-tus
See also: Appendix:Variations of "tus"
Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]By analogy with -us derivatives of verbs ending in -ttaa and -staa, which are plenty.
Suffix
[edit]-tus (front vowel harmony variant -tys, linguistic notation -tUs)
- alternative form of -us (forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event)
Usage notes
[edit]This variant of the suffix is used when the verb belongs to the conjugation classes:
- 66 (rohkaista); the stem for the verb will be the consonant stem ending in -s-
- 69 (valita); the stem for the verb will be the part prior to the final -ts-
Declension
[edit]| Inflection of -tus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -tus | -tukset | |
| genitive | -tuksen | -tusten -tuksien | |
| partitive | -tusta | -tuksia | |
| illative | -tukseen | -tuksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -tus | -tukset | |
| accusative | nom. | -tus | -tukset |
| gen. | -tuksen | ||
| genitive | -tuksen | -tusten -tuksien | |
| partitive | -tusta | -tuksia | |
| inessive | -tuksessa | -tuksissa | |
| elative | -tuksesta | -tuksista | |
| illative | -tukseen | -tuksiin | |
| adessive | -tuksella | -tuksilla | |
| ablative | -tukselta | -tuksilta | |
| allative | -tukselle | -tuksille | |
| essive | -tuksena | -tuksina | |
| translative | -tukseksi | -tuksiksi | |
| abessive | -tuksetta | -tuksitta | |
| instructive | — | -tuksin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -tus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
[edit]Gothic
[edit]Romanization
[edit]-tus
- romanization of -𐍄𐌿𐍃
Latin
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós.
Compare Sanskrit -त (-tá), Proto-Slavic *-tъ, Proto-Germanic *-þaz, *-daz, *-taz.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈtʊs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈtus]
Suffix
[edit]-tus (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second-declension suffix
- Forms the past participle of verbs.
- Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with".
Usage notes
[edit]This suffix is one of many (including -tus, -tor, -tiō, -tim, -tō, -tūra) that all use the same verb stem as the supine, perfect passive participle, and/or future active participle, found in the verb's fourth principal part. This stem is conventionally considered to end in -t- (or for some verbs, -s-), which would imply analyzing the suffixes as -us, -or, -io, -im, etc. However, from an etymological perspective it is more accurate to identify -t-/-s- as the initial consonant of these suffixes.
- Most 1st conjugation verbs attach -t- after the theme vowel -ā-: e.g. amō, amātor, but a few form this principal part differently: e.g. secō > sectiō. Similarly, many 4th conjugation verbs use -ī-t-, but some use other formations, e.g. saliō > saltō.
- 2nd conjugation verbs are less consistent. Many use -i-t- (moneō, monitor); some attach -t- after the final consonant of the root (doceō > doctor); a considerable number lack this principal part. Monosyllabic stems use -ē-t-: ex-pleō (stem plē-) > explētiō.
- Many 3rd conjugation verbs (and some 1st, 2nd and 4th) attach -t- directly after a consonant, which can cause complex changes. When -t- is placed after -t- or -d-, the consonants merge to -ss- (simplified to -s- if not preceded by short vowel): metō > messor, caedo > caesūra. Occasionally -s- is used after other consonants: curro > cursim, mergo > mersō. Before -t-, -b- -g- are regularly devoiced to -p- -c-: scrībō > scrīptor; frīgō > frīctus. The addition of -t- can be accompanied by various other changes, including vowel shortening, vowel lengthening, consonant insertion, or consonant deletion.
See this page for a more complete analysis.
Declension
[edit]First/second-declension adjective.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | -tus | -ta | -tum | -tī | -tae | -ta | |
| genitive | -tī | -tae | -tī | -tōrum | -tārum | -tōrum | |
| dative | -tō | -tae | -tō | -tīs | |||
| accusative | -tum | -tam | -tum | -tōs | -tās | -ta | |
| ablative | -tō | -tā | -tō | -tīs | |||
| vocative | -te | -ta | -tum | -tī | -tae | -ta | |
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).
Cognate with Sanskrit -तुम् (-tum), Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς (-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈtʊs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈtus]
Suffix
[edit]-tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension
- Forms action nouns from verbs.
Usage notes
[edit]The verb stem undergoes the same modifications as with the above suffix.
Declension
[edit]Fourth-declension noun.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -tus | -tūs |
| genitive | -tūs | -tuum |
| dative | -tuī | -tibus |
| accusative | -tum | -tūs |
| ablative | -tū | -tibus |
| vocative | -tus | -tūs |
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūss, Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs). See -tās.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈtuːs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈtus]
Suffix
[edit]-tūs f (genitive -tūtis); third declension
- Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns.
Declension
[edit]Third-declension noun.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -tūs | -tūtēs |
| genitive | -tūtis | -tūtum |
| dative | -tūtī | -tūtibus |
| accusative | -tūtem | -tūtēs |
| ablative | -tūte | -tūtibus |
| vocative | -tūs | -tūtēs |
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tos. Compare Ancient Greek -τός (-tós), found in the adverb ἐντός (entós, “within”), and Sanskrit -तस् (-tas), found as an ablatival ending in अतस् (átas), अग्रतस् (agratás).[1]
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [tʊs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [tus]
Suffix
[edit]-tus (not comparable)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Rosén, H. (2007). "A Latin adverbialization: -(i)tus from separative-locative to manner adverb." Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, 120, 215–230. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40849301
Further reading
[edit]- “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Categories:
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish suffixes
- Finnish noun-forming suffixes
- Finnish vastaus-type nominals
- Gothic non-lemma forms
- Gothic romanizations
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin adjective-forming suffixes
- Latin first and second declension suffixes
- Latin noun-forming suffixes
- Latin fourth declension suffixes
- Latin masculine suffixes in the fourth declension
- Latin masculine suffixes
- Latin third declension suffixes
- Latin feminine suffixes in the third declension
- Latin feminine suffixes
- Latin adverb-forming suffixes
- Latin uncomparable adverbs
- Latin inflectional suffixes