iuro

Latin

Alternative forms

jūrō

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey-

Proto-Indo-European *-u

Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu

Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-

Proto-Indo-European *-os

Proto-Indo-European *h₂yéwos

Proto-Italic *jowos

Archaic Latin *iowos, *iowez-

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.

Proto-Italic *-ājō

Proto-Italic *-āō

Archaic Latin -ō

Archaic Latin iovesō

Latin iūrō

By surface analysis, iūs +‎ -ō. From Archaic Latin iovesō, from *iowez- (the oblique stem of *iowos, whence iūs^[1]) + -ō. Ultimately from from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈjuː.roː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈjuː.ro]

Verb

iūrō (present infinitive iūrāre, perfect active iūrāvī, supine iūrātum); first conjugation

to confirm formally, to pronounce enforceably, to swear, to vow, to take an oath
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.425–426:
  “Nōn ego cum Danaīs Troiānam exscindere gentem
  Aulide iūrāvī, classemve ad Pergama mīsī, [...].”
  “I never swore the Grecian oath at Aulis to destroy the Trojan race, nor did I send warships against Pergamum, [...].”

Conjugation

Conjugation of iūrō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	iūrō	iūrās		iūrat	iūrāmus	iūrātis		iūrant
	imperfect	iūrābam	iūrābās		iūrābat	iūrābāmus	iūrābātis		iūrābant
	future	iūrābō	iūrābis		iūrābit	iūrābimus	iūrābitis		iūrābunt
	perfect	iūrāvī	iūrāvistī		iūrāvit	iūrāvimus	iūrāvistis		iūrāvērunt, iūrāvēre
	pluperfect	iūrāveram	iūrāverās		iūrāverat	iūrāverāmus	iūrāverātis		iūrāverant
	future perfect	iūrāverō	iūrāveris		iūrāverit	iūrāverimus	iūrāveritis		iūrāverint
	sigmatic future¹	iūrāssō	iūrāssis		iūrāssit	iūrāssimus	iūrāssitis		iūrāssint
passive	present	iūror	iūrāris, iūrāre		iūrātur	iūrāmur	iūrāminī		iūrantur
	imperfect	iūrābar	iūrābāris, iūrābāre		iūrābātur	iūrābāmur	iūrābāminī		iūrābantur
	future	iūrābor	iūrāberis, iūrābere		iūrābitur	iūrābimur	iūrābiminī		iūrābuntur
	perfect	iūrātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	iūrātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	iūrātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	iūrem	iūrēs		iūret	iūrēmus	iūrētis		iūrent
	imperfect	iūrārem	iūrārēs		iūrāret	iūrārēmus	iūrārētis		iūrārent
	perfect	iūrāverim	iūrāverīs		iūrāverit	iūrāverīmus	iūrāverītis		iūrāverint
	pluperfect	iūrāvissem	iūrāvissēs		iūrāvisset	iūrāvissēmus	iūrāvissētis		iūrāvissent
	sigmatic aorist¹	iūrāssim	iūrāssīs		iūrāssīt	iūrāssīmus	iūrāssītis		iūrāssint
passive	present	iūrer	iūrēris, iūrēre		iūrētur	iūrēmur	iūrēminī		iūrentur
	imperfect	iūrārer	iūrārēris, iūrārēre		iūrārētur	iūrārēmur	iūrārēminī		iūrārentur
	perfect	iūrātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	iūrātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	iūrā		—	—	iūrāte		—
active	future	—	iūrātō		iūrātō	—	iūrātōte		iūrantō
passive	present	—	iūrāre		—	—	iūrāminī		—
passive	future	—	iūrātor		iūrātor	—	—		iūrantor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		iūrāre		iūrārī		iūrāns		—
future		iūrātūrum esse		iūrātum īrī		iūrātūrus		iūrandus
perfect		iūrāvisse		iūrātum esse		—		iūrātus
future perfect		—		iūrātum fore		—		—
perfect potential		iūrātūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		iūrandī	iūrandō		iūrandum	iūrandō	iūrātum		iūrātū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Derived terms

Descendants

→ Albanian: (për)gjëroj
Aromanian: giur, giurari
Catalan: jurar
Friulian: zurâ, ğurâ, xurar
Istro-Romanian: jur
Italian: giurare
Megleno-Romanian: jur, jurari
Norman: juther (Jersey)
Occitan: jurar
Old Leonese: iurar, aiurar
- Asturian: xurar
Old Galician-Portuguese: jurar
- Galician: xurar
- Portuguese: jurar
Old French: jurer
- Anglo-Norman: jurer
  - → English: jury
- French: jurer
Old Spanish: jurar, iurar
- Spanish: jurar
Romanian: jura, jurare
Sardinian: giurài, giurare, zurare
Sicilian: jurari
Walloon: djurer
Venetan: giurar, xurar, zurar

References

^ Nussbaum, Alan J. (2022), “Old Latin iouosdica- and Classical iūdicāre”, in Grestenberger, Laura, Reiss, Charles, Fellner, Hannes, Pantillon, Gabriel Zacharie, editors, Ha! Linguistic Studies in Honor of Mark R. Hale, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, page 10: “Lat. *iouos, *ioues-”

“juro”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“iuro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
“iuro”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- I swear on my conscience: ex animi mei sententia iuro
- to swear obedience to a law: in legem iurare (Sest. 16. 37)
- (ambiguous) to give the state a constitution: civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere
- (ambiguous) anarchy reigns supreme: omnia divina humanaque iura permiscentur (B. C. 1. 6. 8)
- (ambiguous) to trample all law under foot: omnia iura pervertere

[1] Nussbaum, Alan J. (2022), “Old Latin iouosdica- and Classical iūdicāre”, in Grestenberger, Laura, Reiss, Charles, Fellner, Hannes, Pantillon, Gabriel Zacharie, editors, Ha! Linguistic Studies in Honor of Mark R. Hale, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, page 10: “Lat. *iouos, *ioues-”

[1]