -usil
    ablative -uselt -ustelt
    -usilt
    translative -useks -usteks
    -usiks
    terminative -useni -usteni
    essive -usena -ustena
    abessive -useta -usteta
    comitative -usega -ustega
    Declension of -us (ÕS type 9/katus, no gradation)
    singular plural
    nominative -us -used
    accusative nom.
    gen. -use
    genitive -uste
    partitive -ust -useid
    illative -usesse -ustesse
    -useisse
    inessive -uses -ustes
    -useis
    elative -usest -ustest
    -useist
    allative -usele -ustele
    -useile
    adessive -usel -ustel
    -useil
    ablative -uselt -ustelt
    -useilt
    translative -useks -usteks
    -useiks
    terminative -useni -usteni
    essive -usena -ustena
    abessive -useta -usteta
    comitative -usega -ustega

    Derived terms

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    Finnish

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    Etymology 1

    [edit]

      From Proto-Finnic *-us, partly equivalent to -u +‎ -s, and partly generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastuaihastus, menestyämenestys).[1] Compare -os.

      Suffix

      [edit]

      -us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

      1. Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action, event or a result of that action.
        kuvata (to describe) + ‎-us → ‎kuvaus (description)
        pakata (to pack) + ‎-us → ‎pakkaus (package)
        ylentää (to promote) + ‎-us → ‎ylennys (promotion)
        hälyttää (to alarm) + ‎-us → ‎hälytys (alarm)
      Usage notes
      [edit]
      • With -ahtaa (momentane) verbs, the final -ht- may disappear entirely (through *-AhdUs > *-AhUs (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > *-AUs). This has led to -AUs (-aus/-äys) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with -AhdUs and one with -AUs, exist in parallel.
      Declension
      [edit]
      Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
      nominative -us -ukset
      genitive -uksen -usten
      -uksien
      partitive -usta -uksia
      illative -ukseen -uksiin
      singular plural
      nominative -us -ukset
      accusative nom. -us -ukset
      gen. -uksen
      genitive -uksen -usten
      -uksien
      partitive -usta -uksia
      inessive -uksessa -uksissa
      elative -uksesta -uksista
      illative -ukseen -uksiin
      adessive -uksella -uksilla
      ablative -ukselta -uksilta
      allative -ukselle -uksille
      essive -uksena -uksina
      translative -ukseksi -uksiksi
      abessive -uksetta -uksitta
      instructive -uksin
      comitative See the possessive forms below.
      Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
      first-person singular possessor
      singular plural
      nominative -ukseni -ukseni
      accusative nom. -ukseni -ukseni
      gen. -ukseni
      genitive -ukseni -usteni
      -uksieni
      partitive -ustani -uksiani
      inessive -uksessani -uksissani
      elative -uksestani -uksistani
      illative -ukseeni -uksiini
      adessive -uksellani -uksillani
      ablative -ukseltani -uksiltani
      allative -ukselleni -uksilleni
      essive -uksenani -uksinani
      translative -uksekseni -uksikseni
      abessive -uksettani -uksittani
      instructive
      comitative -uksineni
      second-person singular possessor
      singular plural
      nominative -uksesi -uksesi
      accusative nom. -uksesi -uksesi
      gen. -uksesi
      genitive -uksesi -ustesi
      -uksiesi
      partitive -ustasi -uksiasi
      inessive -uksessasi -uksissasi
      elative -uksestasi -uksistasi
      illative -ukseesi -uksiisi
      adessive -uksellasi -uksillasi
      ablative -ukseltasi -uksiltasi
      allative -uksellesi -uksillesi
      essive -uksenasi -uksinasi
      translative -ukseksesi -uksiksesi
      abessive -uksettasi -uksittasi
      instructive
      comitative -uksinesi
      first-person plural possessor
      singular plural
      nominative -uksemme -uksemme
      accusative nom. -uksemme -uksemme
      gen. -uksemme
      genitive -uksemme -ustemme
      -uksiemme
      partitive -ustamme -uksiamme
      inessive -uksessamme -uksissamme
      elative -uksestamme -uksistamme
      illative -ukseemme -uksiimme
      adessive -uksellamme -uksillamme
      ablative -ukseltamme -uksiltamme
      allative -uksellemme -uksillemme
      essive -uksenamme -uksinamme
      translative -ukseksemme -uksiksemme
      abessive -uksettamme -uksittamme
      instructive
      comitative -uksinemme
      second-person plural possessor
      singular plural
      nominative -uksenne -uksenne
      accusative nom. -uksenne -uksenne
      gen. -uksenne
      genitive -uksenne -ustenne
      -uksienne
      partitive -ustanne -uksianne
      inessive -uksessanne -uksissanne
      elative -uksestanne -uksistanne
      illative -ukseenne -uksiinne
      adessive -uksellanne -uksillanne
      ablative -ukseltanne -uksiltanne
      allative -uksellenne -uksillenne
      essive -uksenanne -uksinanne
      translative -ukseksenne -uksiksenne
      abessive -uksettanne -uksittanne
      instructive
      comitative -uksinenne
      third-person possessor
      singular plural
      nominative -uksensa -uksensa
      accusative nom. -uksensa -uksensa
      gen. -uksensa
      genitive -uksensa -ustensa
      -uksiensa
      partitive -ustaan
      -ustansa
      -uksiaan
      -uksiansa
      inessive -uksessaan
      -uksessansa
      -uksissaan
      -uksissansa
      elative -uksestaan
      -uksestansa
      -uksistaan
      -uksistansa
      illative -ukseensa -uksiinsa
      adessive -uksellaan
      -uksellansa
      -uksillaan
      -uksillansa
      ablative -ukseltaan
      -ukseltansa
      -uksiltaan
      -uksiltansa
      allative -ukselleen
      -uksellensa
      -uksilleen
      -uksillensa
      essive -uksenaan
      -uksenansa
      -uksinaan
      -uksinansa
      translative -uksekseen
      -ukseksensa
      -uksikseen
      -uksiksensa
      abessive -uksettaan
      -uksettansa
      -uksittaan
      -uksittansa
      instructive
      comitative -uksineen
      -uksinensa
      Alternative forms
      [edit]
      • -tus (used with the verb types rohkaista (66) and valita (69))
      Synonyms
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      • -mus (used with the verb types sallia (61), and in some cases, sanoa (52) and muistaa (53))
      Derived terms
      [edit]

      References

      [edit]
      1. ^ Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.

      Etymology 2

      [edit]

        From Proto-Finnic *-us. Probably generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. etu-edus, palvelupalvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku-keskus), and thus identical to -us (etymology 1). In some cases potentially by confusion with -uus, -us (etymology 3). Alternatively from Proto-Uralic *-wikse.

        Suffix

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        -us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

        1. Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.
          kanta (base, heel) + ‎-us → ‎kannus (spur)
          sormi (finger) + ‎-us → ‎sormus (ring)
          vasta- (counter-) + ‎-us → ‎vastus (resistance, opposition)
          kehä (circle, ring) + ‎-us → ‎kehys (frame)
          syli (bosom, lap) + ‎-us → ‎sylys (armful)
          typerä (stupid) + ‎-us → ‎typerys (fool)
        Declension
        [edit]
        Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
        nominative -us -ukset
        genitive -uksen -usten
        -uksien
        partitive -usta -uksia
        illative -ukseen -uksiin
        singular plural
        nominative -us -ukset
        accusative nom. -us -ukset
        gen. -uksen
        genitive -uksen -usten
        -uksien
        partitive -usta -uksia
        inessive -uksessa -uksissa
        elative -uksesta -uksista
        illative -ukseen -uksiin
        adessive -uksella -uksilla
        ablative -ukselta -uksilta
        allative -ukselle -uksille
        essive -uksena -uksina
        translative -ukseksi -uksiksi
        abessive -uksetta -uksitta
        instructive -uksin
        comitative See the possessive forms below.
        Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
        first-person singular possessor
        singular plural
        nominative -ukseni -ukseni
        accusative nom. -ukseni -ukseni
        gen. -ukseni
        genitive -ukseni -usteni
        -uksieni
        partitive -ustani -uksiani
        inessive -uksessani -uksissani
        elative -uksestani -uksistani
        illative -ukseeni -uksiini
        adessive -uksellani -uksillani
        ablative -ukseltani -uksiltani
        allative -ukselleni -uksilleni
        essive -uksenani -uksinani
        translative -uksekseni -uksikseni
        abessive -uksettani -uksittani
        instructive
        comitative -uksineni
        second-person singular possessor
        singular plural
        nominative -uksesi -uksesi
        accusative nom. -uksesi -uksesi
        gen. -uksesi
        genitive -uksesi -ustesi
        -uksiesi
        partitive -ustasi -uksiasi
        inessive -uksessasi -uksissasi
        elative -uksestasi -uksistasi
        illative -ukseesi -uksiisi
        adessive -uksellasi -uksillasi
        ablative -ukseltasi -uksiltasi
        allative -uksellesi -uksillesi
        essive -uksenasi -uksinasi
        translative -ukseksesi -uksiksesi
        abessive -uksettasi -uksittasi
        instructive
        comitative -uksinesi
        first-person plural possessor
        singular plural
        nominative -uksemme -uksemme
        accusative nom. -uksemme -uksemme
        gen. -uksemme
        genitive -uksemme -ustemme
        -uksiemme
        partitive -ustamme -uksiamme
        inessive -uksessamme -uksissamme
        elative -uksestamme -uksistamme
        illative -ukseemme -uksiimme
        adessive -uksellamme -uksillamme
        ablative -ukseltamme -uksiltamme
        allative -uksellemme -uksillemme
        essive -uksenamme -uksinamme
        translative -ukseksemme -uksiksemme
        abessive -uksettamme -uksittamme
        instructive
        comitative -uksinemme
        second-person plural possessor
        singular plural
        nominative -uksenne -uksenne
        accusative nom. -uksenne -uksenne
        gen. -uksenne
        genitive -uksenne -ustenne
        -uksienne
        partitive -ustanne -uksianne
        inessive -uksessanne -uksissanne
        elative -uksestanne -uksistanne
        illative -ukseenne -uksiinne
        adessive -uksellanne -uksillanne
        ablative -ukseltanne -uksiltanne
        allative -uksellenne -uksillenne
        essive -uksenanne -uksinanne
        translative -ukseksenne -uksiksenne
        abessive -uksettanne -uksittanne
        instructive
        comitative -uksinenne
        third-person possessor
        singular plural
        nominative -uksensa -uksensa
        accusative nom. -uksensa -uksensa
        gen. -uksensa
        genitive -uksensa -ustensa
        -uksiensa
        partitive -ustaan
        -ustansa
        -uksiaan
        -uksiansa
        inessive -uksessaan
        -uksessansa
        -uksissaan
        -uksissansa
        elative -uksestaan
        -uksestansa
        -uksistaan
        -uksistansa
        illative -ukseensa -uksiinsa
        adessive -uksellaan
        -uksellansa
        -uksillaan
        -uksillansa
        ablative -ukseltaan
        -ukseltansa
        -uksiltaan
        -uksiltansa
        allative -ukselleen
        -uksellensa
        -uksilleen
        -uksillensa
        essive -uksenaan
        -uksenansa
        -uksinaan
        -uksinansa
        translative -uksekseen
        -ukseksensa
        -uksikseen
        -uksiksensa
        abessive -uksettaan
        -uksettansa
        -uksittaan
        -uksittansa
        instructive
        comitative -uksineen
        -uksinensa
        Derived terms
        [edit]

        Etymology 3

        [edit]

          See the etymology of -uus.

          Suffix

          [edit]

          -us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

          1. alternative form of -uus (used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel)
          Declension
          [edit]
          Inflection of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t-d gradation)
          nominative -us -udet
          genitive -uden -uksien
          partitive -utta -uksia
          illative -uteen -uksiin
          singular plural
          nominative -us -udet
          accusative nom. -us -udet
          gen. -uden
          genitive -uden -uksien
          partitive -utta -uksia
          inessive -udessa -uksissa
          elative -udesta -uksista
          illative -uteen -uksiin
          adessive -udella -uksilla
          ablative -udelta -uksilta
          allative -udelle -uksille
          essive -utena -uksina
          translative -udeksi -uksiksi
          abessive -udetta -uksitta
          instructive -uksin
          comitative See the possessive forms below.
          Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t-d gradation)
          first-person singular possessor
          singular plural
          nominative -uteni -uteni
          accusative nom. -uteni -uteni
          gen. -uteni
          genitive -uteni -uksieni
          partitive -uttani -uksiani
          inessive -udessani -uksissani
          elative -udestani -uksistani
          illative -uteeni -uksiini
          adessive -udellani -uksillani
          ablative -udeltani -uksiltani
          allative -udelleni -uksilleni
          essive -utenani -uksinani
          translative -udekseni -uksikseni
          abessive -udettani -uksittani
          instructive
          comitative -uksineni
          second-person singular possessor
          singular plural
          nominative -utesi -utesi
          accusative nom. -utesi -utesi
          gen. -utesi
          genitive -utesi -uksiesi
          partitive -uttasi -uksiasi
          inessive -udessasi -uksissasi
          elative -udestasi -uksistasi
          illative -uteesi -uksiisi
          adessive -udellasi -uksillasi
          ablative -udeltasi -uksiltasi
          allative -udellesi -uksillesi
          essive -utenasi -uksinasi
          translative -udeksesi -uksiksesi
          abessive -udettasi -uksittasi
          instructive
          comitative -uksinesi
          first-person plural possessor
          singular plural
          nominative -utemme -utemme
          accusative nom. -utemme -utemme
          gen. -utemme
          genitive -utemme -uksiemme
          partitive -uttamme -uksiamme
          inessive -udessamme -uksissamme
          elative -udestamme -uksistamme
          illative -uteemme -uksiimme
          adessive -udellamme -uksillamme
          ablative -udeltamme -uksiltamme
          allative -udellemme -uksillemme
          essive -utenamme -uksinamme
          translative -udeksemme -uksiksemme
          abessive -udettamme -uksittamme
          instructive
          comitative -uksinemme
          second-person plural possessor
          singular plural
          nominative -utenne -utenne
          accusative nom. -utenne -utenne
          gen. -utenne
          genitive -utenne -uksienne
          partitive -uttanne -uksianne
          inessive -udessanne -uksissanne
          elative -udestanne -uksistanne
          illative -uteenne -uksiinne
          adessive -udellanne -uksillanne
          ablative -udeltanne -uksiltanne
          allative -udellenne -uksillenne
          essive -utenanne -uksinanne
          translative -udeksenne -uksiksenne
          abessive -udettanne -uksittanne
          instructive
          comitative -uksinenne
          third-person possessor
          singular plural
          nominative -utensa -utensa
          accusative nom. -utensa -utensa
          gen. -utensa
          genitive -utensa -uksiensa
          partitive -uttaan
          -uttansa
          -uksiaan
          -uksiansa
          inessive -udessaan
          -udessansa
          -uksissaan
          -uksissansa
          elative -udestaan
          -udestansa
          -uksistaan
          -uksistansa
          illative -uteensa -uksiinsa
          adessive -udellaan
          -udellansa
          -uksillaan
          -uksillansa
          ablative -udeltaan
          -udeltansa
          -uksiltaan
          -uksiltansa
          allative -udelleen
          -udellensa
          -uksilleen
          -uksillensa
          essive -utenaan
          -utenansa
          -uksinaan
          -uksinansa
          translative -udekseen
          -udeksensa
          -uksikseen
          -uksiksensa
          abessive -udettaan
          -udettansa
          -uksittaan
          -uksittansa
          instructive
          comitative -uksineen
          -uksinensa
          Derived terms
          [edit]

          Anagrams

          [edit]

          Hungarian

          [edit]

          Etymology

          [edit]

          From -u (diminutive suffix) +‎ -s (diminutive suffix).[1]

          Pronunciation

          [edit]

          Suffix

          [edit]

          -us

          1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.
            Teréz (Theresa)Terus (Tess)
            apa (father)apus (dad)
            cica (cat)cicus (kitty)
            kutya (dog)kutyus (pooch, puppy)
          2. A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It cannot be considered as an independent Hungarian suffix.
            agronómus (agronomist)

          Usage notes

          [edit]
          • (diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in -a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.

          Derived terms

          [edit]

          See also

          [edit]

          References

          [edit]
          1. ^ -us in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

          Ingrian

          [edit]

          Etymology 1

          [edit]

          From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us.

          Pronunciation

          [edit]

          Suffix

          [edit]

          -us (front vowel variant -ys)

          1. Forms nouns denoting resemblance.
            pääl (above) + ‎-us → ‎päälys (surface)
          Declension
          [edit]
          Declension of -us (type 2/petos, no gradation)
          singular plural
          nominative -us -ukset
          genitive -uksen -uksiin
          partitive -usta, -ust -uksia
          illative -uksee -uksii
          inessive -uksees -uksiis
          elative -uksest -uksist
          allative -ukselle -uksille
          adessive -ukseel -uksiil
          ablative -ukselt -uksilt
          translative -ukseks -uksiks
          essive -uksenna, -ukseen -uksinna, -uksiin
          exessive1) -uksent -uksint
          1) obsolete
          *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
          **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.
          Derived terms
          [edit]

          Etymology 2

          [edit]

          See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

          Pronunciation

          [edit]

          Suffix

          [edit]

          -us (front vowel variant -ys)

          1. alternative form of -uus
          Declension
          [edit]
          Declension of -us (type 2/oikehus, no gradation)
          singular plural
          nominative -us -uet
          genitive -uen -uksiin
          partitive -utta -uksia
          illative -uee -uksii
          inessive -uees -uksiis
          elative -uest -uksist
          allative -uelle -uksille
          adessive -ueel -uksiil
          ablative -uelt -uksilt
          translative -ueks -uksiks
          essive -uenna, -ueen -uksinna, -uksiin
          exessive1) -uent -uksint
          1) obsolete
          *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
          **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.
          Derived terms
          [edit]

          References

          [edit]
          • V. I. Junus (1936), Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka[3], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 57

          Latin

          [edit]

          Etymology 1

          [edit]

            From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Germanic *-az, Icelandic -ur, Sanskrit -अः (-aḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.

            Pronunciation

            [edit]

            Suffix

            [edit]

            -us

            1. suffix of nouns in the second declension
              1. (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
              2. (not productive) nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us for second-declension neuter nouns
                vīrus (a poisonous or acrid secretion); vulgus (common people); pelagus (sea)
            2. suffix of adjectives in the first/second declension:
              1. forms compound adjectives
                Synonym: -is
                bī- + ‎hiems + ‎-us → ‎bīmus
                in- + ‎animus + ‎-us → ‎inanimus
              2. forms deverbal adjectives
                Synonym: -uus
                invideō + ‎-us → ‎invidus
                sonō + ‎-us → ‎-sonus
                dīcō + ‎-us → ‎-dicus
              3. (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
            3. (New Latin) suffix used to Latinize names ending in consonants
            Usage notes
            [edit]

            For certain nouns whose roots end with the letter r, no ending is applied in the nominative and vocative singulars; instead, an e is added before the r, if there isn't one already in the root (i.e. liber (root libr-), alabaster (root alabastr-), puer (root puer-)), although some, such as the aforementioned puer, have alternative forms with regular -us and -e endings in the nominative and vocative singulars. The only irregular masculine noun in this regard is vir, whose nominative and vocative singulars would be expected to be *virus and *vire.

            Declension
            [edit]
            Derived terms
            [edit]

            Etymology 2

            [edit]

              Generally from Proto-Indo-European *-os (suffix forming neuter s-stem nouns from verbs), as in genus n from *ǵénh₁os n (race). Not a productive derivational suffix in Latin. The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in generis), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as decus, decoris, instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form.

              Pronunciation

              [edit]

              Suffix

              [edit]

              -us n

              1. ending of some neuter nouns in the third declension
                1. nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us
              Declension
              [edit]
              Descendants
              [edit]

              From the plural -ora:

              • Romanian: -uri (final vowel replaced due to analogy with feminine plural forms)[1][2]
              • Sicilian: -ura, -ira, -ara[3]

              Etymology 3

              [edit]

              Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most words, from Old Latin -us, from Proto-Italic *-us, from Proto-Indo-European *-us as the final part of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).

              Pronunciation

              [edit]

              Suffix

              [edit]

              -us m or f

              1. nominative/vocative singular of -us for non-neuter nouns in the fourth declension
              Declension
              [edit]

              Suffix

              [edit]

              -ūs

              1. nominative/vocative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns
              2. genitive singular of -us for fourth-declension nouns
              3. accusative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns

              See also

              [edit]

              Etymology 4

              [edit]

                From Proto-Indo-European *-os, a genitive singular ending for athematic nouns (an o-grade alternative to e-grade *-es, which developed to the usual Latin third-declension genitive singular ending -is).

                Pronunciation

                [edit]

                Suffix

                [edit]

                -us

                1. rare alternative genitive singular ending for nouns of the third declension
                Usage notes
                [edit]

                A relic form attested exclusively in inscriptions that are dated up through first-century AD graffiti in Pompeii. Its sparse attestations are not restricted to official texts: some examples are found in less elevated documents such as graffiti and pottery inscriptions. This suggests the ending may have initially survived to some extent in dialectal use. However, it may have been used as a stylistic archaism in legal contexts after it became obsolete in general.[4] A genitive singular ending derived from *-os seems to have occurred in Faliscan as well as sporadically in Latin.[5]

                References

                [edit]
                1. ^ Nicolae, Andreea and Scontras, Gregory, 2015. "The Progression of Gender from Latin to Romanian," page 87
                2. ^ Maiden, Martin. January 2016. "Ambiguity in Romanian word-structure. The structure of plurals in ...uri" Revue Roumaine de Linguistique 61(1):3-12
                3. ^ Cruschina, Silvio (2021), “Language contact and morphological competition: Plurals in central Sicily”, in Word Structure[1], volume 14, number 2, pages 174-194
                4. ^ Rovai, Francesco (2012), “On some Latin morphological (ir)regularities”, in Irregularity in Morphology (and beyond), pages 203-205
                5. ^ Coleman, Robert (1990), “Dialectal Variation in Republican Latin, with Special Reference to Praenestine”, in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society[2], number 36 (216), →ISSN, page 8

                Lithuanian

                [edit]

                Etymology 1

                [edit]

                Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (adjectival ending). Pairs such as lañkas (bend) : lankùs (flexible) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, blood) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, red), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, a long run) : δολιχός (dolikhós, long) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.[1]

                Pronunciation

                [edit]

                Suffix

                [edit]

                -ùs m stress pattern 4

                1. Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something
                  ardýti (take apart)ardùs (crumbly)
                  kalbėti (talk)kalbùs (talkative)
                Declension
                [edit]
                Non-pronominal forms (neįvardžiuotinės formos) of -us
                positive degree
                neuter
                masculine feminine
                singular plural singular plural
                nominative -ùs -ūs -i̇̀ -ios
                genitive -aũs -ių̃ -iõs -ių̃
                dative -iám -i̇́ems -iai -ióms
                accusative -iùs -ią -iàs
                instrumental -iù -iai̇̃s -ià -iomi̇̀s
                locative -iamè -iuosè -iojè -iosè
                vocative -ùs -ūs -i̇̀ -ios
                comparative degree
                neuter -iaũ
                masculine feminine
                singular plural singular plural
                nominative -èsnis -esni̇̀ -èsnė -èsnės
                genitive -èsnio -esnių̃ -esnė̃s -esnių̃
                dative -esniám -esni̇́ems -èsnei -esnė̃ms
                accusative -èsnį -esniùs -èsnę -esnès
                instrumental -esniù -esniai̇̃s -esnè -esnėmi̇̀s
                locative -esniamè -esniuosè -èsnėje -esnėsè
                superlative degree
                neuter -iáusia
                masculine feminine
                singular plural singular plural
                nominative -iáusias -iáusi -iáusia -iáusios
                genitive -iáusio -iáusių -iáusios -iáusių
                dative -iáusiam -iáusiems -iáusiai -iáusioms
                accusative -iáusią -iáusius -iáusią -iáusias
                instrumental -iáusiu -iáusiais -iáusia -iáusiomis
                locative -iáusiame -iáusiuose -iáusioje -iáusiose
                Derived terms
                [edit]

                Etymology 2

                [edit]

                From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.

                Alternative forms

                [edit]

                Pronunciation

                [edit]

                Suffix

                [edit]

                -us, -ùs m

                1. Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.
                  alùs (beer) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)
                  sūnùs (son) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)
                Declension
                [edit]

                (noun):

                Declension of -ùs
                singular
                (vienaskaita)
                plural
                (daugiskaita)
                nominative (vardininkas) -ùs -ūs
                genitive (kilmininkas) -aũs -ų̃
                dative (naudininkas) -ui -ùms
                accusative (galininkas) -ùs
                instrumental (įnagininkas) -umi̇̀ -umi̇̀s
                locative (vietininkas) -ujè -uosè
                vocative (šauksmininkas) -aũ -ūs

                (adjective):

                Non-pronominal forms (neįvardžiuotinės formos) of -us
                positive degree
                neuter -u
                masculine feminine
                singular plural singular plural
                nominative -us -ūs -i -ios
                genitive -aus -ių -ios -ių
                dative -iam -iems -iai -ioms
                accusative -ius -ią -ias
                instrumental -iu -iais -ia -iomis
                locative -iame -iuose -ioje -iose
                vocative -us -ūs -i -ios
                comparative degree
                neuter -iaũ
                masculine feminine
                singular plural singular plural
                nominative -èsnis -esni̇̀ -èsnė -èsnės
                genitive -èsnio -esnių̃ -esnė̃s -esnių̃
                dative -esniám -esni̇́ems -èsnei -esnė̃ms
                accusative -èsnį -esniùs -èsnę -esnès
                instrumental -esniù -esniai̇̃s -esnè -esnėmi̇̀s
                locative -esniamè -esniuosè -èsnėje -esnėsè
                superlative degree
                neuter -iáusia
                masculine feminine
                singular plural singular plural
                nominative -iáusias -iáusi -iáusia -iáusios
                genitive -iáusio -iáusių -iáusios -iáusių
                dative -iáusiam -iáusiems -iáusiai -iáusioms
                accusative -iáusią -iáusius -iáusią -iáusias
                instrumental -iáusiu -iáusiais -iáusia -iáusiomis
                locative -iáusiame -iáusiuose -iáusioje -iáusiose

                Etymology 3

                [edit]

                From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (accusative plural ending), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).

                Alternative forms

                [edit]

                Pronunciation

                [edit]

                Suffix

                [edit]

                -us, -ùs

                1. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
                2. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.
                Derived terms
                [edit]

                Etymology 4

                [edit]

                From Proto-Indo-European *-wṓs. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *-vъ. See also -usi.

                  Alternative forms

                  [edit]

                  Pronunciation

                  [edit]

                  Suffix

                  [edit]

                  -us

                  1. Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle
                    bū́ti (to be)bùvo (was)bùvus (having been)
                    slė̃pti (hide)past frequentative slė̃pdavo (hid)slė̃pdavus (having hidden)
                  [edit]

                  References

                  [edit]
                  1. ^ Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204

                  Livvi

                  [edit]

                  Etymology

                  [edit]

                  From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us and Estonian -us.

                  Pronunciation

                  [edit]

                  Suffix

                  [edit]

                  -us (front vowel variant -ys)

                  1. Used to form action nouns from verbs; -ion

                  Derived terms

                  [edit]

                  Middle English

                  [edit]

                  Etymology 1

                  [edit]

                  Suffix

                  [edit]

                  -us

                  1. alternative form of -ous

                  Etymology 2

                  [edit]

                  Suffix

                  [edit]

                  -us

                  1. (West Midland) alternative form of -es.[1]

                  References

                  [edit]
                  1. ^ S. Horobin; J. Smith (2002), An Introduction to Middle English, Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN, pages 104–105

                  Middle Welsh

                  [edit]

                  Etymology

                  [edit]

                  From Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus.[1] Cognate with Cornish -us.

                  Suffix

                  [edit]

                  -us

                  1. -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns

                  Derived terms

                  [edit]

                  Descendants

                  [edit]

                  References

                  [edit]
                  1. ^ J. Morris Jones, A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative (Oxford 1913), § 153 i 13.

                  Northern Sami

                  [edit]

                  Etymology

                  [edit]

                  From Proto-Samic *-ōksë.

                  Pronunciation

                  [edit]
                  This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

                  Suffix

                  [edit]

                  -us

                  1. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.
                    vuošˈšat (to cook) + ‎-us → ‎vuoššus (something to be cooked)
                    muitalit (to tell) + ‎-us → ‎muitalus (something to be told; story)
                  2. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.
                    juohkit (to divide) + ‎-us → ‎juogus (division, section)

                  Usage notes

                  [edit]
                  • This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.

                  When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.

                  Inflection

                  [edit]

                  For even-syllable stems:

                  Odd, no gradation
                  Nominative -us
                  Genitive -usa
                  Singular Plural
                  Nominative -us -usat
                  Accusative -usa -usiid
                  Genitive -usa -usiid
                  Illative -usii -usiidda
                  Locative -usis -usiin
                  Comitative -usiin -usiiguin
                  Essive -usin
                  Possessive forms
                  Singular Dual Plural
                  1st person -usan -useamẹ -useamẹt
                  2nd person -usat -useattẹ -useattẹt
                  3rd person -usis -useaskkạ -useasẹt

                  For odd-syllable stems:

                  Even a-stem, ss-s gradation
                  Nominative -us
                  Genitive -usa
                  Singular Plural
                  Nominative -us -usat
                  Accusative -usa -usaid
                  Genitive -usa -usaid
                  Illative -ussii -usaide
                  Locative -usas -usain
                  Comitative -usain -usaiguin
                  Essive -ussan
                  Possessive forms
                  Singular Dual Plural
                  1st person -ussan -ussame -ussamet
                  2nd person -ussat -ussade -ussadet
                  3rd person -ussas -ussaska -ussaset

                  Derived terms

                  [edit]

                  Old French

                  [edit]

                  Alternative forms

                  [edit]

                  Etymology

                  [edit]

                  From Latin -ōsus.

                  Suffix

                  [edit]

                  -us

                  1. -ous, used for forming adjectives

                  Derived terms

                  [edit]

                  Descendants

                  [edit]

                  Old Irish

                  [edit]

                  Etymology 1

                  [edit]

                  From Proto-Celtic *-es-tus.

                  Pronunciation

                  [edit]

                  Suffix

                  [edit]

                  -us

                  1. alternative form of -as

                  Etymology 2

                  [edit]

                  (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

                  Suffix

                  [edit]

                  -us (suffixed pronoun)

                  1. her (object pronoun), it (in reference to a feminine noun)
                  2. them
                  Derived terms
                  [edit]
                  See also
                  [edit]
                  Old Irish affixed pronouns
                  See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
                  Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
                  person infixed suffixed
                  class A class B class C
                  1 sg m-L dom-L, dam-L -um
                  2 sg t-L dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L -ut
                  3 sg m a-N, e-N d-N id-N, did-N, d-N -i, -it
                  3 sg f s-(N) da- -us
                  3 sg n a-L, e-L d-L id-L, did-L, d-L -i, -it
                  1 pl n- don-, dun-, dan- -unn
                  2 pl b- dob-, dub-, dab- -uib
                  3 pl s-(N) da- -us

                  L means this form triggers lenition.
                  N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis)
                  (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

                  Polish

                  [edit]

                  Etymology

                  [edit]

                    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Masurized form of -usz or back formation of -uch?”)

                    Pronunciation

                    [edit]

                    Suffix

                    [edit]

                    -us

                    1. derogatory suffix
                      sługa + ‎-us → ‎sługus
                    2. demonym suffix
                      Kraków + ‎-us → ‎krakus

                    Derived terms

                    [edit]

                    Further reading

                    [edit]
                    • -us in Polish dictionaries at PWN

                    Welsh

                    [edit]

                    Etymology

                    [edit]

                    From Middle Welsh -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus.[1] Cognate with Cornish -us, Breton -us and English -ous.

                    Pronunciation

                    [edit]

                    Suffix

                    [edit]

                    -us

                    1. adjectival suffix often indicating a characteristic, propensity or abundance
                      blas (taste) + ‎-us → ‎blasus (tasty)
                      gwybod (to know) + ‎-us → ‎gwybodus (knowledgeable)
                      anffawd (misfortune) + ‎-us → ‎anffodus (unfortunate)
                    2. (chemistry) -ous, Used in chemical nomenclature to name chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a lower oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix -ig. For example asid nitrus (nitrous acid, HNO2) has fewer oxygen atoms per molecule than asid nitrig (nitric acid, HNO3).

                    Derived terms

                    [edit]

                    References

                    [edit]
                    1. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913), A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 i 13

                    Further reading

                    [edit]
                    • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “-us”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies