外
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
外 (Kangxi radical 36, 夕+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈卜 (NIY), four-corner 23200, composition ⿰夕卜(GHTVHK))
Derived characters[edit]
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 246, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5750
- Dae Jaweon: page 487, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 860, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5916
Chinese[edit]
| trad. | 外 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 外 | |
| alternative forms | 𡖄 | |
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 外 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋʷaːds): semantic 卜 + phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
外
- out; outside; external
- beyond; above; in addition to; other than; except
- other; foreign; alien (not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.)
- foreign country
- (literary) to alienate; to other; to exclude; to distance
- 見外／见外 ― jiànwài ― to make me feel like an outsider (literally, "to have me excluded [from the familiar circle]")
- 內其國而外諸夏，內諸夏而外夷狄。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
- Nèi qí guó ér wài Zhūxià, nèi Zhūxià ér wài Yídí. [Pinyin]
- to deem one's own state "the in" and treat the other Xias as "the other", while allying oneself with the Xias and distancing oneself from the Barbarians.
内其国而外诸夏，内诸夏而外夷狄。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter
- additional
- unofficial
- (Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as
Synonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Derived terms from 外
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Descendants[edit]
Others:
- → Vietnamese: ngoài (“outside”)
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
外
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō)←げ (ge, historical)←ぐゑ (gwe, ancient)
- Kan-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)←ぐわい (gwai, historical)
- Tō-on: うい (ui)
- Kun: そと (soto, 外, Jōyō); ほか (hoka, 外, Jōyō); はずす (hazusu, 外す, Jōyō); はずれる (hazureru, 外れる, Jōyō); と (to)
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 外 |
| そと Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Appears from roughly the Muromachi period,[1] superseding earlier to reading (see below). Likely a compound of either 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) + 外 (to, “outside”), or 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) + 所 (to, “place”).[2]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (the) outside
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 外 |
| ほか Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *poka.
Related to Baekje ホカ (*poka, “outside”).[4]
Alternative forms[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 外 |
| よそ Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 外 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 外, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 4[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 外 |
| と Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Etymology 5[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 外 |
| がい Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi |
Middle Chinese 外 (ŋuɑiH)
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
- 外骨格 (gaikokkaku): an exoskeleton
- 外形 (gaikei): external shape/form
- 外祖母 (gaisobo): (rare) maternal grandmother, mother's mother
- 外交 (gaikō)
- 外人 (gaijin)
- 外傷 (gaishō)
- 外出 (gaishutsu)
- 外務省 (gaimushō)
- 外国 (gaikoku)
- 外国人 (gaikokujin)
- 外国語 (gaikokugo)
- 外来 (gairai)
- 外来語 (gairaigo)
- 外泊 (gaihaku)
- 外相 (gaishō)
- 外耳 (gaiji)
- 外苑 (gaien)
- 外資 (gaishi)
- 外貨 (gaika)
- 外装 (gaisō)
- 外部 (gaibu)
- 海外 (kaigai)
- 室外 (shitsugai): outside a room, outdoor
Etymology 6[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 外 |
| げ Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ŋuɑiH).
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- 外科 (geka): surgery (as a field of medicine)
- 外道 (gedō): any non-Buddhist religion
- 外法 (gehō): any non-Buddhist religion; any non-Buddhist teaching
Usage notes[edit]
The printed form of this character often differs from its handwritten form; in the latter, the last stroke often does not pass through, as in the printed Chinese form.
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ John Bentley (2000), “New Look at Paekche and Korean: Data from Nihon shoki”, in Language Research[1], volume 36, issue 2, Seoul National University, pages 417—443
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ŋuɑiH).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 밧 (Yale: pàs) | 외〯 (Yale: wǒy) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [we̞(ː)] ~ [ø̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [웨(ː)/외(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
外: Hán Nôm readings: ngoại, ngoái, ngoải, ngoài, nguậy
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Readings[edit]
- Nôm: ngoái, ngoài, ngoại, ngòi, ngồi
Compounds[edit]
- ngoại quốc (外國)
References[edit]
- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
- Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville
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- ja:Buddhism
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