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皇帝

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Chinese

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emperor; surname emperor
simp. and trad.
(皇帝) 		皇 帝
anagram 帝皇
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Etymology

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Traditionally attributed to be coined by first emperor of Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huang, who retained 皇 (huáng) from the proposed title 泰皇 (“Supreme Huang”) and combined it with 帝 (dì):

王曰：「去『泰』，著『皇』，采上古『帝』位號，號曰『皇帝』。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
王曰：「去『泰』，著『皇』，采上古『帝』位号，号曰『皇帝』。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Records of the Grand Historian, 秦始皇本紀
Wáng yuē: “Qù ‘tài’, zhù ‘huáng’, cǎi shànggǔ ‘dì’ wèihào, hào yuē ‘huángdì’.” [Pinyin]
The King said: "Remove '泰', keep '皇', and adopt '帝' from the title of high antiquity; the designation shall be '皇帝'.

However, the compound is already attested in Western Zhou bronze inscriptions:

肆皇帝無斁，臨保我有周，于四方民，無不康靖。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
肆皇帝无𭣧，临保我有周，于四方民，无不康靖。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Inscription on the 師訇簋 (c. late mid– to early late Western Zhou)
Sì huángdì wú yì, lín bǎo wǒ yǒu Zhōu, yú sìfāng mín, wú bù kāng jìng. [Pinyin]
Thus the Huang Di was untiring, watching over and protecting our Zhou, so that among the people of the four quarters, none were not at peace.
More information

Notably, nearly all Western Zhou bronze attestations of 秦 (Qín) — such as 秦夷 and 戍秦人 — occur on vessels associated with the 師 / 师 (shī) or 訇 (hōng)/詢 / 询 (xún):

師酉，嗣乃祖適官邑人、虎臣：西門夷、𬉖夷、秦夷、京夷、弁狐夷。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
师酉，嗣乃祖适官邑人、虎臣：西门夷、𬉖夷、秦夷、京夷、弁狐夷。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Inscription on the 師酉簋 (mid-Western Zhou)
Shī Yǒu, sì nǎi zǔ shì guān yìrén, hǔchén: Xīmén yí, 𬉖 yí, Qín yí, Jīng yí, BiànHú yí. [Pinyin]
Shi You, succeed to your ancestor's primary office [overseeing] the settlement people and the tiger guards: the Ximen Yi, the Yi Yi, the Qin Yi, the Jing Yi, and the Bianhu Yi.
今余命汝適官司邑人，先虎臣後庸：西門夷、秦夷、京夷、𬉖夷、……戍秦人、降人、服夷。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
今余命汝适官司邑人，先虎臣后庸：西门夷、秦夷、京夷、𬉖夷、……戍秦人、降人、服夷。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Inscription on the 訇簋 (mid-Western Zhou)
Jīn yú mìng rǔ shì guān sī yìrén, xiān hǔchén hòu yōng: Xīmén yí, Qín yí, Jīng yí, Yì yí,...... Shù Qín rén, jiàng rén, fú yí. [Pinyin]
Now I command you to take the proper office overseeing the settlement people — first the tiger guards, then the auxiliaries: the Ximen Yi, the Qin Yi, the Jing Yi, the Yi Yi, [...] the Garrison Qin people, the Xiang people, and the Fu Yi.
唯五月既朢，王……于師秦宮，王格于享廟。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
唯五月既望，王……于师秦宫，王格于享庙。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: Inscription on the 師秦宮鼎 (mid-Western Zhou)
Wéi wǔyuè jì wàng, wáng...... Yú Shī Qín gōng, wáng gé yú xiǎng miào. [Pinyin]
In the fifth month, after the full moon, the King [...] at the Palace of Shi Qin; the King arrived at the ancestral temple.

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 皇 帝
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 唐 (102) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Open
Division (等) I IV
Fanqie 胡光切 都計切
Baxter hwang tejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦwɑŋ/ /teiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦʷɑŋ/ /teiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuɑŋ/ /tɛiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦwaŋ/ /tɛjH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuɑŋ/ /teiH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuɑŋ/ /tieiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣwɑŋ/ /tieiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huáng dì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wong4 dai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 皇 帝
Reading # 2/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		huáng dì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwang › ‹ tejH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ /*tˁek-s/
English sovereign God

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 皇 帝
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 12696 2313
Phonetic
component 		王 帝
Rime
group 		陽 賜
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		黃 帝
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡʷaːŋ/ /*teːɡs/
Notes 禮王制鄭注冕屬，
金文象羽冠，王聲；或雲象日射輝則爲暀晃初文 		甲金文象根啇非朿聲

Noun

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皇帝

  1. emperor (any monarch ruling an empire, irrespective of gender)
    輔佐皇帝／辅佐皇帝  ―  fǔzuǒ huángdì  ―  to assist an emperor
  2. (tarot) the Emperor

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (皇帝):

Others:

See also

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Japanese

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Kanji in this term
皇 帝
こう
Grade: 6 		てい
Grade: S
kan'on
 皇帝 on Japanese Wikipedia

Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 皇帝 (hwang tejH). See also 三皇五帝 (Sankō Gotei) and 始皇帝 (Shikōtei).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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皇(こう)帝(てい) • (kōtei) ←くわうてい (kwautei)?

  1. emperor (of a country other than Japan)
  2. East Asian empress regnant
    則(そく)天(てん)大(たい)聖(せい)皇(こう)帝(てい)
    Sokuten Taisei Kōtei
    Great Sage Empress Zetian
  3. (tarot) the Emperor

Usage notes

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  • 天(てん)皇(のう) (tennō) is generally used exclusively to refer to the Emperor of Japan, while 皇(こう)帝(てい) (kōtei) is generally used exclusively to refer to emperors of other countries.
  • An East Asian empress regnant has the same title as an emperor, not specifically "empress (regnant)" like in European languages. Similarly, a queen regnant has the same title as an emperor.

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Khitan

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Alternative forms

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𘭝𘬮 (*hoŋ di)

Etymology

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Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 皇帝 (MC hwang tejH).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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皇帝 (hongdi)

  1. emperor
    • 1081, 《多羅里本郎君墓誌碑》 [Memorial for Lord Dorlipun], line 3, characters 11-20[3]:
      皇帝[⿱火日][⿰𤣩⿱⿻𠃊丨又]弃[⿻一⿵冂仌]囯[⿱火日][⿱干卄][⿻⿻二丨从]
      皇帝-[⿱火日][⿰𤣩⿱⿻𠃊丨又]-弃[⿻一⿵冂仌]囯-[⿱火日][⿱干卄][⿻⿻二丨从]
      hongdi-enpo-doDangur-enjariqo[4]
      皇帝-之時-於丹國-之宰相
      emperor-GENtime-LOCDankingdom-GENprime minister
      "the prime minister of the Dan (Dongdan) kingdom during the time of the Emperor"

References

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  1. ^ Liu Fengzhu 劉鳳翥; Wang Yunlong 王雲龍 (November 2004), “契丹大字《耶律昌允墓誌铭》之研 [A Decipherment of Yelu Changyun's Epitaph in Qitan Large Characters]”, in 燕京學報 [Yenching Journal of Chinese Studies] (in Chinese), volume 17, appendix 1.70-71, page 82
  2. ^ Shimunek, Andrew (2017), Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 247
  3. ^ Cong Yanshuang 叢艷雙; Liu Fengzhu 劉鳳翥; Chi Jianxue 池建學 (2005), “契丹大字《多羅里本郎君墓志銘》考釋 [A Textual Research and Explanation on the Inscription for Duoluoliben in Big Qidan Script]”, in 民族語文 [Minority Languages of China]‎[1] (in Chinese), number 4, pages 51, 54
  4. ^ Wu Yingzhe; András Róna-Tas (2019), “Khitan Studies: The glyphs of the Khitan Small Script (The consonants): Labial stops”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎[2], volume 72, number 1, pages 47-79

Korean

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Hanja in this term
皇帝

Noun

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皇帝 • (hwangje) (hangeul 황제)

  1. hanja form? of 황제 (“emperor”)

Vietnamese

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chữ Hán Nôm in this term
皇帝

Noun

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皇帝

  1. chữ Hán form of hoàng đế (“emperor”)
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