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See also: and
U+5916, 外
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5916

[U+5915]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5917]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

(Kangxi radical 36, +2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈卜 (NIY), four-corner 23200, composition (GHTVHK))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 246, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5750
  • Dae Jaweon: page 487, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 860, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5916

Chinese[edit]

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms 𡖄

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋʷaːds): semantic + phonetic (OC *ŋod).

Pronunciation[edit]


Note: wei4 appears in some phrases.
Note:
  • nguôi - literary;
  • ngiê - colloquial.
  • Min Nan
  • Note:
    • gōa/giua - colloquial;
    • gōe/ngoǎi/goǎi - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
  • Note: uai4 - literary.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /uai⁵¹/
    Harbin /uai⁵³/
    Tianjin /vai⁵³/
    Jinan /vɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /vɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /uai³¹²/
    Xi'an /uai⁴⁴/
    Xining /uɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /vɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /vɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /vai²¹³/
    Wuhan /uai³⁵/
    Chengdu /uai¹³/
    Guiyang /uai²¹³/
    Kunming /uæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /uae⁴⁴/
    Hefei /ue̞⁵³/
    /ue⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /vai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /uæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /vɛ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ŋa²³/
    Suzhou /ŋɑ³¹/
    Hangzhou /ɦue̞¹³/
    Wenzhou /va²²/
    Hui Shexian /uɛ²²/
    /ŋa²²/
    Tunxi /ŋa¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /uai⁵⁵/
    /uai¹¹/
    Xiangtan /uai²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /uai²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /ŋoi⁵³/
    Taoyuan /ŋoi⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋɔi²²/
    Nanning /ŋɔi²²/
    Hong Kong /ŋɔi²²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /gue²²/
    /gua²²/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋuɔi²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kuɛ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /gua³¹/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ŋɔi³³/
    /hua²³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (31)
    Final () (26)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division () I
    Fanqie
    Baxter ngwajH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ŋuɑiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ŋʷɑiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ŋuɑiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ŋwajH/
    Li
    Rong
    /ŋuɑiH/
    Wang
    Li
    /ŋuɑiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ŋuɑiH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    wèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    ngoi6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    wài
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ ngwajH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/
    English outside

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12606
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    1
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*ŋʷaːds/

    Definitions[edit]

    1. out; outside; external
      Antonyms: (), (nèi)
        ―  chuāng wài  ―  outside a window
        ―  wàibiǎo  ―  outward appearance
    2. beyond; above; in addition to; other than; except
        ―  wài  ―  in addition (to this)
      公里  ―  shí gōnglǐ wài  ―  10 km beyond (a place)
    3. other; foreign; alien (not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.)
        ―  wàiguó  ―  foreign country
        ―  wài xiào  ―  other schools
    4. foreign country
        ―  zhōngwài  ―  China and foreign countries; in and outside of China
      貿易贸易  ―  duì wài màoyì  ―  foreign trade
      詞典词典  ―  hàn-wài cídiǎn  ―  Chinese dictionary in a foreign language
    5. (literary) to alienate; to other; to exclude; to distance
        ―  jiànwài  ―  to make me feel like an outsider (literally, "to have me excluded [from the familiar circle]")
    6. relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter
        ―  wài  ―  maternal grandmother
        ―  wàisūn  ―  daughter's son
      祖父  ―  wàizǔfù  ―  maternal grandfather
    7. additional
        ―  wàijiā  ―  plus
        ―  wàidài  ―  to include (something) as well
    8. unofficial
        ―  wàishǐ  ―  unofficial history
        ―  wàihào  ―  nickname
    9. (Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as
      二十二十 [Hokkien]  ―  jī-cha̍p gōa hòe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  20-something years old

    Synonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: () (ge); (がい) (gai)
    • Korean: 외(外) (oe)
    • Vietnamese: ngoại ()

    Others:

    • Vietnamese: ngoài (outside)

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. outside
    2. foreign
    3. other
    4. except

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    そと
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Appears from roughly the Muromachi period,[1] superseding earlier to reading (see below). Likely a compound of either (so, back, behind, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ (to, outside), or (so, back, behind, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ (to, place).[2]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (そと) (soto

    1. (the) outside
      (はこ)(そと)
      hako no soto
      outside of the box
      (そと)(あめ)
      soto wa ame
      it is raining outside
      (literally, “outside is rain”)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    ほか
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *poka.

    Related to Baekje ホカ (*poka, outside).[4]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    (ほか) (hoka

    1. other (things); the rest

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    よそ
    Grade: 2
    irregular
    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    余所よそ
    [noun] another place
    [noun] a place outside one's family or group
    [noun] an unrelated person, place, or thing
    Alternative spellings
    他所,
    (This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    () (to

    1. (the) outside
    2. toilet

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    がい
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    Middle Chinese (ŋuɑiH)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    (がい) (-gaiぐわい (gwai)?

    1. outside; external
    2. except for
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese (MC ŋuɑiH).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    () (ge

    1. (Buddhism) non-Buddhist teachings or texts
    2. (in compounds) external
    Derived terms[edit]

    Usage notes[edit]

    The printed form of this character often differs from its handwritten form; in the latter, the last stroke often does not pass through, as in the printed Chinese form.

    References[edit]

    1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    3. 3.0 3.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    4. ^ John Bentley (2000), “New Look at Paekche and Korean: Data from Nihon shoki”, in Language Research[1], volume 36, issue 2, Seoul National University, pages 417—443

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese (MC ŋuɑiH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] (Yale: pàs) 외〯 (Yale: wǒy)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [we̞(ː)] ~ [ø̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 바깥 (bakkat oe))

    1. Hanja form? of (outside; surface). [affix]

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    : Hán Nôm readings: ngoại, ngoái, ngoải, ngoài, nguậy

    • This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Readings[edit]

    • Nôm: ngoái, ngoài, ngoại, ngòi, ngồi

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
    • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville