Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yúHs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Pronoun

*yúHs^[1]^[2]^[3]

you (plural)

Declension

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Andrew Sihler's reconstruction^[4]
	dual	plural
nominative	yū́h₁ (^?yūh₁)	yū́s (^?yúHs)
accusative	uh₁-wé ~ wō̆h₁	usmé ~ wō̆s
genitive	?	usóm ~ wō̆s
ablative	?	*usm-ét
dative	?	usm-éy ~ wō̆s

Donald Ringe's reconstruction^[5]
	dual	plural
nominative	*yú	*yū́
accusative	uh₃wé ~ woh₃	uswé ~ wos
genitive	?	? ~ *wos
dative	?	? ~ *wos

Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction^[6]
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European	plural
nominative	*yuH
accusative	us ~ wōs (?)
genitive	?
dative	?
oblique	us- ~ wos
Outer-Anatolian IE	plural
nominative	*yuH
oblique	*us-
enclitic	*wos
Proto-Indo-European	plural
nominative	?
accusative	?
oblique	?

Robert Beekes' reconstruction^[7]
	plural
nominative	*yuH
accusative	usmé ~ wōs
genitive	yus(er)o- ~ wos
ablative	*usmed
dative	*usmey
locative	*usmi
instrumental	?
poss. adj.	*usos

Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction^[8]
	dual	plural
nominative	*yuh₁-	*yu-
accusative	*uh₁e	*usme
genitive	*woh₁	*wos
ablative	?	?
dative	?	?
locative	*uh₁i	*usmi

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction^[9]
	plural
nominative	*yúH(s)
accusative	*wōs
genitive	wos/wes
ablative	?
dative	?
poss. adj.	*us-tero-s?

Alternative reconstructions

*yúH^[7]
*yū́^[5]
*yu-^[8]

Derived terms

*wóHs^[10] or *wōs^[7] (accusative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wōns (with nasal from acc.pl. ending *-ons)
  - Old Prussian: wans
  - Proto-Slavic: *vy (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waHs
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬬𐬃 (vā̊, enclitic)
- Proto-Italic: *wōs (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *wóHs-yos
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wōśjas
    - Proto-Slavic: *vašь (see there for further descendants)
*wos^[10] (oblique, enclitic)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *was (see there for further descendants)
*woh₁ (enclitic acc./dat./gen. dual)^[10]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wōˀ
  - Proto-Slavic: *va (nom./acc./dat.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waH^[11]
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: वाम् (vām) (with -म् (-m) from acc. युवाम् (yuvā́m))
*usmé^[10] (accusative; possibly from *us + *mé indicating "you (pl.) with (the others)")
- Proto-Hellenic: *husmé
  - Ancient Greek: ὑμέας (huméas), ὔμμε (úmme), ῡ̔μέ (hūmé)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yušmá (with *y- from nominative)
  - ⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuṣmā́m (+ *-ám^[10])
    - Sanskrit: युष्मान् (yuṣmā́n)
- ⇒ *usmé-s (new nominative)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *husmés
    - Ancient Greek: ῡ̔μεῖς (hūmeîs), ὔμμες (úmmes), ῡ̔μές (hūmés), οὐμές (oumés)
*uswé^[10] (accusative; possibly from *us + *wé indicating "you (pl.) without (the others)")
- Proto-Germanic: *izwiz (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *swé-es, *swḗs (new nominative with apheresis)
  - >? Proto-Anatolian:
    - Hittite: 𒋗𒈨𒌍 (šu-me-eš) (if from *suwḗs; or with metathesis from *usmés)
  - Proto-Celtic: *swīs (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

*wes-teros
- Proto-Celtic: *sweseros
- Proto-Italic: *westeros (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

>? Proto-Albanian: *ju(s)
- Albanian: ju (or from oblique *wos > *wë with added j-^[10])
? Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ձեզ (jez) (< *y(us)e), ձեր (jer) (< *y(us)er)
  - Armenian: ձեզ (jez), ձեր (jer)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jūˀs
- Latgalian: jius
- Latvian: jūs
- Lithuanian: jūs
- Old Prussian: ioūs
Proto-Germanic: *jūz, *jut (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yúHš (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *yes^[12] (conflated with oblique stem)
- Tocharian A: yas
- Tocharian B: yes

References

^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 389
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 417
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “yūyám”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 625
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 372-373
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57: “yū́ (< **yúy ?)”
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-115
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 233-4
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Kortlandt, Frederik (2006), Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation‎^[2], Leiden University
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 631,691
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*u̯ó- 'euch'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 855-860
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017–2018), “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Indo-Iranian, page 1904: “*u̯ā”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “tuwe”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN

[1] Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 389

[2] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 417

[3] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “yūyám”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 625

[4] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 372-373

[Ringe-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 57: “yū́ (< **yúy ?)”

[Kloekhorst-6] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-115

[CIEL-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 233-4

[Kortlandt-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Kortlandt, Frederik (2006), Balto-Slavic Personal Pronouns and Their Accentuation‎^[2], Leiden University

[9] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 631,691

[LIPP_wo-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*u̯ó- 'euch'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 855-860

[11] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017–2018), “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Indo-Iranian, page 1904: “*u̯ā”

[12] Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “tuwe”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN

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