機械

See also: 机械

Chinese

		machine; opportunity; secret	tools
trad. (機械)		機	械
simp. (机械)		机	械

Etymology

Attestable in pre-Qin Chinese texts. Earliest quotations are shown below.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jīxiè

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧ ㄒㄧㄝˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gei¹ haai⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): gei¹ hai⁵

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kî-hái

  (Hailu, HRS): gi^ˋ hai^ˊ

• Eastern Min (BUC): gĭ-huôi
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ki-hāi / ki-hâi / ki-kài

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gi¹ hai⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jīxiè
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧ ㄒㄧㄝˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jisiè
    • Wade–Giles: chi¹-hsieh⁴
    • Yale: jī-syè
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jishieh
    • Palladius: цзисе (czise)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gei¹ haai⁶
    • Yale: gēi haaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gei¹ haai⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: géi¹ hai⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei̯⁵⁵ haːi̯²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: gei¹ hai⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei³³ hai³²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kî-hái
    • Hakka Romanization System: gi^ˊ hai^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gi¹ hai³
    • Sinological IPA: /ki²⁴ hai̯³¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: gi^ˋ hai^ˊ
    • Sinological IPA: /ki⁵³ hai²⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭ-huôi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(h-)ui²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-hāi
    • Tâi-lô: ki-hāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ki'hai
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ hai⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-hâi
    • Tâi-lô: ki-hâi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ki'haai
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai²³/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ hai²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai¹³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-kài
    • Tâi-lô: ki-kài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ki'kaix
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ kai²¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ kai¹¹/

Note:

• ki-hāi - literary;
• ki-hâi - colloquial variant.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: gi¹ hai⁶
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ki hăi
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki³³⁻²³ hai³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: kj+j heajH

Rime
Character	機	械
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	微 (20)	皆 (33)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	居依切	胡介切
Baxter	kj+j	heajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨi/	/ɦˠɛiH/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨi/	/ɦᵚæiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəi/	/ɣɐiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨj/	/ɦəɨjH/
Li Rong	/kiəi/	/ɣɛiH/
Wang Li	/kĭəi/	/ɣɐiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ke̯i/	/ɣăiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jī	xiè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gei1	haai6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kəj  [m-k]ˤrək-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kɯl  ɡrɯːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	機	械
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jī	xiè
Middle Chinese	‹ kjɨj ›	‹ hɛjH ›
Old Chinese	/*kəj/	/*[m-k]ˁrək-s/
English	mechanism	fetters; weapon
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	機	械
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	5788	6547
Phonetic component	幾	戒
Rime group	微	代
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	機	械
Old Chinese	/*kɯl/	/*ɡrɯːɡs/

Noun

機械

1. machine; machinery

   Synonym: 機器 / 机器 (jīqì)

   機械製造業／机械制造业  ―  jīxiè zhìzàoyè  ―  machinery manufacturing industry

2. (Classical) machination

   • 爲圃者忿然作色而笑曰：“吾聞之吾師，有機械者必有機事，有機事者必有機心。機心存於胷中則純白不備，純白不備則神生不定。” [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     为圃者忿然作色而笑曰：“吾闻之吾师，有机械者必有机事，有机事者必有机心。机心存于胸中则纯白不备，纯白不备则神生不定。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE

     Wéi pǔ zhě fènrán zuòsè ér xiào yuē: “Wú wén zhī wú shī, yǒu jīxiè zhě bì yǒu jīshì, yǒu jīshì zhě bì yǒu jīxīn. Jīxīn cún yú xiōngzhōng zé chúnbái bù bèi, chúnbái bù bèi zé shénxìng bùdìng.” [Pinyin]

     Though his face was flushed with anger, the gardener grinned and said, "My teacher once told me that a man who employs an ingenious machine must perform ingenious deeds, and that he who performs ingenious deeds must possess an ingenious mind. A man with an ingenious mind will not be pure and simple; a man without a pure and simple mind will have an unrestful spirit."

   • 明於權計，審於地形、舟車、機械之利，用力少，致功大，則入多。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     明于权计，审于地形、舟车、机械之利，用力少，致功大，则入多。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Han Feizi, circa 2^nd century BCE

     Míng yú quánjì, shěn yú dìxíng, zhōuchē, jīxiè zhī lì, yòng lì shǎo, zhì gōng dà, zé rù duō. [Pinyin]

     If weights and measures are rendered clear, if the land forms are surveyed carefully, and if boats, carts, and other mechanical contrivances are utilised to minimize effort and produce the maximum amount of efficiency, then the revenue shall be plentiful.

Derived terms

• 機械人 / 机械人 (jīxièrén)
• 機械工程 / 机械工程 (jīxiè gōngchéng)
• 機械翻譯 / 机械翻译 (jīxiè fānyì)
• 機械臂 / 机械臂 (jīxièbì)
• 簡單機械 / 简单机械 (jiǎndān jīxiè)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (機械):

• → Japanese: 機(き)械(かい) (kikai)
• → Korean: 기계(機械) (gigye)
• → Vietnamese: cơ giới (機械)

Adjective

機械

1. (figuratively) stiff; inflexible

Japanese

Kanji in this term
機	械
き Grade: 4	かい Grade: 4
kan'on

For pronunciation and definitions of 機械 – see the following entry.

【器械きかい】 [noun] 機械, 器械: [from 1850s] any powered mechanical device for performing work [noun] a machine, equipment, an apparatus [noun] 機械, 器械: [from 1520] (archaic) a clockwork, a mechanism, especially one using strings and pulleys [noun] [from 1862] (uncommon, biology) an internal organ, biological machinery [noun] [from 1899] (uncommon) a means for accomplishing a goal

(This term, 機械, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

• “機械”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
機	械

Noun

機械 • (gigye) (hangeul 기계)

1. hanja form^? of 기계 (“machinery or heavy equipment”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
機	械

Noun

機械

1. chữ Hán form of cơ giới (“machine; motor”)