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機

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 机
機 U+6A5F, 機
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A5F
← 橞
[U+6A5E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 橠 →
[U+6A60]

Translingual

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Japanese 機∣机
Simplified 机
Traditional 機∣机

Han character

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機 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 木女戈戈 (DVII), four-corner 42953, composition ⿰木幾)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 554, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15561
  • Dae Jaweon: page 942, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1298, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6A5F

Usage notes

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Note that in Japanese, both 机 and 機 are used with separate meanings (机: desk and 機: machine; airplane; chance) while in simplified Chinese, 机 is the simplified form of 機.

Chinese

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trad. 機
simp. 机*

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 機
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (幾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
機 *kɯl
譏 *kɯl
嘰 *kɯl
磯 *kɯl
鞿 *kɯl
饑 *kɯl
禨 *kɯl, *kɯls
幾 *kɯl, *kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl, *ɡɯls
鐖 *kɯl
僟 *kɯl
璣 *kɯl
蟣 *kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl
穖 *kɯlʔ
畿 *ɡɯl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kɯl): semantic 木 + phonetic 幾 (OC *kɯl, *kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl, *ɡɯls).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • gi1 - literary;
  • gui1 - vernacular.
Note:
  • ki - literary;
  • kui - vernacular.
Rime
Character 機
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 微 (20)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 居依切
Baxter kj+j
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɨi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɨi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiəi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kɨj/
Li
Rong 		/kiəi/
Wang
Li 		/kĭəi/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ke̯i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jī
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gei1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 機
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjɨj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kəj/
English mechanism

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 機
Reading # 1/1
No. 5788
Phonetic
component 		幾
Rime
group 		微
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		機
Old
Chinese 		/*kɯl/

Definitions

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機

  1. weaving machine; spinning machine
    機杼／机杼  ―  jīzhù  ―  loom
  2. machine; apparatus; device
    打字機／打字机  ―  dǎzìjī  ―  typewriter
  3. (mostly in compounds) short for 飛機／飞机 (fēijī, “aircraft”) (Classifier: 架 c)
    機票／机票  ―  jīpiào  ―  plane ticket
    機場／机场  ―  jīchǎng  ―  airport
    無人機／无人机  ―  wúrénjī  ―  drone
    登機／登机  ―  dēngjī  ―  to board a plane
    坐穩機！／坐稳机！ [Cantonese]  ―  co5 wan2 gei1! [Jyutping]  ―  Have a safe flight!
  4. (mostly in compounds) short for 手機／手机 (shǒujī, “cellphone”) (Classifier: 部 c)
  5. (chiefly Cantonese) short for 遊戲機／游戏机 (yóuxìjī, “video game”)
  6. flight (Classifier: 班 m c)
  7. mechanism; process
    玄機／玄机  ―  xuánjī  ―  arcane truth; nature's mystery
  8. cause; reason
  9. secret; confidential (affair)
    機密／机密  ―  jīmì  ―  top secret
  10. opportunity; chance; crucial point
    戰機／战机  ―  zhànjī  ―  opportunity in battle
  11. plan; idea
    神機／神机  ―  shénjī  ―  marvellous strategy
  12. flexible; quick-witted
  13. organic
    有機／有机  ―  yǒujī  ―  organic
  14. Classifier for loads in a washing machine, dishwasher, etc.

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (機):
  • → Japanese: 機(き) (ki)
  • → Korean: 기(機) (gi)
  • → Vietnamese: cơ (機)

Others:

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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機

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. loom
  2. machine
  3. opportunity

Readings

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  • Go-on: け (ke)
  • Kan-on: き (ki, Jōyō)
  • Kun: はた (hata, 機, Jōyō)、こぶち (kobuchi)、おり (ori, 機)、わかつり (wakatsuri)

Compounds

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Usage notes

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  • Often used interchangeably in compounds with 器 (ki) to indicate “machine”, with the distinction that 機 implies a larger machine, such as an airplane, while 器 implies a smaller device, possibly hand-held. Compare 飛行機 (hikōki, “airplane”) with 検知器 (kenchiki, “sensor, detector”).

Alternative forms

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, ryakuji for 機.

機 has many ryakuji (handwritten abbreviations), as it is a common character with many strokes (16):

  • A phono-semantic simplification from on'yomi of “ki” (katakana キ): 木 + キ (semantic plus simplified phonetic) – compare for 議 and for 魔/摩. Note that キ is itself a Heian-period simplification of 幾.
  • Graphical simplification.
  • Graphical simplification.
  • Graphical simplification.

Etymology 1

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    Kanji in this term
    機
    き
    Grade: 4
    on'yomi

    From Middle Chinese 機 / 机 (kjɨj, “mechanism; opportunity, chance”). Compare modern Min Nan reading ki.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    機(き) • (ki) 

    1. a machine, a device; a contraption
    2. (weaving) a loom
    3. an opportunity, a chance to do something; the right time or moment
    4. something of great importance: the linchpin of the matter
    5. resourcefulness
    6. (Buddhism) the moment of being moved into action by the teachings of the Buddha: see 機根 (kikon)
    7. (by extension) the workings of the heart or mind in general
    8. in Noh theater, the breath of the mind
    9. short for 飛行機 (hikōki): an airplane, an aircraft
    10. short for 機関銃 (kikanjū): a machine gun

    Idiom

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    Idioms

    Counter

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    機(き) • (-ki) 

    1. indicates aircraft
    2. indicates paper aeroplanes
    3. indicates lives in video games

    Suffix

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    機(き) • (-ki) 

    1. indicates machines
    2. indicates airplanes
      戦(せん)闘(とう)機(き)
      sentōki
      a fighter aircraft

    Etymology 2

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      Kanji in this term
      機
      こぶち
      Grade: 4
      kun'yomi
      Alternative spelling
      首打

      Alteration from こうべうち (kōbeuchi),[3] itself a compound of 首 (kōbe, “head”) + 打ち (uchi, “striking, hitting”).[3][1]

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      機(こぶち) • (kobuchi) 

      1. a trap or snare that works by beheading the bird or beast caught in it

      Etymology 3

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        Kanji in this term
        機
        はた
        Grade: 4
        kun'yomi

        From onomatopoeic はた (hata), possibly for the sound of the shuttle running back and forth, or for the sound of a woven cloth moving in the wind, compare 旗 (hata, “a flag”).

        Pronunciation

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        Noun

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        機(はた) • (hata) 

        1. (weaving) a loom
        2. woven cloth

        Etymology 4

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          Kanji in this term
          機
          わかつり
          Grade: 4
          kun'yomi

          The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 機る (wakatsuru, “to manipulate something”),[3] itself an alteration of 誘る (wokotsuru, “to manipulate or con someone”),[3] a compound of 痴 (woko, “a fool”) + 釣る (tsuru, “to fish, to draw out”).[3]

          Pronunciation

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          • IPA(key): [β̞a̠ka̠t͡sɨɾʲi]

          Noun

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          機(わかつり) • (wakatsuri) 

          1. manipulation (as in a device)
          2. manipulation (as in a person): deception, taking someone in
          3. getting on someone's right side; humoring someone; an effort to please someone

          References

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          1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
          2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
          3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

          Korean

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          Etymology

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          From Middle Chinese 機 (MC kj+j). Recorded as Middle Korean 긔 (kuy) (Yale: kuy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

          Hanja

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          Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

          機 (eumhun 틀 기 (teul gi))

          1. hanja form? of 기 (“machine”)
          2. hanja form? of 기 (“opportunity; chance”)

          Compounds

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          References

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          • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

          Vietnamese

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          Han character

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          機: Hán Nôm readings: cơ, ki

          1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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