ius

See also: Ius, IUs, and -ius

Gothic

Romanization

ius

1. Romanization of 𐌹𐌿𐍃

Latin

Alternative forms

• jūs

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /i̯uːs/, [i̯uːs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /jus/, [jus]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *jowos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-, an extended form of the root *h₂ey- (the source of aevum and iuvenis). Cognate with Sanskrit योस् (yós).

Noun

iūs n (genitive iūris); third declension

1. law, right
   • 163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos :

     Ius summum saepe summa est malitia.

     Supreme law is often supreme malice.

2. subjective right, individual right
3. court of law

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	iūs	iūra
Genitive	iūris	iūrum
Dative	iūrī	iūribus
Accusative	iūs	iūra
Ablative	iūre	iūribus
Vocative	iūs	iūra

The genitive plural iūrum does appear rarely, e.g. in Plautus and in Cato as quoted by Charisius.

Derived terms

• iniūria
• iniūrius
• iūrgō
• iūrō
• iūs prīmae noctis
• iūstitium
• iūstus
• periūrus

 

Descendants

• Asturian: xuru
• Old Galician-Portuguese: jur
  • Portuguese: juro
  • Galician: xuro
• Old Spanish: jur
  • Spanish: juro
• → German: Jura, Jus
• → Italian: gius, giure (learned)
• → Portuguese: jus (learned)
• → Sicilian: jussu (learned)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“soup, broth”). Cognate with Sanskrit यूस् (yūs), यूष (yūṣa), Ancient Greek ζύμη (zúmē), Proto-Germanic *justaz, Proto-Slavic *juxa.

Noun

iūs n (genitive iūris); third declension

2. gravy
3. broth, soup
4. sauce
5. juice

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	iūs	iūra
Genitive	iūris	iūrum
Dative	iūrī	iūribus
Accusative	iūs	iūra
Ablative	iūre	iūribus
Vocative	iūs	iūra

Derived terms

• iūrulentus
• iūsculum

Descendants

• Franco-Provençal: jus
• Lombard: giusc
• Old French: jus, jous
  • Middle French: jus, juz, just
    • French: jus
      • Haitian Creole: ji
      • → Algerian Arabic: جي
      • → Dutch: jus
      • → English: jus
      • → German: Jus, Schü (obsolete)
        • → Danish: sky
        • → Swedish: sky
      • → Luxembourgish: Jus
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: sjy
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: sjy
      • → West Frisian: sjú
    • Norman: jus
  • → Middle English: jus, juse, juce, juys, juyse, jewse, jeuse, jous, jows, jwisch, juwys
    • English: juice (see there for further descendants)
    • Scots: joice, jice
• Piedmontese: giuss

References

• “jūs”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “iūs”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• ius in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• ius in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to have become independent, be no longer a minor: sui iuris factum esse
    
  • to teach some one letters: erudire aliquem artibus, litteris (but erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari)
    
  • to grant a people its independence: populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati
    
  • to administer justice (said of the praetor): ius dicere
    
  • to administer justice (said of the praetor): ius reddere (Liv. 3. 33)
    
  • to assert one's right: ius suum persequi
    
  • to obtain justice: ius suum adipisci (Liv. 1. 32. 10)
    
  • to maintain one's right: ius suum tenere, obtinere
    
  • to waive one's right: de iure suo decedere or cedere
    
  • to go to law with a person: (ex) iure, lege agere cum aliquo
    
  • to proceed against some one with the utmost rigour of the law; to strain the law in one's favour: summo iure agere cum aliquo (cf. summum ius, summa iniuria)
    
  • to summon some one before the court: in ius, in iudicium vocare aliquem
    
  • a sound judicial system: aequa iuris descriptio (Off. 2. 4. 15)
    
  • to live with some one on an equal footing: aequo iure vivere cum aliquo
    
  • to reduce law to a system: ius ad artem redigere
    
  • absence of justice: ius nullum
    
  • to trample all law under foot: ius ac fas omne delere
    
  • against all law, human and divine: contra ius fasque
    
  • with full right: optimo iure
    
  • prerogative, privilege: ius praecipuum, beneficium, donum, also immunitas c. Gen.
    
  • to violate the law of nations: ius gentium violare
    
  • quite rightly: et recte (iure, merito)
    
  • quite rightly: et recte (iure) quidem
    
  • quite rightly: recte, iure id quidem
    
  • with perfect right: meo (tuo, suo) iure
    
  • with perfect right: iusto iure
    
  • legitimately; with the fullest right: optimo iure (cf. summo iure, sect. XV. 1).
    
  • (ambiguous) to give the state a constitution: civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere
    
  • (ambiguous) anarchy reigns supreme: omnia divina humanaque iura permiscentur (B. C. 1. 6. 8)
    
  • (ambiguous) to trample all law under foot: omnia iura pervertere
    
• “ius”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 507