機

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See also: 机
機 U+6A5F, 機
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6A5F
← 橞
[U+6A5E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 橠 →
[U+6A60]

Translingual[edit]

Japanese 機∣机
Simplified 机
Traditional 機∣机

Han character[edit]

機 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 木女戈戈 (DVII), four-corner 42953, composition ⿰木幾)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 554, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15561
  • Dae Jaweon: page 942, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1298, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6A5F

Usage notes[edit]

Note that in Japanese, both 机 and 機 are used with separate meanings (机: desk and 機: machine; airplane; chance) while in simplified Chinese, 机 is the simplified form of 機.

Chinese[edit]

trad. 機
simp. 机*

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 機
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (幾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
機 *kɯl
譏 *kɯl
嘰 *kɯl
磯 *kɯl
鞿 *kɯl
饑 *kɯl
禨 *kɯl, *kɯls
幾 *kɯl, *kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl, *ɡɯls
鐖 *kɯl
僟 *kɯl
璣 *kɯl
蟣 *kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl
穖 *kɯlʔ
畿 *ɡɯl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kɯl): semantic 木 + phonetic 幾 (OC *kɯl, *kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl, *ɡɯls).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • ki - literary;
  • kui - vernacular.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 機
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 微 (20)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 居依切
    Baxter kj+j
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɨi/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kɨi/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kiəi/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kɨj/
    Li
    Rong         		/kiəi/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭəi/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ke̯i/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jī
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gei1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 機
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jī
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kjɨj ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kəj/
    English mechanism

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 機
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 5788
    Phonetic
    component         		幾
    Rime
    group         		微
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		機
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kɯl/

    Definitions[edit]

    機

    1. weaving machine; spinning machine
      機杼／机杼  ―  jīzhù  ―  loom
    2. machine; apparatus; device
      打字機／打字机  ―  dǎzìjī  ―  typewriter
    3. (mostly in compounds) Short for 飛機 (“aircraft”).
    4. (mostly in compounds) Short for 手機 (“cellphone”).
    5. (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 遊戲機 (“video game”).
    6. mechanism; process
      玄機／玄机  ―  xuánjī  ―  arcane truth; nature's mystery
    7. cause; reason
    8. secret; confidential (affair)
      機密／机密  ―  jīmì  ―  top secret
    9. opportunity; chance; crucial point
      戰機／战机  ―  zhànjī  ―  opportunity in battle
    10. plan; idea
      神機／神机  ―  shénjī  ―  marvellous strategy
    11. flexible; quick-witted
    12. organic
      有機／有机  ―  yǒujī  ―  organic

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (機):
    • → Japanese: 機(き) (ki)
    • → Korean: 기(機) (gi)

    Others:

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    機

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. loom
    2. machine
    3. opportunity

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Usage notes[edit]

    • Often used interchangeably in compounds with 器 (ki) to indicate “machine”, with the distinction that 機 implies a larger machine, such as an airplane, while 器 implies a smaller device, possibly hand-held. Compare 飛行機 (hikōki, “airplane”) with 検知器 (kenchiki, “sensor, detector”).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    ⿰木キ, ryakuji for 機.

    機 has many ryakuji (handwritten abbreviations), as it is a common character with many strokes (16):

    • A phono-semantic simplification from on'yomi of “ki” (katakana キ): 木 + キ (semantic plus simplified phonetic) – compare for 議 and for 魔/摩. Note that キ is itself a Heian-period simplification of 機.
    • Graphical simplification.
    • Graphical simplification.
    • Graphical simplification.

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    機
    き
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 機／机 (kjɨj, “mechanism; opportunity, chance”). Compare modern Min Nan reading ki.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    機(き) • (ki) 

    1. a machine, a device; a contraption
    2. a loom
    3. an opportunity, a chance to do something; the right time or moment
    4. something of great importance: the linchpin of the matter
    5. resourcefulness
    6. (Buddhism) the moment of being moved into action by the teachings of the Buddha: see 機根 (kikon)
    7. by extension, the workings of the heart or mind in general
    8. in Noh theater, the breath of the mind
    9. short for 飛行機 (hikōki): an airplane, an aircraft
    10. short for 機関銃 (kikanjū): a machine gun

    Idiom[edit]

    Idioms

    Counter[edit]

    機(き) • (-ki) 

    1. indicates aircraft
    2. indicates paper aeroplanes
    3. indicates lives in video games

    Suffix[edit]

    機(き) • (-ki) 

    1. indicates machines
    2. indicates airplanes
      戦(せん)闘(とう)機(き)
      sentōki
      a fighter aircraft

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    機
    こぶち
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    Alteration from こうべうち (kōbeuchi),[3] itself a compound of 首 (kōbe, “head”) + 打ち (uchi, “striking, hitting”).[3][1]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    機(こぶち) • (kobuchi) 

    1. a trap or snare that works by beheading the bird or beast caught in it

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    機
    はた
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    From onomatopoeic はた (hata), possibly for the sound of the shuttle running back and forth, or for the sound of a woven cloth moving in the wind, compare 旗 (hata, “a flag”). Compare Korean 베틀 (beteul).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    機(はた) • (hata) 

    1. a loom
    2. woven cloth

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    機
    わかつり
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 機る (wakatsuru, “to manipulate something”),[3] itself an alteration of 誘る (okotsuru, “to manipulate or con someone”),[3] a compound of 痴 (oko, “a fool”) + 釣る (tsuru, “to fish, to draw out”).[3]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • IPA(key): [ɰᵝa̠ka̠t͡sɨᵝɾʲi]

    Noun[edit]

    機(わかつり) • (wakatsuri) 

    1. manipulation (as in a device)
    2. manipulation (as in a person): deception, taking someone in
    3. getting on someone's right side; humoring someone; an effort to please someone

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 機 (MC kj+j). Recorded as Middle Korean 긔 (kuy) (Yale: kuy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    機 (eumhun 틀 기 (teul gi))

    1. Hanja form? of 기 (“machine”).
    2. Hanja form? of 기 (“opportunity; chance”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    機: Hán Nôm readings: cơ, ki

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