外

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See also: 㚈 and 舛
外 U+5916, 外
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5916
← 夕
[U+5915] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 夗 →
[U+5917]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order
外-order.gif

Han character[edit]

外 (radical 36, 夕+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈卜 (NIY), four-corner 23200, composition ⿰夕卜(GHTVHK)))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 246, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5750
  • Dae Jaweon: page 487, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 860, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5916

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 外
alternative forms 𡖄

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 外
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
外-oracle.svg 外-bronze.svg 外-seal.svg 外-bigseal.svg

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋʷaːds): semantic 卜 + phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: wei4 appears in some phrases.
Note:
  • nguôi - literary;
  • ngiê - colloquial.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • gōe - literary;
    • gōa - colloquial.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Note: uai4 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 外
    Mandarin Beijing /uai⁵¹/
    Harbin /uai⁵³/
    Tianjin /vai⁵³/
    Jinan /vɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /vɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /uai³¹²/
    Xi'an /uai⁴⁴/
    Xining /uɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /vɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /vɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /vai²¹³/
    Wuhan /uai³⁵/
    Chengdu /uai¹³/
    Guiyang /uai²¹³/
    Kunming /uæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /uae⁴⁴/
    Hefei /ue̞⁵³/
    /ue⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /vai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /uæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /vɛ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ŋa²³/
    Suzhou /ŋɑ³¹/
    Hangzhou /ɦue̞¹³/
    Wenzhou /va²²/
    Hui Shexian /uɛ²²/
    /ŋa²²/
    Tunxi /ŋa¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /uai⁵⁵/
    /uai¹¹/
    Xiangtan /uai²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /uai²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /ŋoi⁵³/
    Taoyuan /ŋoi⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋɔi²²/
    Nanning /ŋɔi²²/
    Hong Kong /ŋɔi²²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /gue²²/
    /gua²²/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋuɔi²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kuɛ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /gua³¹/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ŋɔi³³/
    /hua²³/
    Rime
    Character 外
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 泰 (26)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 五會切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋuɑiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋʷɑiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋuɑiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋwajH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋuɑiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋuɑiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋuɑiH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wèi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ngoi6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 外
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ngwajH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/
    English outside

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 外
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12606
    Phonetic
    component         		外
    Rime
    group         		祭
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		外
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋʷaːds/

    Definitions[edit]

    外

    1. out; outside; external
      Antonyms: 裡／里 (lǐ), 內／内 (nèi)
    2. beyond; above; in addition to; other than; except
      此外  ―  cǐwài  ―  in addition (to this)
    3. foreign; alien (not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.)
      外國 / 外国  ―  wàiguó  ―  foreign country
    4. (literary) to alienate; to other; to exclude; to distance
      見外 / 见外  ―  jiànwài  ―  to make me feel like an outsider (literally, "to have me excluded [from the familiar circle]")
    5. relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter
      外婆  ―  wàipó  ―  maternal grandmother
      外孫 / 外孙  ―  wàisūn  ―  daughter's son
      外祖父  ―  wàizǔfù  ―  maternal grandfather

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 外

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (外):
    • → Japanese: 外(げ) (ge); 外(がい) (gai)
    • → Korean: 외 (外, oe)
    • → Vietnamese: ngoại (外)

    Others:

    • → Vietnamese: ngoài (“outside”)

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    外

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. outside
    2. foreign
    3. other
    4. except

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    外
    そと
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Appears from roughly the Muromachi period,[1] superseding earlier to reading (see below). Likely a compound of either 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ 外 (to, “outside”), or 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ 所 (to, “place”).[2]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    外(そと) • (soto) 

    1. (the) outside

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    外
    ほか
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    外(ほか) • (hoka) 

    1. other (things); the rest

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    外
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    外(よそ) • (yoso) 

    1. Alternative spelling of 余所

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    外
    と
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    外(と) • (to) 

    1. (the) outside
    2. toilet

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    外
    がい
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    Middle Chinese 外

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    外(がい) • (-gai) ←ぐわい (gwai)?

    1. outside; external
    2. except for
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    外
    げ
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ŋuɑiH).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    外(げ) • (ge) 

    1. (Buddhism) non-Buddhist teachings or texts
    2. (in compounds) external
    Derived terms[edit]

    Usage notes[edit]

    The printed form of this character often differs from its handwritten form; in the latter, the last stroke often does not pass through, as in the printed Chinese form.

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ŋuɑiH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] 밧 (Yale: pàs) 외〯 (Yale: wǒy)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [we̞(ː)] ~ [ø̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangeul: [웨(ː)/외(ː)]
      • Long vowel distinction only applies at the initial position. Most speakers no longer distinguish vowel length at any position.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    外 (eumhun 바깥 외 (bakkat oe))

    1. Hanja form? of 외 (“outside; surface”). [affix]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    外: Hán Nôm readings: ngoại, ngoái, ngoải, ngoài, nguậy

    • This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Readings[edit]

    • Nôm: ngoái, ngoài, ngoại, ngòi, ngồi

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
    • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville
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