外

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See also: 㚈
外 U+5916, 外
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5916
← 夕
[U+5915]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 夗 →
[U+5917]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character[edit]

外 (radical 36 夕+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈卜 (NIY), four-corner 23200, composition ⿰夕卜)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 246, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5750
  • Dae Jaweon: page 487, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 860, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5916

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 外

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 外
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
外-oracle.svg 外-bronze.svg 外-seal.svg 外-bigseal.svg

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋʷaːds): semantic 卜 + phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: wei4 appears in some phrases.
Note:
  • nguôi - literary;
  • ngiê - colloquial.
Note:
  • gōe - literary;
  • gōa - colloquial.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 外
Mandarin Beijing /uai⁵¹/
Harbin /uai⁵³/
Tianjin /vai⁵³/
Jinan /vɛ²¹/
Qingdao /vɛ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /uai³¹²/
Xi'an /uai⁴⁴/
Xining /uɛ²¹³/
Yinchuan /vɛ¹³/
Lanzhou /vɛ¹³/
Ürümqi /vai²¹³/
Wuhan /uai³⁵/
Chengdu /uai¹³/
Guiyang /uai²¹³/
Kunming /uæ²¹²/
Nanjing /uae⁴⁴/
Hefei /ue̞⁵³/
/ue⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /vai⁴⁵/
Pingyao /uæ³⁵/
Hohhot /vɛ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ŋa²³/
Suzhou /ŋɑ³¹/
Hangzhou /ɦue̞¹³/
Wenzhou /va²²/
Hui Shexian /uɛ²²/
/ŋa²²/
Tunxi /ŋa¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /uai⁵⁵/
/uai¹¹/
Xiangtan /uai²¹/
Gan Nanchang /uai²¹/
Hakka Meixian /ŋoi⁵³/
Taoyuan /ŋoi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋɔi²²/
Nanning /ŋɔi²²/
Hong Kong /ŋɔi²²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /gue²²/
/gua²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋuɔi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kuɛ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /gua³¹/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ŋɔi³³/
/hua²³/
Rime
Character 外
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 泰 (26)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 五會切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ŋuɑiH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ŋʷɑiH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ŋuɑiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ŋwajH/
Li
Rong		 /ŋuɑiH/
Wang
Li		 /ŋuɑiH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ŋuɑiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 wèi
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 外
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 wài
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ngwajH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s/
English outside

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 外
Reading # 1/1
No. 12606
Phonetic
component		 外
Rime
group		 祭
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 外
Old
Chinese		 /*ŋʷaːds/

Definitions[edit]

外

  1. out, outside, external
    Antonyms: 裡／里 (lǐ), 內／内 (nèi)
  2. beyond, above
  3. not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.; foreign
  4. relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter
    外婆  ―  wàipó  ―  maternal grandmother
    外孫 / 外孙  ―  wàisūn  ―  daughter's son
    外祖父  ―  wàizǔfù  ―  maternal grandfather

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 外

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

外

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. outside
  2. foreign
  3. other
  4. except

Readings[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
そと
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Appears from roughly the Muromachi period,[1] superseding earlier to reading (see below). Likely a compound of either 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ 外 (to, “outside”), or 背 (so, “back, behind”, ancient reading found in compounds) +‎ 所 (to, “place”).[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

外 (hiragana そと, rōmaji soto)

  1. (the) outside

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
ほか
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Noun[edit]

外 (hiragana ほか, rōmaji hoka)

  1. other (things); the rest

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
Grade: 2
Irregular

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

外 (hiragana よそ, rōmaji yoso)

  1. Alternative spelling of 余所

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
と
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

外 (hiragana と, rōmaji to)

  1. (the) outside
  2. toilet

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
がい
Grade: 2
on’yomi

Middle Chinese 外

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

外 (hiragana がい, rōmaji -gai, historical hiragana ぐわい)

  1. outside; external
  2. except for
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
外
げ
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 外 (MC ŋuɑiH).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

外 (hiragana げ, rōmaji ge)

  1. (Buddhism) non-Buddhist teachings or texts
  2. (in compounds) external
Derived terms[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

The printed form of this character often differs from its handwritten form; in the latter, the last stroke often does not pass through, as in the printed Chinese form.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

外 • (oe)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 외 (revised: oe, McCune-Reischauer: oe, Yale: oy)
    • Name (hangeul): 바깥 (revised: bakkat, McCune-Reischauer: pakkat, Yale: pakkath)
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

外 (ngoại, ngoái, ngoải, ngoài, nguậy)

  • This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

  • Nôm: ngoái, ngoài, ngoại, ngòi, ngồi

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville
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