-um

See also: um, UM, .um, -um-, 'um, um-, and Appendix:Variations of "um"

English

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /əm/
  • Rhymes: -əm

Etymology 1

From the homographic case endings of the nominative, accusative, and vocative forms of numerous neuter Latin second declension nouns.

Suffix

-um (plural -a)

1. Denotes singular grammatical number.
2. (chemistry) Forms the ends of the names of certain elements (such as molybdenum and platinum).

Usage notes

• The vast majority of words which feature this suffix also have standard -ums plurals formed by suffixation with the -s plural suffix. However, in such situations, the -s suffix morphologically is additional to and separate from the -um suffix.

Derived terms

Terms which feature the -um suffix

• criterium
• datum
• decennium
• delirium
• desideratum
• erratum (cf. German Irrtum)
• fatum
• forum
• gymnasium
• honorarium
• imperium
• interbellum (between war(s))

• labarum
• lucidum
• mandatum
• maximum
• medium
• minimum
• millenium
• modicum
• mortuarium
• museum
• opium
• optimum

• Persarum
• pessarium
• podium
• postbellum (after war)
• referendum
• sanatorium
• solarium
• stadium
• talcum (any shiny mineral)
• tedium

• ultimatum
• unicum
• vacuum
• Valium

Translations

Latinate singular grammatical number suffix

• Dutch: -um (nl)
• French: -um (fr)
• German: -um
• Greek: -ο (el) (-o), -ον (-on)
• Italian: -o (it), -a (it)

• Japanese: ウム (-umu)
• Portuguese: -o (pt)
• Spanish: -o (es)
• Swedish: -um (sv)

See also

See also

• -a

• -ium

• -on

• -os

• -us

Etymology 2

Possibly from 'em.

Suffix

-um

1. Denotes transitive verbs in the trade pidgins used between English-speakers and indigenous populations; used derogatorily by extension in English by addition to any verb, transitive or not.
   • 1871, Mrs. Edward Millett, An Australian parsonage; or, The settler and the savage in Western Australia, p. 129:

     Having finished her return of deaths, she went on to say "Black fellow sick—white lady fowl sendum—white lady kangaroo sendum—master all self eatum—" but here she paused and made an exception in favour of the matron, expressed by the words " Missis not eatum—missis good fellow."

   • 1896, F J Stimsom, King Noanett: A Story of Old Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay, p. 254:

     "Givum dinner; smokum pipe," was all that we could get out of Quatchett.

Derived terms

(any sense):

English words suffixed with -um

Anagrams

• -mu-, MU, Mu, mu

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Bislama

Alternative forms

• -em
• -im

Etymology

From English him, 'em

Suffix

-um

1. Indicates a transitive verb

Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is u, then the suffix is -um. Otherwise, use -em or -im.

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Dutch

Suffix

-um (plural -a or -ums)

1. Denotes singular grammatical number of words of Latin origins.

Usage notes

• Both the plural forms of -a and -ums are used in everyday language, but the latter is sometimes proscribed against.

See also

• -s

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Hungarian

Etymology

From Latin -um (“2nd declension neuter nominative singular termination”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [um]

Suffix

-um

1. A distinguishable foreign word-ending in nouns of Latin origin. It is not considered an independent Hungarian suffix.

   abszurdum (“absurdity”)

See also

• Category:Hungarian nouns suffixed with -um
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

References

• Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006

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Icelandic

Suffix

-um

1. Used to form the dative plural of most nouns, all strong adjectives and most pronouns.
   • hestur → hestum — a horse → of the horses
   • ríkur → ríkum — rich → of the rich
2. Used to form the first person plural of verbs in the indicative and subjunctive, past and present.
   • telja (infinitive) → við teljum (we count or believe) (indicative)
   • við teldum subjunctive past tense, i.e., we would believe
3. Used to form some adverbs from nouns or adjectives — it is actually a frozen dative
   • stund (time, hour) → stundum — sometimes
   • langur (long) → löngum (oftentimes).

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Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /um/, [ʊ̃ˑ]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /um/, [um]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-om (thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending)

Alternative forms

• -om (conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD)

Suffix

-um

1. inflection of -us:
   1. accusative masculine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular

Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending)

Alternative forms

• -ûm (formerly used in New Latin and modern editions of Old/Classical/Late Latin works on words of the first and second declension; see usage notes)
• -om (conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD)

Suffix

-um

1. genitive plural ending

Usage notes

Latin genitive plural forms take the ending -um either by itself or with additional preceding material (generally determined by the word's conjugation class). First and second declension nouns and adjectives usually have genitive plural forms ending in -ārum and -ōrum, but in some contexts take the short ending -um (without preceding -ār-/-ōr-) instead: this is common with words denoting weights, measures and monetary value and with distributive numerals.

• second declension words with genitive plurals in -um:
  • distributive numerals
  • names of weights and measures: dēnārius, medimnum, nummus, sēstertius, stadium, talentum
  • deus and dīvus (the latter having the archaic genitive plural form divom with O due to the preceding V)
  • various other words, especially in poetry
• first declension words with genitive plurals in -um:
  • the measure words and amphora and drachma (less frequently than drachmarum)
  • in dactylic verse, compounds of -cola and -gena
  • some masculine Greek proper nouns, such as patronymics

In New Latin texts, the genitive plural suffix -um was formerly often spelled with an accent as -ûm when it appears in place of -ōrum or -ārum (as in deûm or amphorûm). This circumflexed spelling appears to have been motivated by the reinterpretation of the ending as a contraction of -ōrum/-ārum, leading to the assumption that the final syllable in forms like amphorum contained a long vowel. For the same reason, it can be found spelled as -ūm in some sources that use macrons to mark long vowels, such as Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary. However, this interpretation is outdated: according to modern etymological understanding, all Latin words ending in -um, regardless of which declension they belong to, had a short vowel in the final syllable in Classical Latin pronunciation.

Other factors that may have contributed to the use of the spelling -ûm are influence from the spelling of Greek genitive plural forms ending in -ῶν or desire to disambiguate genitive plural forms from accusative singular forms which would otherwise be spelled the same.

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Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /um/

Suffix

-um (suffixed pronoun)

1. me

Derived terms

Category Old Irish words suffixed with -um not found

See also

Old Irish affixed pronouns

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

Person	Infixed			Suffixed
	Class A	Class B	Class C
1 sing.	m-L	dom-L, dam-L		-um
2 sing.	t-L	dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L		-ut
3 sing. m.	a-N, e-N	d-N	id-N, did-N, d-N	-i, -it
3 sing. f.	s-(N)	da-		-us
3 sing. n.	a-L, e-L	d-L	id-L, did-L, d-L	-i, -it
1 pl.	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl.	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl.	s-(N)	da-		-us
L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

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Old Norse

Suffix

-um

1. Used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns and adjectives, as well as most pronouns
   • armr → ǫrmum
2. Used to denote the 1st person plural forms in the active indicative and imperative forms of most verbs

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Phalura

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-um/

Suffix

-um

1. First person singular suffix

Alternative forms

• -úum (With a- and e-ending verb stems)
• -áam (With a- and e-ending verb stems in Biori)

References

• Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[1], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

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Pijin

Alternative forms

• -em
• -im

Etymology

From English him, 'em

Suffix

-um

1. Indicates a transitive verb

Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is u, then the suffix is -um. Otherwise, use -em or -im.

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Scots

Alternative forms

• -im, -om, -am, -em

Etymology 1

From Middle English -um, from Old English -um, dative plural ending used to form adverbials.

Suffix

-um

1. (rare) Used to form adverbs.

   legim (“astride”)

Etymology 2

Probably of jocular formation, based partly on Latin -um and partly an altered form of -in(g)s, a verbal noun ending.

Suffix

-um

1. Added to nouns or verbs to form nouns with diminutive or hypocoristic force

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Swedish

Suffix

-um n

1. ending used for some words of Latin origin

Usage notes

• The plural is usually either -um or rarely, -a, e.g. centrum or centra. In some words it may also be -er, i.e. centrer, cf. -ium which regularly has a plural on -ier, although sometimes also -ium in colloquial language. The Latin plural ending -a is nowadays proscribed.

Derived terms

Category Swedish words suffixed with -um not found

See also

• -ium

Anagrams

• mu

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Turkish

Suffix

-um

1. First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.

   okul - okulum

   school - my school

   yol - yolum

   way - my way

2. Conjugation of the verb "to be" for first person singular simple present tense.

   masum - masumum

   innocent - I am innocent

Usage notes

• If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes "-m" (for the possessive suffix)

  soru - sorum

• It's used only when the word's last vowel is "o" or "u". It may change into "-im", "-ım" and "-üm" according to the last vowel of the word. (possessive suffix)

  ev - evim (the last vowel is "e" or "i")

  kız - kızım (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")

  yüz - yüzüm (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")

• If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".

  grup - grubum

  burç - burcum

  periyot - periyodum

  çocuk - çocuğum

• It may cause the last vowel of the word to be dropped.

  burun - burnum

• If the word ends in a vowel, an auxiliary consonant is used ; "y". (for the verb to be)

  mutlu - mutluyum

• It must be used with an apostrophe while using with a proper noun.

  Umut - Umut'um

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Volapük

Suffix

-um

1. Used to form the comparative form of adjectives.